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Positron Emission Tomography (PET), 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to determine the current and potential clinical applications for positron emission tomography and to develop a ?best practices? approach to developing a partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an
imaging technique, allows clinicians to localize safely and monitor accurately the activity of areas in the normal human brain during specific mental tasks. The author points out that the traditional methods of research, such as experiments in memorizing and observation of individuals who had suffered localized brain damage, have been facilitated by innovative methodologies, such as positron emission tomography, that connect human behavior to specific brain structures and functions. The paper relates that the research methodology will be a critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature, followed by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of how partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists can be created and improved based on the technique?s demonstrated efficacy in various clinical settings. Color illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
How Positron Emission Tomography Works.
Figure 1. Typical Positron Emission Tomography Device, Clinician and Patient
Radionuclides Used in PET
Figure 2. PET Scan of Damaged Human Brain
Methodology
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"PET provides clinicians with a functional brain-imaging technique to identify brain regions activated in motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. ?PET is based on a simple principle: a radioactive isotope that emits [[Beta].sup.+] particles (i.e., positrons, with a mass equal to an electron but with a positive electrical charge) is artificially integrated into a biological molecule and then injected intravenously.? In the various PET applications, a chemical compound that is ?labeled? with a short-lived, positron-emitting radionuclide (either carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) is injected into the body. The activity of such a radiopharmaceutical is then measured quantitatively throughout the target organs through the use of photomultiplier-scintillator detectors."
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Positron Emission Tomography, 2002.
A look at how the technique of PET (positron emission tomography) has advanced both our ability to diagnose brain injury and our knowledge of localisation of function within the brain.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the technique of positron emission tomography, a technique used for imaging brain activity by measuring the flow of blood containing radioactive atoms that emit positrons. It describes the uses of PET scanning as a research tool and in the diagnosis of brain injuries. It also compares PET to other similar methods such as MRI scanning, x-raying and CT scanning.
From the Paper
"In particular, PET has been used with great success in the study of which parts of the human brain are involved in language. With the assistance of positron emission tomography, studies have shown striking evidence that there are several independent regions of the brain involved in language. Among these areas that are crucial for language and speech are Wernicke?s and Broca?s regions. Due to the use of these non-invasive techniques (PET, MRI etc.) we now know that these regions are significantly spread out and are not located near the conventional language regions. We can see in scans from patients that different regions of the brain are used for specific tasks. Eg. a patient hearing words, reading words and seeing words uses very different parts of the brain for each task. (Delcomyn; 1998)."
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Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, 2003.
An analysis of the efficacy of positron emission tomography imaging versus gamma camera imaging today.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that involves the use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It looks at how positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is used extensively as diagnostic tool in the U.S. and Europe, but has limited availability in the U.K. It shows how the information obtained from these examinations can differentiate between different organs without the need for the patient to undergo surgical procedures. It also examines how, despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain unknown. It reviews the relevant literature to determine whether PET imaging should be used more extensively in the U.K. instead of conventional nuclear medicine imaging.
From the Paper
"These researchers report that despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain virtually unknown. However, what is known is that the bottom line for these and other advances in medical technology is clinician and patient accessibility. According to Michael Johns, ?Physicians who do not have access to or choose not to utilize cutting-edge technologies could potentially limit the care provided to their patients. But for many in the developing world, the cost of new equipment and materials continues to be prohibitive. Even in the West, both public and private insurance agencies take into account the cost of a test or therapy before deciding whether to pay for it? (2001, 132)."
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PET Imaging, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to reduce the need for exploratory surgery and other invasive techniques and to target better radiation therapy in cancer patients.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.
Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments
From the Paper
"Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."
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Computer Tomography, 2004.
This paper discusses computer tomography, an X-ray technique that is used to produce very detailed images of internal organs, commonly know as a CT, CT scan, or CAT.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while conventional X-ray exams produce two-dimensional images, CT scans use an X-ray-sensing unit that rotates around the body and a large computer to create cross-sectional images of the inside of your body. The author points out that the paranasal sinuses, a complex three-dimensional structure, prior to the use of CAT, could only be viewed through dangerous surgery; however, now with CAT, they can be viewed by computer-aided, image-guided, endoscopic sinus surgery avoiding surgical pitfalls. The paper relates that there can be risks associated with CAT scans similar to the risks of conventional rays; however, doctors and other scientists believe that CAT scans provide enough valuable information to outweigh the associated risks of radiation.
Table of Contents
Brief History
Benefits for Computer Tomography
How Does Computer Tomography Work?
Risks of Computerized Tomography
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During its brief history, advancements for computerized tomography have made great improvements in speed, patient comfort, and resolution. As scan times have gotten faster, more anatomy can be scanned more quickly and more efficiently. The extreme speed of scanning allows the elimination of artifacts from patient motion such as normal breathing. Faster scanning helps to eliminate artifacts from patient motion such as breathing or peristalsis. CT exams are even now quicker and more patient friendly than ever before. Tremendous research and development has been made to provide exceptional image quality for a diagnostic guarantee of the lowest possible x-ray dose."
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Emission Spectroscopy, 2005.
A write-up of a laboratory looking at the emission spectra of various light sources.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This is the write-up for a laboratory looking at the emission spectra of various light sources: incandescent lights, fluorescent lights, neon lights and sunlight, using diffraction glasses as a simple spectroscope. The emission spectra of the different lighting sources are noted in the paper as color spectra seen, Angstrom unit range for the color spectra seen, and intensity of the spectra seen.
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Conventional Tomography, 2004.
This is a paper on conventional tomography outlining the various aspects, issues, and methods used.
1,578 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The field of medical imaging has been in existence for over one hundred years, but new research and scientific breakthroughs have changed both its image and its role. This paper discusses how radiology is not only diagnostic, but is expanding to encompass curative techniques as well. The most common radiological investigation remains the conventional X-ray, but a wide range of new and more efficient modalities have also been available for the past several decades. This paper explains and defines the concept of conventional tomography.
From the Paper
"Tomography is a method whereby selected planes in the patient?s body can be examined with greater clarity and perspective. Logical other names for Conventional Tomography include body section radiography, planigraphy, laminography or stratigraphy. It differs from Conventional radiography in that a single plane is selected and kept in focus, as structures above and below are blurred and out of focus. This is done by moving the x-ray tube in one direction over the patient. The tube and film are linked and synchronized to move in opposite directions. This process uses the motion of the X-ray focal spot and image receptor to produce radiographs in which only one specific plane remains in sharp focus. Irrelevant details from other segments become blurred and thus insignificant. (Author not available, 2003)."
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Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 1990.
This paper discusses the uses of computed tomography & magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of brain disorders.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) present both advantages and disadvantages relative to imaging for the diagnosis of brain disorders. While the MRI typically yields superior visibility of the suspected brain tumor mass, CT is superior to the use of radionuclide scans to set primary intracranial lesions. Further, while MRI does not "see" (image) bone, thus making it superior to CT for suspected intracranial brain tumor, its viability in scanning for vascular disease is as of yet unproved. In addition to these, contrast- ... "
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Computed Tomography in Dentistry, 1993.
Outline of the history, advantages, applications and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography in dentistry.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Computed Tomography in Dentistry
History
In conventional radiology, anatomy is depicted in only two dimensions. The depth or thickness of structures cannot be measured on projection images. For a comprehensive evaluation of morphology of a structure, data related to the third dimension are essential. For nearly three quarters of a century, multiple, different angle views were used in routine radiography to gain three-dimensional perception of structures through triangulation. In a continuing quest for methods to access data in the third dimension, techniques such as stereoscopic pair image acquisition and tomography were developed. Although they were highly valuable technical advancements, they still could not provide accurate quantitative information in all three dimensions of a volume structure."
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Pets.com, 2002.
This paper examines the external environment factors which affect the business model of Pets.com - a pet food retailing and E-Commerce enterprise.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by looking at the basic business plan of Pets.com and then analyzes each of the several external environment factors which influence this model. These factors include economic forces, social forces, cultural forces, demographic forces, environmental forces, political forces, legal forces, governmental forces, technological forces and competitive forces.
From the Paper
"It is safe to say that the Internet already is changing retailing and, in particular, the pet food market. Industry statistics in 1998 suggested that Americans spend some $10 billion a year on pet food, along with paying prices ranging from $80 to $1,200 a year for dogs and $50 to $900 a year for cats. Thus far, it is impossible to actually buy dogs or cats online, so Pets.Com is contenting itself with selling the food and accessories that pets need -- or rather, what their owners perceive that the pets need. For Pets.Com to grab any sizable share of the $10 billion being spent on foods and accessories, it must create business models that allow it to survive while the nation adjusts to buying dog or cat food online."
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"Food Pets Die For", 2005.
Analyzes the essay "Food Pets Die For" by Ann N. Martin which scrutinizes the effect of commercial pet food on domestic animals.
1,007 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
"Food Pets Die For" consists of seven years of research trying to get to the bottom of what people actually put into their pets' food dishes. The paper examines how author, Ann N. Martin, uses negative images, select phrases and a specific tone in order to bring her readers' attention towards the problems with commercial pet food.
From the Paper
"Being an animal's right activist vastly influences her decision on this topic. Of course Martin feels pity for animal's whose carcasses go to feed other pets as well as those pets that must eat the carcasses of their companions. Martin is not going to want to shed any good information about these companies, all the information that is shared has the intention of being as incriminating as possible to have a better chance of getting readers to find alternative foods to the commercial pet foods."
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Life in a Pet friendly Society, 2006.
A review of the ideal pet friendly society.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in a pet friendly society pets offer human kind their services as teachers, therapists, healers and companions. It discusses how pets have the ability to share in the work that humans endure, as well as aid people in feeling more secure. The paper further defines a pet friendly society as one in which cures for cancer may be achieved, or disabled people are allowed to exist in dignity.
With little more than a request for food, shelter and love, pets enhance the lives of every human being. Pets do not care about race, gender, level of education, income, or the mistakes that people make. Regardless of those that suggest that pets are a bothersome inclusion in the world, a pet friendly society even serves the naysayers and skeptics with positive outcomes.
From the Paper
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Benefits of Pet Therapy for the Terminally Ill, 2001.
Examines studies on use of pets as an "alternative medicine" to relieve pain & stress in terminally ill patients. Concludes that although controlled studies were not used, interaction with pets proved beneficial.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Aileen (1994) reports that people with terminal illnesses experience a variety of emotions and concerns. These include: fear of the unknown, loneliness, sorrow, pain and suffering, loss of self-control, loss of identify and all of the physical and debilitate losses associated with the terminal condition. Palliative medicine can be a help for some of the pain and stress these patients are experiencing; however, more and more frequently, hospitals and hospices and other health-care organizations are supplementing their treatment with diverse forms of "alternative medicine" (Broad & Billy, 1999)."
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Pet Therapy, 2002.
Examining the effectiveness of pet therapy on terminally ill patients.
2,348 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the pet therapy literature in order to determine the approach's efficacy for remediating the pain and/or suffering of the terminally ill patient. It discusses manners in which this treatment may help the patient refocus his/her energy on the pet. It looks at the benefits of pet therapy as a complementary intervention in the management of pain and stress. The paper ends with the formulation of conclusions based on the reviewed material.
From the Paper
"Aiken (1994) reports that people with terminal illnesses experience a variety of emotions and concerns. These include: fear of the unknown, loneliness, sorrow, pain and suffering, loss of self-control, loss of identify and all of the physical and debilitative losses associated with the terminal condition. Palliative medicine can be a help for some of the pain and stress these patients are experiencing; however, more and more frequently, hospitals and hospices and other health-care organizations are supplementing their treatment with diverse forms of "alternative medicine" (Broadie & Biley, 1999)."
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The Pet Business, 2007.
A discussion regarding the US pet business, particularly the doggie day care service.
3,233 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the pet business. Specifically, the paper discusses the business in America focusing primarily on doggie day care services. According to the paper, the pet business in America is booming, and shows no signs of slowing down anytime soon.
Outline:
The Pet Business
Doggie Day Care
Other Pet Businesses
Protecting Pets
From the Paper
"With the growing number of two-parent workers and long hours spent at work, many people chose not to own pets because they did not have time enough to devote to them. Doggie day care has changed that. The business is growing phenomenally, and even corporations such as PetsMart now offer doggie day care services in addition to grooming and training. The industry started out small, with centers operated by local area entrepreneurs who saw a need and began to fill it by opening small centers where a few dogs could spend time together. As the idea caught on, more and more centers have opened, and at least one company, Central Bark, offers franchises throughout the country. Central Bark's website refers to dogs as "children" or "babies," something that is very consistent with many pet owners, who treat their pets as their surrogate children. This phenomenon is also growing, and is helping fuel the growth in all aspects of the pet care business. This doggie day care company recognizes this, and refers to their day care as "preschool" for pets, tapping into the emotional side of the pet care business, and attracting owners who treat their pets like children."
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