| Papers [1-9] of 9 | Search results on "POLLINATION": |
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Causes and Consequences of Pollinator Decline, 2005.
A discussion about the importance of pollination services and the causes, consequences and possible counter-measures of pollinator decline.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
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Mutualism and Exploitation in Plant-Pollinator Relationships, 2002.
This paper examines cheating in plant-pollinator mutualisms.
3,790 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the ecological dynamics and game theory behind mutualisms and cheaters focusing on plant-pollinator relationships.
Table of Contents
Reciprocal Exploitation
Defensive Strategies: fruit abortion and selective maturation
Offensive Strategies: cheating insects
To cheat or not to cheat?
Evolutionary Consequences of Cheating
References
From the Paper
"Although mutualisms have often been heralded as mutually beneficial relationships that exist for the good of all those involved, they are often not as good-natured as people would think (Soberon & Martinez del Rio 1985). Perhaps Darwin knew best when he claimed that ?Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structures of another? (1859). Upon close inspection of the many mutualisms that pervade the global ecology, it becomes clear that there is a strong incentive for exploitation, either by one of the partners in the mutualism or by a third party species. Because of the conflict of interest that often exists between members of a mutualism, certain tendencies to ?cheat? have evolved. By escaping the costs that go hand in hand with mutualisms, these cheaters are able to reap the benefits of the mutualistic relationship without having to provide any services or resources in return. Far from one partner acting altruistically toward the other, members in mutualisms are actually pursuing their own agendas, often carrying out self-beneficial actions as far as the other partner will allow. "
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Pollination, 2002.
This paper presents an explanation for the process of pollination.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by explaining the process of pollination and its necessity for reproduction. It distinguishes between different reproductive structures - sexual cells within the plant or cones. The paper first examines the procedure of cone-bearing pollination and then that of flowering pollination. This is followed by a study of self- pollination and the strengths and weaknesses possessed by species with this type of pollination. The benefits of cross-pollination are discussed and the paper concludes with a look at the role of pollinators.
From the Paper
"Pollination is when pollen grains from the male structures of plants are transferred to the female structures of plants. The pollen grains are vital for reproduction ? they contain cells that will develop into male sex cells. The female structure contains the female sex cells, more commonly known as the egg. Pollination prepares the plant for fertilization ? when the two sex cells join. Nearly all grains, vegetables, wildflowers, trees, and fruits must go through pollination in order to produce seeds (or fruits). Pollination is also critically important in the reproduction of crops grown agriculturally, such as corn, rice, wheat, apples, tomatoes, and squash. (Dickson)"
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Bees: Pollution and Pollination, 2001.
This paper examines how the toxicity of various environmental pollutants affect bees as pollinators.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of environmental pollution on pollinators, specifically the honeybee, and how this organism can be used as an indicator of environmental health. Emphasis is placed on examining the toxicity and effect of various pesticides including DDT, malathion and various fungicides. In addition, the influence on the health of pollinators from atmospheric heavy metal pollution is addressed. The importance of the honeybee to the future of agriculture is the theme throughout this essay.
From the Paper
?Bees are one of the most important elements of agriculture. They are one of the most widespread and efficient pollinators. For this reason, the effects of pollution on bees is an ever growing area of interest for many scientists who fear that bee populations may be at risk from human activity. Air pollution from vehicles and industry can have adverse effects on bee populations. However, one of the greatest areas of concern is the effect of pesticides due to the direct and sometimes high exposure of foraging bees to these toxic chemicals."
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Columbine, 1997.
Examines this North American wildflower. Includes classification, structure, pollination, fruit, leaves and variety.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"A discussion of the columbine, a North American wildflower, will provide some background information on the plant's flowers, reproductive aspects, cellular appearance, root system, and diversity. The common and scientific names for the plant were first given in reference to the European species of columbine. This is especially true in the use of Aquiligia. It means "eagle," and refers to the spurs of the flowers, which are bent at their tips like the talons of an eagle. A charming description of the flower is in the common name, columbine, which comes from columba, meaning "dove"; the five petals resemble five doves drinking at a dish.
Columbines are in the genus Aquilegia, which is in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. The U.S. native wild columbine in the East, A. candenensis, can be recognized by its red and ..."
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"The Raven?, 2006.
An analysis of the symbolism in the Edgar Allan Poe poem "The Raven".
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Edgar Allan Poe's choice of symbols in his masterpiece poem "The Raven". The paper analyzes the following symbols or symbolic elements: the raven, the bust of Pallas, the use of words "midnight" in the first verse, and "December" in the second verse, the chamber in which the narrator is positioned, and time itself. The paper then offers the opinions of several different literary critics, which comment on Poe's use of symbolism. The critics sited are Burton Pollin, Martha Womack, Christoffer Nilsson, James Miller Jr., Louis Broussard and David Grantz.
From the Paper
"According to Martha Womack in her analysis of "The Masque of the Red Death" there are a number of symbols of time passing and the inevitability of death: 'The significance of time in this story is seen in the symbol of the "gigantic clock of ebony" which is draped in black velvet and located in the final room. Although the clock is an object, it quickly takes on human aspects as the author describes it as having a face and lungs from which comes a sound that is "exceedingly musical" but "so peculiar" that the "dreams are stiff-frozen as they stand," in a momentary rigor mortis that anticipates the final one.'"
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The Glass-Steagall Act, 2004.
An overview of the demise of the Glass-Steagall Act and the legacy left for banking today.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in 1933, the cross-pollination of banking and securities activities was blamed for the Great Depression, and measures such as the Glass-Steagall Act were taken to see that this never occurred again. It looks at how, although the legislation has been the object of ?finger-wagging? since, especially from large banking institutions, many argue that it not only served its original purpose, but also gave rise to the banking system of today. It discusses how, although the Glass-Steagall era came to a close, the foundation that was built on the back of this legislation created a solid structure of modern banking, which eventually became stable enough to illicit its demise.
From the Paper
"Previous to the Glass Steagall Act, the U.S. was in a significant depression. Over twenty-five percent of the population was unemployed and the banking system was unstable. More than 11,000 banks had gone under or had to merge which reduced the number of banks from 25,000 to 14,000, a 40 percent decrease. In early 1933, President Roosevelt closed all banks and called a Congressional hearing that seemed to show that bankers and brokers were guilty of dishonest dealings and many misuses of the public?s money and trust. Historians have different conclusions about the role that these abuses might have played in the banking crash."
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The Mexican Muralist Movement, 2004.
This paper discusses the Mexican Muralist Movement, which followed the Mexican constitution of 1917.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, by the early 1920s, Mexican Secretary of Education Vasconcelos ensured the creation of an artistic renaissance in which Mexican artists reinterpreted Mexican history in accord with revolutionary principles, locating major works of arts on the walls of public buildings and, thus, making them accessible to the most humble and unlettered of Mexicans. The author points out that Mexico became a destination of choice for Americans and Europeans with a wide variety of leftist views, ranging from liberalism to communism. The paper explores the work of Diego Rivera, unmistakably a major light in the Mexican Muralist Movement, and his wife Frida Kahlo, who was not a muralist, but who retained some of the essential characteristics that defined the Mexican Muralist Movement.
Table of Contents
Background
Spiritual Revolution
Cross-Pollination via Admiration
A Different Sort of Revolution, a Different Sort of Art
Foundations of the New Art
Diego Rivera
Frida Kahlo
From the Paper
"Others besides Delpar regard this as ?the most fascinating phase of the whole revolutionary movement?.the attempt to readjust the spiritual and cultural background of an entire nation in accordance with the revolutionary changes that the machine age had produced.? Vasconcelos expanded cultural activities widely, including archaeology, ancient history of Mexico, religion, literature, music and the visual arts. Until then, none had ever been developed as integrated parts of the nation?s cultural heritage. The most vital and strongest to emerge, and one that has been uniquely identified with Mexico, is mural painting."
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Pseudocopulation, 2005.
This paper discusses pseudocopulation regarding various species of orchids.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies the key characteristics related to various species of orchids which exhibit a number of unique behaviors. This includes pseudocopulation, which is facilitated by the bee population. The paper explains that these attributes enable orchids to express sexual behaviors of a mimicking nature, which enable bees to facilitate pollination in different ways.
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