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Polycomb Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation, 2006.
A discussion of polycomb regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation and its potential as a cure for degenerative diseases.
3,470 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the functioning of embryonic stem (ES) cells, with particular focus on polycomb regulation. It maintains that ES cells are of great importance as they have the flexibility to give rise to any cell type in the body. It also adds that they can also be kept in an undifferentiated state and selectively induced to form any specialized cell types, which could potentially replace cells lost or damaged by disease. The paper points out that such knowledge has immense significance as it can help people who are suffering from various degenerative diseases or other tragedies. The paper includes charts, graphs and illustrations. It concludes that future studies are required to delve further into the not fully understood mechanisms by which ES cells self-renew, while maintaining the ability to differentiate into virtually all adult cell types.
Outline:
Experimental Procedures
Cells and Cell Culture
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and DNA Microarray Analysis
Gene Expression Analysis
Future Experiments
From the Paper
"Polycomb silencing mechanisms were first discovered in Drosophila as functions essential for the regulated expression of homeotic genes during development (Lewis, 1978). The Polycomb gene of Drosophila is a member of a large class of genes required for the segment-specific repression of homeotic selector genes (Paro & Hogness, 1991). PcG and their complexes are essentially conserved from insects to mammals. PcG genes do not constitute a family, but a diverse group originally defined by the fact that loss of function of each member has similar consequences in depression of the homeotic genes. Molecular analysis has shown that most PcG gene products act together to form multi-protein complexes (Berger, 2006)."
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Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells, 2005.
This paper discusses, from a neutral position, ethical arguments either for or against the cloning of embryonic stem cells.
4,710 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that embryonic stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that are extracted from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo or blasto-cyst, which destroys the embryo in the process of extracting the stem cells. The author stresses that the basic problems in embryonic stem cell research are the very highly valued moral problems it presents: (1) The prevention or alleviation of suffering and (2) the respect of human life. The paper stresses that the argument for and against cloning embryonic stem cells is also an argument as to the meaning of life and the recognition of the loss, at any point in life, of inevitable death.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Embryonic Stem Cell?
The Basic Problem
Arguments Presented For and Against Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To endorse any use of the human embryo which was not consistent with a reverence for human life would be widely regarded as wrong. Those who believe that therapeutic research on embryos is ethically permissible, might argue that the creation and use of a human embryo outside the context of human reproduction does not necessarily undermine the attitude of respect for the human body and human dignity, provided that the purposes involved in such creation and use are purposes which we would recognize as beneficial ones. Medical uses fall into this category. In this view, it would appear to be quite consistent with an attitude of respect for human life to allow the use of human embryos at an early stage of development, well before the stage at which anything resembling a self can be said to come into existence. Such use promises to provide the possibility of the relief of a great deal of human suffering, a goal which in no sense calls into question respect for the human body."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005.
This paper looks at the issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research and clarifies misconceptions about it.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the subject of embryonic stem cell research. The paper discusses the process of obtaining embryonic stem cells, how those stem cells are used and the medical breakthroughs that embryonic stem cell research hopes to provide in curing many illnesses. The paper further discusses the differences in adult and embryonic stem cell research, the debates on both issues and speaks of the future of the research.
From the Paper
"Beyond the moral, ethical and political debates that have surrounded embryonic stem cell research, many scientific processes are involved in its use. The modern misconception is that embryos used in stem cell research are obtained from a woman's body. According to the National Institutes of Health ("Stem Cell" 1) embryos used in stem cell research are never taken from a woman's body for the explicit use of laboratory testing. The embryos that are used in research are obtained in one of two methods: The first method is by collecting eggs that have been fertilized in vitro from donors who volunteer their use in research; the second method is through donations of the embryos of women who have elected to have abortions, ("Stem Cell" 1). The embryo is collected following the abortion procedure; therefore, it is not science that determines that a pregnancy will come to an end."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005.
This paper is an essay supporting embryonic stem cell research.
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the famous actor, Christopher Reeve, who was paralyzed from a fall from a horse and became one of the biggest supporters of embryonic stem cell research, alleged that the United States was about five years behind our medical abilities because of the politics surrounding stem cell research. The author stresses that the battle over embryonic stem cell research continues and will continue unless we can put aside ideology and, instead, put first the interests of those individuals and their families who are suffering. The paper urges that the responsibility of citizens in a free country is to take a stand on issues like approving embryonic stem cell research.
From the Paper
"Now that we have a basic awareness of what they are and how they can help, I would like to introduce all of you to the current debate and controversy over embryonic stem cell research. One of the concerns among those in opposition to the research is the way in which these cells are to be obtained. Many people are against it because they oppose abortion, and believe that this type of research would start an industry to provide a source of embryos."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over the ethics of embryonic stem cell research.
1,848 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the background to and the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell research. The paper begins by discussing the production of stem cells in the body. It then discusses research into stem cells. The paper analyzes both sides of the debate over whether stem cell research is ethical and cites examples of how the research can be used for medical advancements. The paper concludes that a unanimous opinion on the ethics of conducting embryonic stem cell research may not be possible in a pluralistic society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many otherwise terminal or incurable and life-threatening conditions may be cured by embryonic stem cell research (Kulka 2005). Research should be viewed as aligned with the mandate for respect and in the light of an absence of suitable substitutes. Furthermore, specific procedures and limitations suggested by the NIH already insure that federally conducted research would be consistent with the respect, which should be shown embryos. NIH guidelines included banning commercialization of embryos. Informed consent from donors should be included among the requirements. Sufficient and careful limitations for the conduct of embryonic stem cell research will establish adequate respect for the embryo as a form of human life (Kulka) to satisfy objections and allow the research to proceed in its pursuit to save lives rather than destroy, neglect or allow them to simply wither away."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2008.
An informative discussion on the issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses embryonic stem cell research and states that the advancements in genetic engineering and genomic science are on the verge of creating a revolutionary change in our approach to treating diseases. The paper also relates that stem cell research, in particular, has created new hopes for innumerable number of people suffering from organ failure. Stem cell research has opened new vistas in the field of medicine as tissue regeneration promises new hope for millions of people who suffer from organ failure due to a variety of diseases. The paper then warns that there are some ethical and moral issues surrounding stem cell research that threaten to impede further progress in the field. The paper analyzes these and other related developments.
Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Controversies
Legal Issues
Adult Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Stem cells
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Compared to the controversies surrounding the embryonic stem cell research, umbilical cord stem cells hold no ethical or moral dilemma. Since there is no foetus or embryo involved in the process, and the very fact that the placenta is usually a biological waste, the case for cord stem cell research is very encouraging and without any controversies. Thus far, it was believed that stem cells derived from umbilical cord, being very few in number, could hardly be used in lieu of bone marrow transplant for adults. However, an interesting characteristic of cord stem cells is that they can proliferate rapidly unlike adult stem cells. Furthermore, immunological rejection is much less severe in the case of cord blood transplantation compared with Peripheral blood stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Use, 2006.
A bioethical discussion on the research and use of embryonic stem cells.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cell research holds the promise for many formerly untreatable diseases and disorder; however it is an area of medicine that is highly controversial. This paper discusses the bioethics of embryonic stem cell research and use discussing stem cell use in general, the present climate surrounding the ethics, the dilemmas involved, factors that influence the topic and a recommended solution.
From the Paper
"Stem cell research and use falls into two categories: adult stem cell research and use that utilizes hematopoietic stem cells that are found in teeth, bone marrow and other select locations in the body (Man, 2005) and embryonic stem cell research and use. There is significantly less controversy surrounding the use of adult stem cells, however their use is significantly more limited than embryonic stem cells (Man, 2005). As a result, this paper will focus on the bioethics surrounding the research and use of embryonic stem cells which are..."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper argues in favor of embryonic stem cell research.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author cites reasons for embryonic stem cell research to be practiced in the United States. The author points out the benefits of stem cell research in curing serious illnesses and conditions. Also discussed are the positive outcomes of stem cell procedures in other countries. The author concludes that the US government's decision not to pursue stem cell research hinders progress in medical research.
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cell research is the research of cells extracted from the embryonic stem to be manipulated into specialized cells. Stem cells can be acquired from embryos and still born fetuses. Today, scientists hope that embryonic stem cells can cure many serious diseases that plague our world. This has convinced me that this type of stem cell research should be allowed in the United States."
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| Term Paper # 96877 |
temporarily unavailable
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2004.
An analysis of the controversial topic of embryonic stem cell research.
1,421 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the reports of the isolation of human stem cells from embryonic tissues. The paper explains the controversy involved in embryonic stem cell research, the main issue being the source of the embryos. The paper contends that these reports sparked much excitement because researchers could now design experiments to determine how human embryonic cells differentiate into various types of tissues, leading to the development of the human body, and moreover, because of the capability of these cells, a wide range of clinical applications were predicted.
From the Paper
"In November 1998, two research groups independently announced that they had isolated human stem cells from embryonic tissues, had cultivated the cells, and shown these cells could develop into all three basic layers of cells in the human embryo (Lysaught 1999). Because these cells could potentially develop into nearly every type of human cell and tissue, they held great promise for applications in medicine and human development (Lysaught 1999). Upon announcement of the news, Harold Varmus, director of the National Institutes of Health, was quoted as saying that human embryonic stem cell research "had the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine and improve the quality and length of life" (Lysaught 1999). Concerns arose regarding the fact that the techniques by which stem cells were derived involved the destruction of human embryos, thus depriving them of their potential to develop into human beings (Lysaught 1999)"
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005.
Argues in favor of embryonic stem cell research from a utilitarian perspective.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper applies the philosophy of utilitarianism to argue if favor of embryonic stem cell research. The paper discusses the ethical dilemma involved in destroying embryos and argues that the utility of stem cell research, its potential to reduce human suffering, make it ethical as well as necessary.
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cell research has the potential to open the floodgates of science, finding cures for a myriad of different cancers and diseases, saving millions of lives and averting untold human suffering in the process. Despite the nearly boundless promise that stem cells offer, there is a potent ethical dilemma involved. Namely, research into stem cells requires the destruction of human embryos. While there are indeed some powerful visceral arguments to be made concerning the sanctity of human life, I believe that there is an equally powerful ethically grounded argument..."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2007.
A review of the debate over embryonic stem cell research, with emphasis on its positive aspects.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the field of embryonic stem cell research. It emphasizes the more positive affects of this new medical research, however also presents the arguments against using this technology. The paper attempts to show that despite the many problems and questions raised by stem cell research, it does provide a valuable and essential step in modern medical and scientific advancement.
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cell research is still in its beginning stages and scientists will admit that there are many practical, ethical and moral problems that still need to be overcome. On the one hand there are technical issues that need to be addressed before stem cell research can become a viable technology for repairing human tissue and cutting diseases. Those who claim that stem cell research can adversely impact on society and that it is also open to abuse make valid and important points. On the other hand the potential that embryonic stem cell research offers is too great to be ignored. The fact that this research may result in cures for some of the most prevalent and insidious disease of out time is reasons enough to continue the research in this field."
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Alternatives to Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005.
An exploration of different alternatives to embryonic stem cell research.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes embryonic stem cells and claims about the benefits of research. It summarizes findings and significance of these discoveries with regard to medicine and disease. It also discusses alternatives such as adult stem cell research.
From the Paper
" Landza, Thomas, Thomson, Pederson and Gearhart report that embryonic stem cells consist of stem cells obtained by fusing a patient's cell with an enucleated egg cell thereby forming an embryo. This ..."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2002.
Examines the ethical arguments around embryonic stem cell research.
1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This essay first delivers a general overview of ES cell research. It then looks at ethical dilemmas from both sides with the aid of four ethical theories - Act Utilitarianism, Ethic of Care, Kantian Ethics and Moral Rights Theory. In addition, it addresses the personhood of an embryo. Finally, the conclusion unites the main themes in stating that ES cell research is ethical.
From the Paper
"The topic of embryonic stem (ES) cell research emerged in 1998, when James Thompson and his colleagues first derived the cells from pre-implantation human blastocysts [1]. Since then, ES cells have quickly become one of the decade?s greatest philosophical dilemmas. Although this research has the potential to cure such illnesses as Parkinson?s disease, diabetes, paralysis, and muscular dystrophe (among many other disorders) [3]; researchers? largest boundary is providing a concrete ethical basis for its continued study."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2006.
A discussion of the history of stem cell research.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of stem cell research, from its beginning with the first culture of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 to the present. The paper explains what stem cells are and how they work. The paper also outlines current research and hopes for the field in the future. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the ethical issues involved in stem cell research, and includes the personal opinions of the author on the subject.
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells, which are undifferentiated and therefore can differentiate into all the different cell types of the human body. They can also be coached into differentiating into particular cell types such as beating heart..."
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