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Portugal and Spain, 2004.
Biographical account of Portuguese explorer, Prince Henry the Navigator.
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The focus of this paper is on Portuguese explorer, Prince Henry the Navigator, and the tools and techniques he introduced to his sailors, which revolutionized sailing and furthered exploration more than anyone else had up to that point.
From the Paper
"The Portuguese are an adventurous people, and Henry knew that if he could just capitalize on this, he could drive his sailors to go farther and do more than anyone else had up to that point. From the Muslims, ?[the Portuguese] had learned better ship design, cartography, sailing, and navigation and math skills (European Age of Exploration).? To that end, Henry established an observatory and the first school for navigators in Sagres, Portugal, where he lived. Before the sailors could be taught anything new, however, Henry had to work to convince them that their fears would not come to pass. ?Expeditions moved slowly due to the [sailors?] belief that waters at the equator were at the boiling point, that human skin turned black, and that sea monsters would engulf ships (Mariner?s Museum).?"
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Spain, Portugal and the Euro, 2006.
This well-researched paper details the economies of both Spain and Portugal while focusing on the impact of the Euro on both of these countries.
3,224 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper details the birth of the European Union, or EU, as an intergovernmental organization of European countries, considered the most powerful regional organization at present. The chief activity of the EU covers the establishment and administration of a common single market, which consists of a customs union, a single currency called the Euro, a common agricultural policy and a common fisheries policy. The writer of this paper delves into the economies of both Spain and Portugal while discussing the impact of the Euro on both of these countries. Portugal's economy is based on traditional industries, including textiles, clothing, footwear, cork and wood products, beverage, porcelain and earthenware, glass and glassware. This paper details Portugal's inclusion into the EU as well as its impressive showing in Europe's automotive sector and services, particularly tourism, which has played a significant role in reviving this once depressed economy. After joining the EU, the Spanish government continued with its programs of liberalization, privatization and deregulation of the economy as well as tax reforms. Following its membership in the EU in 1986, Spain experienced strong economic growth and trade expansion, which are clearly described in this paper. This paper also contains relevant statistics and data regarding both countries' economies before and after inclusion into the European Union.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Changes in General Performance and Structural Economy
Portugal
Spain
Impact of the Euro on Portugal and Spain
Expectations
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Poverty reduction is a major goal in Portuguese cooperation, which has yet to be sufficiently addressed. In tackling this goal, Portugal places top priority to education and health. Unfortunately, these allocations do not strictly target the poor and there has not been a focus on prominent sector-wide approaches. As to debt actions, Portugal has made higher payments at $126 million in 1999, which was 35% of the total ODA gross disbursements. The DAC average was only 4%. Most of its actions come from defaults on state guaranteed private export credits and loans. Its ICP's strategic role in coordination likewise remains insufficient in minimizing overlaps of aid programmes by the different ministries and other agencies. Operating tools and useful guidelines still have to be developed and evaluations undertaken in a comprehensive and effective way."
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Comparing Brazil and Portugal, 2005.
A comparison of the people, cultures and economies of Brazil and Portugal.
1,213 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper compares various aspects of Brazil and Portugal, including their location, geography, history, people, climate, natural resources, economic development, type of economy and industry and the legacy of the Portuguese colonization of Brazil and its effect on the two countries.
From the Paper
"Brazil was 'discovered' by the Portuguese nobleman Pedro Alvares Cabral in 1500 while seeking a route to the Indian Ocean . It laid its claim to the area and sent the first settlers to Brazil in 1531. At the time, the area was inhabited by indigenous people who were hunter-gatherers and spoke variations of the Tupian language. Estimates of their numbers vary from 1 to 6 million. Over the next 300 years of its colonization, most of the indigenous population of Brazil was annihilated by their lack of resistance to European diseases and a huge population of African slaves was imported by the Portuguese for use as labor on the sugar cane plantations. Partly due to the small population of Portugal, the Portuguese were encouraged to marry among the local people, giving rise to the racially mixed of the present day Brazil."
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The Northern European Power Shift, 2004.
Looks at the shift in the balance of power from Portugal and Spain to Northern Europe.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the historical factors and events during the 14th and 15th centuries that caused the balance of power to shift away from Portugal and Spain and toward the Netherlands, France, and England.
From the Paper
"In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the dominant explorers of the time hailed from Portugal and Spain, and these countries were made quite wealthy as a result. Their position, however, as significant empires would not last forever, and soon, the countries of Northern Europe ? in particular, the Netherlands, France, and England ? set out to take their share of the riches, too. These countries improved on the Spanish and Portuguese methods of exploration, ship building, and trade. The English had faster, more agile ships that were more maneuverable then those of Portugal and Spain."
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Little Portugal, 2002.
A research proposal for studying the entrepreneurial activity in a Portuguese community located in Toronto, Canada
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
It is a proposal for a sociological project that will rely on quantitative data as a way for analyzing the business composition of this specific community. The research questions that guide this research proposal are outlined, and the value of questionnaires as a methodology is briefly discussed as valid approaches for this project.
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The Age of Discovery, 2004.
A comparative analysis of Spain and Portugal during the Age of Exploration.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, driven by a desire for spices, Portugal and, later, Spain, took the lead in launching voyages to discover a direct ocean route to the Indies and how the expeditions of Portugal and Spain opened a great period of exploration and eventually led to the colonization of America by Europeans. In particular, it looks at how the countries differed in terms of the lands discovered, the people involved in their discovery, and the intentions behind these voyages of discovery. It also shows how the main differences between Portugal's and Spain?s Ages of Discovery are geographical, economic, and the approach taken towards the voyages.
From the Paper
"Three main men were responsible for the discoveries made by Portugal throughout the period of ?The Age of Discovery?: Henry the Navigator (1394-1460); Vasco de Gama (1460-1524), and Magellan (1480-1521). Henry the Navigator was responsible for sponsoring the first navigations around the African coast; Vasco de Gama navigated the Cape of Good Hope, and established the sea route to India, opening up trade routes to East Asia for Portugal; and Fern?o de Magalh?es (or Magellan) was the first person to have circumnavigated the globe, bringing about great prestige for Portugal, and revolutions in scientific thought."
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"Barrio Chino, Barcelona, Spain, 1933", 2002.
This paper analyzes Henri Cartier-Bresson?s photo, "Barrio Chino, Barcelona, Spain, 1933" in its socio-historical context, revealing how the imagery of the photo relates to its context of Depression-era Spain.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after returning from Africa in the early Thirties, Cartier-Bresson was influenced by the vivacity of primitivism and tried to find its counterpart in some of the poor neighborhoods of Europe. The author points out that the artist?s choice of camera, the small-format Leica, allowed Cartier-Bresson the freedom to shoot quickly and with minimal camera resetting time (i.e. advancing film, changing film). The paper relates that the rising presence of magazines and photojournalism in the 1930s generously supported Cartier-Bresson financially and allowed him the economic freedom required for him to travel the world taking pictures.
From the Paper
"The tired, desperate look on the man?s face coupled with the look of shock on the face of the drawing, paint a profound picture of desperation. What seems like merely a ?snapshot? photograph can be deeply analyzed to reveal an insightful comment on the poverty and hopelessness so prevalent during the depression. In an era when most cameras were large, and bulky, it doesn?t seem possible for a photo such as this one to be taken off the cuff and un-posed. But the fact is that Cartier-Bresson?s photos were not posed and the next paragraph will discuss how new camera technology allowed him the freedom to take pictures like this one taken in Spain in 1933."
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Spain, 2002.
A look at the main attractions in Spain.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper discusses Spain. It revolves around the history, culture and traditions of Spain with a special insight into the bullfighting culture of Spain. This paper is most simply put an attempt to let anyone discover the wonder of Spain within these six pages.
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Migration into Southern Spain, 2004.
An examination of the economic and social impact of foreign workers in Spain.
1,126 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Spain?s traditional role has always been the exporter of migrants, first to the Americas, and later to Western European countries after World War II. It looks at how, during the 1960s, wealthy retired citizens from Northern Europe began to arrive and how, during the last two decades, Spain has seen a new phenomenon involving large numbers of migrant workers from Europe and peripheral countries who seek work and economic opportunities. It explores how these migrant workers are typically filling the jobs rejected by the natives of Spain and are, therefore, filling a sector of Spain's economy.
From the Paper
"While much of Costa del Sol is inhabited by wealthy northern Europeans residing in villas, apartments and hotel chains, east of Malaga, the flatlands of Almeria are rich from intensive agriculture, made possible by the large number of immigrants (Simons 2000). In fact, much of the winter fruits and vegetables supplied to Europe come from the more than ten thousand hothouses that have sprung up here (Simons 2000). ?A floating population of perhaps as many as 100,000 laborers, most Moroccan, pick the tomatoes, strawberries and eggplants or move with the seasons to harvest olives and oranges around Andalusia? (Simons 2000). Most have crossed the Mediterranean in rickety boats, (much like those who cross from Cuba to Florida) to make about $25 a day, about four times what they can make at home (Simons 2000)."
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Spain and the European Union, 2005.
An overview of the reasons why Spain joined the European Union.
4,571 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
An overview of the European Union and its functions and aims are presented at the outset of this paper to show why Spain joined the Union and what the criterion were that Spain possessed that the European Union found sufficient enough for it to join. All the member states, including Spain, are now facing better prospects as they are enjoying better economic and regional development in their state. The paper concludes that Spain is better off because it joined the European Union. The European Union in itself has made Europe a strong force to be reckoned with, and as more and more members join in, the European Union will only grow in strength, and the member states will benefit immensely.
From the Paper
"The Article 151 of the Treaty of the European Union that establishes the European Community as such, states that the capabilities of a community in a cultural atmosphere will be defined and that a certain community would respect the culture and the tradition of other cultures in a way that diversity would be promoted and encouraged. Cultural and community are interrelated in certain ways, and the members of the European Union must remember this. The issue of the incorporation of equal opportunity into the community policies of the European Union is also an important one that has served to exert an influence on the economic and the regional development of Spain."
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Authority and Leadership in Medieval Spain, 2008.
An analysis of the tension between religions in Medieval Spain and the authority and leadership that existed at the time.
3,079 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Spain. It focuses on authority and leadership in Medieval Spain, particularly with reference to the three religions that had a large presence there - Islam, Christianity and Judaism. It describes the tensions between the religions and the impact this tension had on the development of the country. The paper analyzes the culmination of the tensions in 1492 with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain by the Christian leaders of the time.
From the Paper
"It is interesting to look at leadership and knowledge in Spain, for it behooves people to see the differences that three religions with same backgrounds can come to. All religions shared the same history, the same patriarchs, and a monotheistic belief system (although Jews and Muslims would disagree that Christians are monotheistic). All religions promoted the pursuit of love and good. All sought to find the image of God in his creation. Yet despite the clarity of the teachings of the Koran, the Bible, and Jesus, two of these religions sought war and destruction, using their faith and their God as a reason to destroy the other. Both acted out of a poor knowledge of their scriptures, and both acted wrongly on the authority of their Deity. This resulted in the Muslim destruction of the Visigoth kingdom and the Christian crusade to eliminate the Moors in Spain. This unfortunate series of events culminated in the Inquisition and death of far too many Jews and Muslims, something that is difficult to excuse or justify."
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Effect of Islamic Rule on Spain, 2002.
This paper examines the ways the Islamic culture influenced Europe and Spain particularly in the fields of culture, architecture and language.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the Islamic rule over Spain lasted for almost 800 years, starting in 711 A.D., and left its indelible marks on the Spanish culture and European history. The author describes several Muslim contributions. The paper concludes that the contribution of the Muslims to the European Renaissance is obscured by centuries of prejudice and animosity towards the Muslims in Spain.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background & Reasons for the Easy Conquest
Culture
The Golden Period (756-1031 A.D.)
Architecture
Language
Other Influences of Muslim Spain
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Andalusian Umayyad dynasty ruled Muslim Spain for about three centuries (756-1031). In the early part of the dynasty, Andalusia was an independent kingdom. It became a caliphate in 929 when Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph. His capital, C?rdoba, became the most splendid city in Europe apart from Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), and as noted earlier, the Spanish civilization during the Muslim rule was far in advance of the rest of Europe. Numerous schools were built, many of them provided free education to the poor. There were several Muslim universities where medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and literature were studied and researched."
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The Industrialization of Spain, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the industrialization of Spain from the 17th century to today.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Spain came late to the industrial age; never truly recovering from the stinging 17th century loss of its legendary naval Armada at the hands of the British fleet and, by the 1830s, having lost virtually all its colonies, it became the quintessential "stagnant power," sinking slowly from first to second rate and languishing there for centuries. The author points out that, although a limited industrial infrastructure of roads, railways and manufacturing plants was in place, industrial development lagged far behind that of the United States, France, Germany and Great Britain. The paper relates that none of the dramatic changes from industrialization, which often have proven so disruptive elsewhere, has had much impact on Spain's social fabric because ninety-nine percent of the population remain staunchly Roman Catholic and family life is still deeply rooted and a bedrock of support in times of crisis, thus, Spain refuses to be overwhelmed by the so-called hustle-and-bustle of newly urbanized life.
Table of Contents
Industrialization Then
Industrialization Now
From the Paper
"Just like everything else seems to have become in the last twenty years or so, industrializing now would surely be much more difficult and complex than it was - even for Spain just four decades ago, though that wouldn't necessarily be a bad thing. For one, things are always more complicated in a democracy than a dictatorship, where one man can have (as Franco did) quick and final say over all exigencies. Assuming Franco's demise and the installation of a gently progressive regime like the one now in power, nowadays worker safety and, in Spain, worker wages and job security, would no doubt be studied and evaluated for any new manufacturing plant, highway or railroad to be built."
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Spain and EU Policies, 2006.
This paper examines the macroeconomics of Spain and its trade practices.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Spain has been one of the European Union's (EU) most ardent supporters in terms of adopting EU membership, the common currency and EU trade agreements and regulations. In 1993, Spain came into in alignment with common EU tariff policies regarding external tariffs on non-EU goods which are usually between 6-8%. The paper explains that this was part of Spain's overall strategy of adopting EU policies and regulations in preparation for the shift over to the common currency, the Euro, in 1999.
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Japan and Spain, 2002.
An essay comparing and contrasting the culture and modernization of
Japan and Spain.
1,422 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Spain and Japan - two countries that have been greatly influenced by the West, both politically and culturally, yet, each has held onto its basic individual tradition and ethnicity. The paper shows that while Spain has historically been ruled by a monarchy, Japan?s rulers have been emperors. It examines how, since the middle of the last century, Western politics has helped redefine government, as modern technology reshaped the economy and lifestyle.
From the Paper
"Although, Japan and Spain rest on different continents, they do share many similarities. Both welcomed the influence of Western culture, however, Japan, appeared more accepting and eager earlier than Spain. Both countries are rich in tradition and culture and have kept their heritage alive while embracing Western thought and ideologies. Spain seems to have lost years under General Franco?s dictatorship regarding technology and modernization while Japan thrived in modernization early on under Emperor Meiji. Both societies are proud people with a rich and nurturing history and tradition."
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