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Poverty and Family Stress, 2005.
This paper discusses the effect of poverty on families, especially the children and seeks models for dealing with this social problem.
2,065 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the experience of long-term poverty effects many child outcomes because the family stress created by this poverty can result in family dysfunction, depression among caregivers and derisory parenting. The author points out that the family-centered approach is a process for providing services to families, which fits many different "content areas" such as support for teen parents, family literacy or education for low-income children; however, it is not a set of exacting practices but rather a "philosophy" in which families are recognized as having unique anxiety, strengths and values. The paper relates adapting and coping strategies, which are designed to make the persons first realize their situation, evaluate them thoroughly and adopt an approach that would be most suited to them.
Table of Contents
Cause
Contributing Factors
Consequences
Challenges
Family-Centered Approach
Ecological Model
Role of Community
Changes
From the Paper
"Child outcomes of high levels of family stress and ineffective forms of parenting include poor emotional adjustment, which may be externalized as various forms of hostility, or internalized as depression or low self-esteem. Healthy child adjustment, on the other hand, should appear as achievement and on-task behavior in school, persistence in difficult tasks, and enjoyment of daily life. The Family Stress Model is maintained by good evidence from respected psychologists and sociologists. Research findings from as long ago as the depression years of the 1930s; propose that children were protected from the possible adverse consequences of poverty so long as the relationship between adult caregivers was supportive and. Civic participation is also effected, including educational attainment, full-time employment, and positive psychosocial adjustment like self efficacy, lack of depressive symptoms."
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Family Relations and Poverty, 2002.
An analysis of how poverty hinders happy, healthy family "love" and relations.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to prove how, more often than not, poverty severely hampers and hinders the ability of most families to form happy and healthy relationships. It looks at how families growing up in a financially stable environment are much more likely to form happy and healthy love and relational bonds than families growing up in financially depressed circumstances. It shows how happy and healthy relationships are contingent on the ability of parents to role model similar behaviors to their children. It also looks at how, in order to combat the effects of poverty on the family, the integration of more social support systems is required and how families need help learning to effectively deal with the outside world, so they can better learn to form the healthy communication bonds necessary to help them deal with their family world.
From the Paper
"Poverty is driven by many factors, one of which is single parenting. Almost 90% of single-parent families are ?headed by females? and single mothers in the United States have the highest poverty rate of all groups (Kirby 2002, Olson & Baynard, 1993). Among U. S. Children living with single mothers, more than 60% are impoverished, and the rate of poverty among minority children is even higher, particularly African-American single-parent homes (Kirby 2002, Lindblad-Goldberg, 1989). Of course many two parent family units living in poverty also exist. It is important when assessing love and health relations in the family unit however, to examine all of the contributors to emotional disturbance and a negative relational outcome."
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World Poverty and Poverty in the USA, 2007.
An explanation of poverty experienced in the USA and in the developing countries.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the global issue of poverty as well as the poverty that exists today in the USA. The author describes the different lives that the poor in America have compared to those struggling to survive in developing countries. He provides some of the causes that lead to abject poverty and concludes that if we cure the world of poverty, we will cure the world of hunger, thirst, illiteracy, and disease.
From the Paper
"When Americans think of poverty, many of them tend to think of people living on the street and begging for money in our nation's biggest cities. Many are naive to the fact that almost one billion people are living in "absolute poverty." Absolute poverty, as described by Robert McNamara, are "those living, literally, on the margin of life. Their lives are so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human dignity" (23). The main reason for McNamara's definition is to help Westerners understand that poverty is a lot different to us than it is in the developing world.
"The poor in New York City may be living under a bridge or sleeping on a park bench, but they rarely have to worry about how they are going to eat since the United States offers programs to aid the poor, such as homeless shelters, soup kitchens, and food stamps. In the developing world, it is a different story. Millions of children receive insufficient amounts of food, especially protein, which thereby causes their brains to remain undeveloped and leads to a higher chance of less-productive lives. Millions of these children die each year before the age of five due to malnutrition and diseases associated with malnutrition (23)."
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Redefining Poverty, 2003.
Explores the need to redefine the term 'poverty' to improve poverty alleviation strategies.
6,500 words (approx. 26.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
The term 'poverty' does not have as clear-cut a definition as many suppose. In the past, the World Bank defined it as a form of economic deprivation, inhibiting access to necessary resources such as food, medication, shelter, or clothing. This paper shows, however, that by 2001, the World Bank realized that the definition of poverty as "deprivation of income" was simply too limited and limiting because it viewed poverty only from the economic perspective, overlooking the social perspective. It is limiting because the economic definition of poverty engenders poverty alleviation strategies, which aim to improve the economic status of individuals, communities, and areas by addressing the economic infrastructure alone, overlooking the fact that the social and political infrastructures may be, and often are, equally responsible for poverty. The paper shows that realization of the mentioned limitations motivated the World Bank to redefine poverty as used in its annual reports. This new definition, holding poverty to be a "pronounced deprivation of well-being," does address some of the limitations of the older definition, but is not a comprehensive definition. Additionally, it has failed to engender new poverty measurement variables, maintaining the same limited and limiting ones used in the earlier definition.
Outline
Definition
Measurements of Poverty
Social and Political Deprivation
Choice in Poverty
Alleviation Strategies
Criticism of Alleviation Strategies
Re-Emphasizing a New Definition of Poverty
Case Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In other words, poverty is the absence of equality and equal opportunity. If one considers this definition carefully, especially in light of the areas of inequality highlighted by Todaro, one sees the rationale behind, and the validity of, this definition. Quite simply stated, the unequal status of women and minority groups in many LDC's determines the inability of those groups to access economic independence or even the opportunity for stable employment at fair wages. If we go a step beyond, one will note that resistance to employing women, consequent to patriarchal cultural attitudes prevalent in many LDC's such as rural Egypt, culminates in the exclusion of a significant percentage of the population from participating in national economic development efforts."
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Lee Jacobs' Article: "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty", 2008.
This paper analyzes governmental influences on case poverty and insular poverty in Southeast Asia based on the article "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty" by Lee Jacobs.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This study critically analyzes the idea of case poverty and insular ioverty in the article "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty" by Lee Jacobs. The paper explains that, by understanding the different types of poverty that keep many in the lower echelons of society, Galbraith positions that case poverty is a real concept in determining those that cannot function effectively within society. The paper further suggest that, by critical evaluating this concept, one can argue that Galbraith shows a great deal of insight into poverty, and what factors keep members of a population in the lower classes through government intervention. The paper then applies this concept to the poor in Southeast Asian countries.
From the Paper
"These ironic features that are contained within economic barren areas reflect the way that governmental development influences what is to be deemed insular poverty. For instance, if a country like Cambodia has resources in rice, a lack of government development could make Cambodia behave within Galbraith's definition of insular poverty without geographical isolation. ...
"This factor further helps develop the terms of poverty that are imposed upon people, through the so-called insular factors of poverty."
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The Sociology of Poverty and Welfare, 2005.
A sociological perspective on poverty and welfare, including a sociological definition of poverty, explanations for poverty and welfare, and an evaluation of the explanations.
3,525 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the sociology of poverty and welfare. The paper identifies the conflict and individualistic and cultural perspectives in poverty and welfare, gives a description of six sociological explanations relating to the two identified perspectives of poverty and welfare, and evaluates three of the sociological explanations. Further, this paper gives a description of at least eight sociological studies of welfare and poverty, with at least four representing the different sociological perspectives, as well as four evaluations of the sociological studies. Finally, this paper provides a description of four main constraints, which could affect the work of sociologists in their study of welfare and poverty.
Statement of Thesis
Review of Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Defining elements in culture are those of language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed through generation to generation. Further culture can be separated into subgroups of material culture and nonmaterial culture. Components within a culture are inclusive of symbols, gestures, language, values, norms and sanctions, folkways and mores." Those who participate in social research or sociologists place their reliance on three main theoretical frameworks which are symbolic intereactionism which is defined in the focus on languaging and human relationship elements in intimate group settings which gives emphasis to the construction and communication by the individual through use of symbols or micro-analysis. In the thinking of today there is little disagreement that there is not an existence of a definitive in poverty that is "the" end-all in relating the meaning of the existence demonstrating the meaning of poverty. Globalization is new in the theorem arena in relation to reflect on poverty. The studies that are recent in relation to: "globalization, regionalization and their local manifestation in 'globalization' revealed an extraordinary variety of micro-social" causal factors and reasons within the framework of social processes and consequences that are of a broader nature."
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Insular and Case Poverty, 2005.
This paper analyzes governmental influence on case poverty and insular poverty, using the article 'The Position of Poverty' by John Kenneth Galbraith.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the article by Jacobs that reflects Galbraith's theory on Insular and Case Poverty shows certain principles that are correctly adhered to in certain ways, but are delineated in other cases by government corruption. In this manner, many Southeast Asian countries are underdeveloped or overdeveloped depending on how governments structure their class systems. By analyzing this article, there is a greater comprehension of how class is developed through governmental support or non-support in relation to defining aspects of poverty in the modern era.
From the Paper
"This poverty study critically analyzes the idea of Case Poverty and Insular Poverty in the article "John Kenneth Galbraith: The Position of Poverty" by Lee Jacobs. By understanding the different types of poverty that keep many in the lower echelons of society, Galbraith positions that Case Poverty is a real concept in determining those that cannot function effectively within society. By critical evaluating this concept, one can argue that Galbraith shows a great deal of insight into poverty, and what factors keep members of a population in the lower classes through government intervention. The first defining aspect of Case Poverty is clearly related by Galbraith in identifying those that cannot function on the same level as other members within a given society."
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America's War on Poverty, 2002.
An analysis of the effectiveness of welfare reform on poverty and anti-poverty policy in the U.S..
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper will take a critical look at poverty and anti-poverty policy in the US. Intuitively, it is easy to make the hypothesis that spending more on poverty is better for the greater good. For instance, states with greater percentages of their population below the poverty line should spend more to reduce the incidence of poverty in their jurisdictions. In reality, however, this hypothesis has proven to be invalid. This paper will argue that, rather than improving, poverty is becoming more prevalent.
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Poverty and the Single Parent, 2002.
A study of the trends of poverty in America and how this mostly affects single parent families.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by describing current statistics relating to poverty in American households. It states that the statistics indicate that poverty is disproportionately higher in single parent families than nuclear families. It looks at the social affect of this phenomena - ranging from abuse, high-school drop out rates, pregnancy and drug usage. It also discusses how poverty affects different ethnic groups in America, with the focus on African-American families.
From the Paper
"If current trends continue, especially in metropolitan areas like New York, Aless than half of all children born today will live continuously with their father and mother throughout childhood@ (Whitehead 11). Statistics now reveal that there are more than 11.5 million single-parent families in the U.S. According to the U.S., census bureau, about one-third of these families are poor. Poverty does not come merely from a single parent heading a family, but that the majority of these families are headed by women, who have few job skills, and little time to even work, in order to care for their children. Child support received nationwide in recent years totaled more than $28 billion. And there are few signs of this sort of economic cost of single-parent families, the majority black, of being reduced. Why is family structure a major cause of poverty? One answer is the failing family structure of the urban ghettos: AChanges in the family structure resulting in a decline of husband-wife families@ (Wilson 87)."
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Poverty and Domestic Violence - Social Problems, Private Matters, 2003.
An investigation of the different roles that ?the family? plays in explanations of and solutions to poverty and domestic violence.
2,945 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the competing conceptualizations of domestic violence and poverty and how different definitions of these problems lead to different interventions by state agencies. Domestic violence is discussed using psychodynamic / interactional models, which both see the problem as a family / individual problem. It looks at how feminist theory disputes this and puts forward the argument that it is in fact a societal problem. It shows how regarding poverty, both structural and individual explanations are examined, with solutions differing according to the definition of the problem.
From the Paper
"By perceiving violence against women to be just one of a range of behaviours that exemplifies cultural male dominance, feminists have campaigned for the protection of victims to be a matter of priority. The Women?s Aid movement, among others, has been particularly influential in this respect. Campaigns to raise awareness about the nature and prevalence of such behaviour have challenged male ideology and the resultant gender inequalities, and such campaigning has culminated in a range of measures that both protects and empowers the victims, whilst punishing the perpetrator."
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Feminization of Poverty, 2002.
This paper discusses the feminization of poverty a growing problem in America where increasing numbers of women and children have been forced into poverty, by a combination of social and economic factors.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many causes of the feminization of poverty including the breakdown of the two parent family and the inadequacy of women?s wages to support a family. The author explores the theories of John Mill and of many contemporary activists for an insight into this problem. The author feels that, to solve the difficult problem of the feminization of poverty, American policy makers must begin to see the feminization of poverty as a social and economic issue and disregard negative stereotypes of individuals in poverty.
From the Paper
"Edelman has many criticisms of the Clinton welfare bill. Troublingly, Edelman notes that the new bill allows states to manage their own welfare system. As such, welfare no longer needs to come as cash. For example, it could come in the form of certificates that must be redeemed with a specific contract organization. Further, Edelman notes that federal welfare funds are now capped, freezing funding for six years."
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Child Poverty, 2004.
Discussion of factors that contribute to the high child poverty percentage among single mother homes, families whose parents' employment is non-standardized, immigrants, visible minorities, Aboriginals and children with disabilities.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the grave issue concerning child poverty that exists in Canada, as 15.6% of Canadian children are currently living below the poverty line. Within the paper, certain social groups are examined that have a high representation of child poverty. Among these are single mother homes, families whose parents' employment is non-standardized, immigrants, visible minorities, Aboriginals, and children with disabilities. For each of these social groups, there is an explanation of the factors that led the particular group to have a high child poverty percentage.
From the Paper
"1,065,000 children, or nearly one in six of Canada's children remain in poverty. Following five straight years of decline, in 2002, there was a jump in the child poverty rate, recorded as 15.6% (StatsCan). Although the constant decline in the previous years was seen as a positive step and possibly a continuing trend, this notion was quickly discarded once the level jumped in the opposite direction than anticipated. In order to properly understand the issue concerning child poverty, one must examine what social groups are mostly affected by poverty and the reasons and factors that influence a household income level, which determines who lives under the poverty line. Exposing itself to one third of children in Canada for at least one year, child poverty is a grave and serious issue within our nation. Although it is not especially restricted to, child poverty is largely represented among certain social groups, such as those raised by a female sole parent or parents whose employment is non-standardized, immigrants, visible minorities, Aboriginals, and children with disability."
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Poverty in the United States, 2007.
An examination of welfare programs that aid families in financial need.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
Although the United States is one of the wealthiest countries in the world, a sufficient number of its citizens are living below the poverty line. The paper looks at programs that aid families in financial need and examines whether they do enough to assist needy families. The paper discusses the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program (TANSF), the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), Section 8 Housing and Medicaid. The paper asserts that all the social welfare programs which the United States provides do little to offer genuine opportunity to America's poor to escape poverty. Instead, they usually shift families and especially women and children from being poor and on welfare to being a member of the working poor.
From the Paper
"Ruth Brandwein, director of the Social Justice Center, illustrates just how severe the problem of poverty is for American families in her 2003 article entitled "It's Getting Worse for Poor Families." She states that the poverty level seems to be increasing in recent years with 12.4 percent of the population living in poverty, which is almost 38 million people. "The increase in children under 5 living in poverty increased to 19.8 percent" (Brandwein, p. 1). The article discusses the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program (TANF) , which "provides temporary financial assistance for pregnant women and families with one or more dependent children."
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Poverty and the Social Security System, 2006.
This paper discusses the social issue of poverty in the United States and the efficacy of the social security system in handling this situation.
3,082 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, despite the variety of social security and welfare programs were introduced to support the poorer and unemployed population, poverty persisted in the affluent society of the U.S. The author points out that poverty in America has a diverse view from the rest of the world as indicated by statistics of U.S. Department of Commerce (2001), which indicated that a typical American defined as poor by the government has a car, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a stove, a clothes washer and dryer and a microwave, far from the popular images of dire poverty conveyed by the press, liberal activists and politicians. The paper concludes that the Social Security is the U.S. government's greatest success story; by creating more jobs, improving educational facilities, eliminating corruption and by making optimum utilization of social security programs, the U.S. can virtually eliminate remaining poverty from the American society.
Table of Contents
Factor Responsible for Increase in Poverty
Poverty in United States of America
Diverse Definitions of Poverty in United States
Social Security Program
Methods of Reducing Poverty
Conclusion
Table 1: Ownership of Property and Consumer Goods among Poor Family-Units
From the Paper
"The NPR, the Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government conducted a joint survey, which revealed that Americans aren't thinking a lot about the poor these days. However, when they are asked about it directly, most Americans think that poverty is still a problem in this country, even in these generally prosperous times. In fact, a majority of Americans think poverty is not just a problem but a big problem. But they define it in a different way, 64% Americans say that a family of f our with an income of $20,000 is poor, whereas 42% say that a family of four earning $25,000 is poor. It shows great political divisions in the country on the subject of poverty."
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Poverty, 2006.
A discussion regarding poverty, the causes and possible solutions.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of poverty, poverty in the USA, what poverty in a developing country such as Ethiopia is, what the solutions appear to be for ending poverty, and who is ultimately responsible for poverty. The paper concludes that poverty is something best resolved through education and informational exchange across countries and that the blame for poverty should not be affixed to those who are poor, but to those in government whose poor decision-making have exacerbated poverty in some communities.
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