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The Political Economy of China, 2005.
An overview of the changes in China's political economy from the 1978 reforms of Deng Xiaping.
1,439 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Deng Xiaping started China's economic reforms in 1978 with the announcement of the "Open Door Policy" and how, prior to the introduction of the new policy, China had followed the radical, centrally directed economic policies of Mao that emphasized self-reliance and closed its door to trade with foreign countries. It also looks at the roles of Deng Xiaping, Jiang Zeminand and Hu Jintao's three generations of Chinese leadership in China's political economy, the achievements has China made since then and the main problems with today's Chinese political economy.
Outline
Deng Xiaoping's Economic Reforms
Achievements by China Since the Initiation of Economic Reforms
Major Problems in Today's Chinese Political Economy
Why China is Not a Democracy Yet
Evaluation of the Roles of Deng, Jiang and Hu in China's Political Economy
From the Paper
"Despite considerable economic gains made by China in the post-1978 period, it is still faced with a number of serious politico-economic problems. Corruption and other economic crimes have proliferated in China as it has moved towards a market-oriented economy. Unemployment, though not too high in terms of percentages (3% according to official figures ), translates into more than 20 million unemployed workers due to the large Chinese population. ("Economic Overview" Country Watch) In addition to the unemployed, it is estimated that 50 to 100 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, barely surviving through part-time, low-paying jobs. There is a growing trend of inter-regional and urban-rural inequality with the rural areas and areas away from the booming coastal regions, falling significantly behind. Despite efforts at reforming state owned organizations and the closure of a number of loss-making industries, over half of China's large state-owned enterprises are still making losses."
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"Understanding International Political Economy".
This paper discusses Ralph Pettman's book, "Understanding International Political Economy," the most popular international political economics textbook.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the main themes of this book are three theories of international economics described in a historical order according to the epoch when they were first introduced: mercantilism, liberalism, and Marxism. The author points out that it is difficult to find a country where these theories of political economy can be realized clearly in daily practices; the processes of globalization, goods exchange, industrialization, and development of social infrastructure within one country and within the world economic community have proven that only an integral model of economical development can be applied in the realities of today. The paper states that, even though Pettman succeeded in describing three main concepts of political economy, the work lacks an explanation of modern events, and the reading would be more fruitful if there was more information included about countries with transitional economics, such as China and the former socialist states.
From the Paper
"Mercantilism considered the wealth of the society to be in accumulation of money (silver and gold). According to the concept of mercantilism wealth and prosperity could be achieved only thanks to the development of foreign trade. The growth of wealth here is obvious: cheap good are sold for higher prices abroad. The problem of economical theory according to mercantilists was the development of the most effective recommendations for the state politics in regulating economics. Mercantilists thought that for the development of favorable conditions for economical growth, the state has to intervene in economics, encourage native industry and trade."
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The Economy of China, 2002.
This paper discusses the fact that the economy of China, the very last of the main communist states, has made enormous advances towards becoming an industrialized country with a market-driven financial system.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper states that China's development follows the characteristic pattern of a developing country. The author believes that China is in a premature phase of capital buildup and, consequently, is acknowledging quick labor output development. The paper relates that it comes as a surprise to discover that the efficiency in the agricultural sector has been increasing as fast as in the contemporary sector.
Table of Contents
The Past and the Present
Drivers of Rapid Growth
Effects of an Overheating Economy
Effects of an SARS
The Future of China
From the Paper
"The subsequent segment of structural change is from industry to service. This procedure hasn't started. The cause is that Chinese family circles have low wealth standards, as well as tend to reduce expenditure for wealth buildup. As reformation develops, as well as capital returns and creates wealth buildup easier to attain, expenditure preference ought to augment. The service sector's part in the economy ought to increase considerably. Majority of the predictable decrease in the agricultural sector's part in GDP in this decade ought to go to the service segment (6)."
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China's Economy, 2007.
This paper is a literature review of the development of the economy of China.
3,950 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Chiang Kai-Shek believed that the imperialism and colonialism of the "Unequal Treaties" with Britain, Japan, the U.S. and Russia were a major reason for China's inability to develop any kind of an economy during the early part of the 20th Century. The author points out that, since the 1980s, China has been encouraging foreign investment by using "special economic zones" for foreign business, joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) and opening foreign competition with Chinese manufacturers especially in the retail petroleum sector. The paper concludes that the RAND Corporation's study of China's economy stresses that a major risk to the continued rapid growth of China's economy is the fragility of its financial system and state-owned businesses.
Table of Contents
Review of China's Recent Economic Past
Chiang Kai-Shek
Introduction to Today's China and the Chinese Economy
Sectors of the Chinese Economy That Are Expected to Grow in the Future
Manufacturing
Manufacturing (Electronics)
Manufacturing (Automobiles)
Energy (Oil)
Future Forecast for China's Petroleum Industry
Future Forecast for China Petroleum Development
Energy (Natural Gas)
Proposed Pipeline
Energy (Coal)
Future Forecast
Energy (Electricity)
Environmental Price in the Energy Sector
Clean-Up China's air pollution,
Financial (Foreign Transactions in China)
Financial (Banking)
Challenges Facing the Chinese Economic Outlook
Fragility of the Financial System and State-Owned Businesses
From the Paper
"China is the world's most populous nation and the "second largest energy consumer" in the world, right after the United States, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy. China's dominant fuel at the present time is coal; China produces more coal - and consumes more coal - than any country on the planet. China also has recently passed Japan as the second-biggest consumer of petroleum, and China is a huge player in oil markets."
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China's Economy, 2005.
This paper discusses the effect of economy globalization on China's economy.
3,565 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that globalization, which is a universal phenomenon, has multifarious effects on a country's development, including not only pure economic considerations but also cultural values, creativity development, environmental specie preservation, rural life, health, food and cuisine, religion, human rights, family, ethnic heritage and quality of life issues. The author points out that China is experiencing rapid but lopsided economic development with booming private enterprise and free market but the state owned enterprises (SOE) are less successful. The paper relates that the dismantling of entry barriers to markets, the availability of low-cost high-speed transport and the dramatic impact of advances in information and communications technology (ICT) have challenged the effectiveness of domestic market regulations.
Table of Contents
What is Economic Globalization
The History of China and its Economic Development
Economic Reforms in China
Effect of Reforms in China
Lop-sided Growth in the Process of Economic Globalization
Issues in Economic Management
Achievements
Solutions for Growth
From the Paper
"China has a human capital which has largely contributed to its economic reform. The degree of institution reform achieved can be measured by the contributions of the market institutions to national output at the beginning of the 21st Century. The World Bank, in its 1997 publication "China 2020" provided a fairly optimistic forecast of China's real GNP up to the year 2020. The projected annual rate of growth was 8.4% for 1996-2000, 6.9% for 2001-2010 and 5.5% for 2010-2020, showing a decline in the growth rate as the economy becomes more developed. In contrast, beginning from the level of its GNP in 1998, the United States will have to grow at a annual rate of 2.95 percent up to 2020 in order to achieve the same level of real GDP as China's level as forecasted by the World Bank. Allowing for error of these forecasts, one can definitely say that around 2020 China would have caught up with the United States in total real GDP. Of course China's GDP per capita will still be much lower, but many parts of China will enjoy a high standard of living, as we can even witness in Shanghai today."
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China's Economy, 2004.
An examination of the past and present of China's economy.
2,109 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how China's political system and practices are impacting the country's economy and the long-term affects of such a system. It examines the country's demographic statistics and questions whether the economy can continue to support the ever-growing population. The paper also examines the effect of SARS on China's economy.
From the Paper
"China, the very last of the main Communist states, has made enormous advances all through the preceding two decades in the direction of turning out to be an industrialized country with a market-driven financial system. Its people, a fifth of the world's populace, are still amid the world's poorest, however, quick industrialization and urbanization are training them to make China a main economic power in the 21st century.
The increasing economy, as well as rising health standards is by now having a weighty impact on China's welfare. In the second part of the 20th century, for example, the lifetime of the average person in China has doubled."
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China?s Economy, 2004.
This paper discusses China?s economy, the very last of the main Communist states.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that China?s economy has made enormous advances, all through the preceding two decades, in the direction of becoming an industrialized country with a market-driven financial system. The author points out that it comes as a surprise to discover that efficiency in the agricultural sector has been increasing as fast as in the contemporary sector. The paper stresses that China has a bad income data; data on capital stock are scarce.
Table of Contents
The Past and the Present
Drivers of Rapid Growth
Effects of an Overheating Economy
Effects of SARS
The Future of China
From the Paper
"China has approximately 735 million people or 58% of the inhabitants in the labor division. The executive unemployment stature was 6.8 million in the urban division. China does not distinguish a rural joblessness proportion. In view of the fact that Chinese labor is so underutilized, in general, the only significant outline is non-agricultural service. This number was 388 million in 2003 or 56 percent of the manual labor force, up from 43% in 1990 (11). China produced 107 million jobs in the 1990's. If the present tendency carries on, non-agricultural service might increase to 62% of the entire manual labor force by 2010. The labor marketplace would be in much enhanced character; however, it would still be far from a complete employment circumstance."
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"China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles", 2005.
A review of the article "China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
"This paper discusses an article from the Economist Intelligence Unit, a publication of The Economist, entitled "China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles" as it relates to the price pressures on apparels in the U.S. market. These issues are examined from a macroeconomic perspective with an emphasis on Keynesian and neo-classical macroeconomic theory.
From the Paper
"Following the end of quotas on textile imports from China as of 1 January 2005, both the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) have witnessed a massive influx of textile imports from China: "U.S. imports of Chinese clothing swelled in January, a rush of new products following the end of international quotas that for decades had limited global apparel trade" (Chinese, 2005, para.1). While increases have been across the board, three categories in particular have seen huge increases: cotton knit shirts, blouses and cotton trousers, and these have been targeted for renewed protectionist quotas by both the US and the EU (China, 2005, para.2). "
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China and the Global Economy, 2007.
This paper analyzes how China has played an essential role in influencing global policy debates.
3,487 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how China has emerged as a key factor in the global economy. The paper discusses China's role in influencing global policy debates, taking into consideration trade, foreign investment, direct investment, short-term capital flows and economic management. The paper relates that the existence of China in the World Trade Organization has also impacted global policy and the policy traditionally held by the World Trade Organization. The paper reveals that the results of China's present-day actions have many implications in forecasting, globalization and the international economy overall.
Outline:
Introduction
Trade - Liberalization
Foreign Investment
Economic Management
From the Paper
"The fact that trade liberalization is a catalyst for economic growth and development is well known. Trade liberalization is even more important to the growth of developing economies where small businesses frequently account for 80% or more of employment and virtually all job growth (Asel, 2003). China operates at the margins of the economy exploiting opportunities overlooked by incumbents, and has innovated to develop promising, but untested markets and flexibly managing scarce resources in an uncertain, often unforgiving environment (Asel, 2003)."
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The Forces of China on Taiwan's Economy, 2006.
How China is forcing Taiwan to change its business strategy.
6,937 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at how China is forcing Taiwan to change its business strategy from manufacturing to more high-level industries such as consulting and financial services.The paper suggests that China wants Taiwan to act as a liaison, using their similar language culture and business practices.The author concludes with an outlook for the future for Taiwan's ever changing and strained economy in respect to China. Introduction
Economic and Political Overview of Taiwan
Cross-Straight Relations
Taiwan's Evolving Success Story
The "Hollowing Out" Effect of Taiwan's Economy
Taiwan's Next Steps
From the Paper
"This heavy reliance on trade has driven Taiwan's rapid growth in recent decades. However, as a small island population with limited natural resources, authorities are very conscious of Taiwan's vulnerability in a turbulent world. The impact of the crisis in Asia on Taiwan's heavily export-oriented economy, while mild in comparison with most of the region, has borne this out. This experience has reinforced Taiwan's major policy directions, which aim to strengthen the domestic economy through infrastructure development, upgrading of industry and the expansion of value-added service industries."
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China's Economy and Rising Suicide Rates, 2006.
This well-researched paper examines the correlation between China's economic growth and the increasing suicide rates amongst the Chinese population.
2,170 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper analyzes the connection between China's booming economy and the substantial rise in stress levels among the population. This paper details the various factors which contributed to the high levels of stress and depression, including 20 years of economic reforms, increasing competition, job loss and the breakdown of the traditional family unit. This paper supplies extensive data and statistics relevant to the topic of this paper. In China, suicide accounts for 3.6% of all deaths and is the number five cause of death. China's economy is currently growing at an average of 10% per year, the highest growth rate in the world. The writer of this paper contends and explains why the wealthier China became, the more susceptible the population was to mental disorders. The increasing competition within the economic structure is impacting negatively on people's lives. This paper also discusses the strategies being implemented in China to reduce the suicide rate. Beijing opened its first Suicide Research and Prevention Center in 2003 and also launched a 24-hour hot-line to help people cope with psychological problems in hopes of preventing potential suicides. This paper contains 2 graphs and 3 tables relevant to China's economy, employment and suicide rates.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Method
Background
Discussion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Data Source
Internet Source
From the Paper
"The education level amongst Chinese has not been able to catch up with the fast growing economy. Study showed there were still over 10% of the Chinese population still considered to be illiterate. Unemployment is also a problem for China and one that many common citizens find difficult to accept under the communist government. Aggressive reforms of state-owned firms have laid off many laborers with no social insurance, medical benefits and few opportunities for re-employment. Many government-operated companies have trimmed down its work force in order to compete in the open market with other privately owned firms. Official figures show that more than 6 million laid-off state workers have not found new jobs, with an additional 10 million new workers entering the labor market each year."
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Integration of Hong Kong and China's Economies, 2006.
This paper examines the shift in Hong Kong's economy from one of manufacturing goods to one of providing services and explores the integration of this economy with the economy of mainland China.
2,499 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The economy of Hong Kong has, over the past few decades, made significant changes toward becoming a service-oriented one as opposed to being focused on manufacturing. This shift has resulted in greater integration with the mainland of China due to the large number of manufacturing jobs being exported to the mainland as a result of the cheaper labor available there as well as due to the Chinese demand for the services provided by Hong Kong. This paper explores Hong Kong's evolution from a primarily goods-based economy to one heavily tilted towards services, and the effects of these shifts as documented in other economies as well as the duplication of these changes in Hong Kong. It also explains the factors which encourage greater integration with mainland China as a result of this shift. This has resulted in a beneficial relationship for the two nations' economic situations.
From the Paper
"In 1997, control of the British colony of Hong Kong was officially transferred to the People's Republic of China, politically and otherwise officially integrating two entities which had, for years, been enmeshed with one another in many ways. In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, administrative and certain other controls shifted to mainland China, and many of the vestiges of colonial British rule were removed."
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China's Economy, 1995.
Examines background, reform in 1990s, politics, capitalist influence, government intervention, pricing, foreign investment, relations with Taiwan, nonstate sector and democracy.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Mainland China is in the process of becoming an industrialized nation. Whether or not China succeeds will be a matter for time to decide. The policies of the Chinese government will have a great impact on how soon, or even if, China manages to transition into a modern economy. How open the government is to political change and to re-evaluating the Maoist doctrine it has supported since 1949 will ultimately determine the course of Chinese economic history. Mainland China's development into a modern industrialized economy depends on many factors. The policies the government sets will greatly affect, if not destroy, any chance of success. Deng Xiaping's call for an economy based on market socialism is an experiment in process.
China has spent the last several decades, until reform began in 1979, existing with an over-planned, over-centralized economy."
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Political Development in China, 2005.
An analysis of political development in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1982.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper explains China's political development from the point of view of a writer who is sympathetic to what Communism promised the Chinese masses and slightly critical of what has taken form. It provides a critical review of developments in China after the success of the Communist Revolution of 1949, through to the 1978 reforms of Deng.
From the Paper
"This paper provides a critical review of developments in China after the success of the Communist Revolution of 1949, through to the 1978 reforms of Deng. These, more or less, indicated the failure of Marxist-Leninist Communism in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1982, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) would step away from Maoism towards a Party governed by a Constitution. In closing one era of Chinese Communism and moving on to another, the CCP noted the strong contributions of Chairman Mao in establishing the People's Republic of China, but indicated the need for further revision. "
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Political and Economic Changes in China, 2002.
Looks at the crucial role Shanghai is playing in leading China's efforts at economic change and globalization.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to examine how the politics of Shanghai are leading the modernization of the rest of the country and subsequently expanding the world globalization efforts. These political changes have been almost entirely economic, but they are significant.
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