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Politeness in Speech, 2005.
This paper explores linguistic politeness and how it determines patterns of language use.
3,263 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals the linguistic definition of politeness and shows how politeness is an integral part of speech. The paper discusses how the use of politeness is determined by three main sociological factors: distance, power and cultural rate of impositions. Finally, the paper demonstrates how language is transformed by politeness in practice.
From the Paper
"Everyone knows what politeness is. From our very childhood, we are constantly told phrases such as "be polite" and we are faced with the issue of addressing people in a decent way, using either their nicknames, first names or their titles plus last names, etc. and in some foreign languages distinguishing between the formal second person personal pronoun and the familiar one (e.g. tu/vous in French). When our neighbour tells us "beautiful day, isn't it?" it would never occur to us to reply "no, in fact I totally disagree with you. Haven't you seen these clouds? It is undoubtedly going to rain". Why if it is true? It is simply because it is a basic matter of politeness that we are also used to calling good manners. In fact, politeness is really part of our everyday life and speech."
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Rhetoric of Persuasion in Political Speech, 2005.
A rhetorical analysis of speech in politics.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
A discussion of whether political speech today is rhetorical. The paper analyses the meaning of rhetorical speech and how this is applied to political speech. The argument for and against the use of rhetorical speech in the political arena is discussed and its affects analyzed. The ideas of Beard are discussed and applied to present day politics.
From the Paper
"Many individuals view rhetoric as a means of manipulation, not persuasion. When rhetoric is applied to political speech, therefore, it may be concluded that the politician is attempting to sway the public's opinion in a manner that is unjust and false. While rhetoric focuses on the appealing to emotion, religious values, and the structure and cultural value of the community, it can also be argued that rhetoric serves the public by inspiring them to alter the way in which society functions, and the paths that are elected for the future (Garsten 10). Beard discusses that rhetoric has three main parts in a political speech, repetition, contrast pairs and pronouns. These elements are evident in each political speech of substance that has affected the lives of its listeners profoundly. Arnold Schwarzenegger, having immigrated to the United States, participating in famous bodybuilding and movie careers, became.."
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Hate Speeches: The Right to Freedom of Speech, 2001.
A look at freedom of speech with respect to 'hate' speeches' and whether or not these speeches are protected under the First Amendment.
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author argues that ?hate speeches?, however abhorrent, should be protected by the U.S. Constitution, that in the interest of free speech, they should be allowed. He suggests that this is synonymous with American freedom and refers to some specific examples in order to assess whether hate speeches should be protected under the First Amendment. The author contends that as long as we are free to judge the importance of what is being said for ourselves, then words should never be banned.
From the paper:
?Words are serious, not because they have any direct effect in their own right, but because words, and the ideas they express, are what we use to weigh up our own decisions, their likely effects, and our responsibilities. Words have consequences only if we choose to give them consequences.?
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Gay Speech, not Hate Speech, 2008.
A discussion on the use of word forms specifically constructed for recognition by gay and lesbian groups.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how language serves a purpose to the gay and lesbian community to assist them in recognizing themselves as a group in a world of opposition and ridicule of their status. The paper quotes several words and descriptively explains how the word is utilized in gay society. The paper then summarizes the situation with examples on how language has been used negatively with the resultant necessity for this group to formulate their own vocabulary.
From the Paper
"This usage appears to have grown out of political activism. The need to combat homophobic oppression - including internalized homophobia - was perceived, and a concrete way of doing this was to hold a public parade in which pride in one's alternative sexual orientation was expressed. Out of this activity, the word "pride" acquired a whole new meaning - a meaning that is useful for this community in overcoming the societal prejudices it has to deal with."
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Boundaries of Free Speech, 2004.
A look at whether campus speech codes are the right way to address the problem of hate speech, or if such speech codes violate free speech to such a degree that they should not be adopted.
2,510 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts campus speech codes are the wrong way to address the problem of hate speech, especially because they exist in a academic setting where freedom of speech should be better understood. The paper concludes that curbing the speech of those who would curb our speech is never the answer. The only way to transform minds is to challenge the ideas behind the hate speech directly through dialogue.
From the Paper
"Americans value the freedom of speech assured them in the U.S. Constitution, but they also seem to accept that there are some boundaries to freedom of speech, though what those boundaries are is controversial and may shift over time. One issue of free speech today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups to enforce some form of speech code in order to control speech and ban any term or phrase that might be considered demeaning to any group in society, so-called "hate speech." One of the problems with these efforts is the vagueness of the terms used to define it--what is "demeaning," and how is it to be decided when a given phrase is demeaning or not? In his chapter, "Hate Speech, Free Speech, and the Unspoken," from the anthology Signs of Life, Richard Goldstein writes, The perception of crisis is why hate speech has become a divisive issue among progressives. The distressing force of the current backlash against hard-won minority rights creates a fundamental conflict between our commitment to free expression and our desire to protect and preserve the victims of abuse. The result is an aching uncertainty about where to draw the line. (412) The question, then, is whether campus speech codes are the right way to address the problem of hate speech, or if such speech codes violate free speech to such a degree that they should not be adopted."
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Hate Speech, 2004.
A look at interpretations of the First Amendment and how they affect the ongoing debate about free speech and hate speech.
3,987 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the legal debate surrounding the issue of free speech and hate speech and how the First Amendment's implications regarding this topic lack clarity and, therefore, are subject to numerous interpretations. The paper also looks at how college campuses have attempted to handle the problem of hate speech, examines some Supreme Court rulings on hate speech and hate symbols, and includes an overview of arguments for and against the use of hate speech laws and codes.
Constitutionality of Hate-Speech Laws and Legislation
College Campus Hate-Speech Codes
Fighting Words; Hate Symbols
State Interest in Regulating Hate-Speech
Arguments for and Against Such Laws and Codes
First Amendment Protection of Unpopular or Offensive Speech
Sentence Enhancement for Bias Motivated Crimes
Supreme Court Handling of Hate-Speech and Hate Crime Issues
From the Paper
"Interpretations of the First Amendment are at the center of the legal debates about free speech and hate speech. Like many articles in the Constitution, the exact meaning of the first amendment and the implications it had for the founding fathers are unclear. It provides a general orientation for federal action, but just how it is to be made operational is open to discussion. The conclusion reached will depend on the overall interpretive framework one uses. These frameworks, in turn, will merge into one's political and social philosophy. For example, at the time of its adoption, many thoughtful people believed that government should not prohibit the publication of one's views but could and should punish some writers for the harmful effects of such publication. This view, while plausible, is not the dominant interpretation at the present time."
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Political Correctness, 2003.
Discusses hate speech and free speech.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines political correctness in relation to campus speech codes. It also looks at the media enforcement of PC on writers and gives an example of the "Los Angeles Times" guidelines. It discusses the issue of whether college campus speech codes violate free speech.
From the Paper
"One of the important issues today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups, primarily those on the left, to enforce a form of speech code so as to regulate speech to ban any term ..."
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The Speech Act Theory, 2008.
A research paper exploring indirect directives and politeness in Mandarin
Chinese and English.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how, in conversation, people cooperate in making utterances, thereby creating social communication in an effort to express meaning. The paper discusses what constitutes a request and reveals that much of the time, a speaker will make an indirect appeal for action, slightly obscuring the request within an indirect sentence. The paper then investigates and compares how indirect directives are expressed in the English and the Mandarin Chinese languages. The paper appends a pronunciation guide for Chinese tones, vowels and consonants.
Outline:
Introduction
Speech Act Theory
Speech Act Categories
Speech Act Categories in Chinese
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Grice's Cooperative Principle
Politeness Theory 'Face' and Its Effect in Indirect Directives
Examples of Co-Maintaining Face in Chinese Conversation
Levels of Politeness in Conversation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In speaking people do more with words than share information, and when they do share information, an implicit meaning in an utterance is often expressed along with what the words in the utterance explicitly express. In an utterance, there can be three diverse levels of action that may be associated with the utterance. According to Austin, these levels include "the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, and what one does by saying it..." (Bach, K: internet) and are called locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Take, for example, the utterance, "There is a car coming." The locutionary act in that utterance is the act of informing a hearer that there is a car approaching. There is a lack of literal information regarding where exactly the vehicle is and exactly at what time it is due, but the sharing of the information occurs. The illocutionary act is what the utterance does, which in this case involves informing the hearer of a moving vehicle and advises him to look for the car. The perlocutionary act is the effect that the utterance has on the hearer, which in this utterance is that the hearer becomes vigilant and looks for the car. In the utterance itself, there isn't any explicit warning spoken to the hearer, but the implicit warning can be understood."
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"Axis of Evil" Speech, 2004.
An analysis of the concept of demonizing and President Bush's "Axis of Evil" speech, with a focus on social substitution and the rhetoric of war and peace in American politics.
2,163 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In his televised 2002 State of the Union speech, President George W. Bush characterized Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as the "axis of evil." An invocation of this type has been labeled as demonizing. This paper defines demonizing in terms of Raymond Kelly's hypothesis about the origin of war in his work, "Warless Societies and the Origin of War," as a social practice in relation to the development of a social doctrine of social substitution. It describes how it has been used in contemporary times and suggests likely reactions and consequences to President Bush's coining of the term, "axis of evil".
From the Paper
"Demonization is the process whereby individuals, groups, organizations, or national leaders portray others in ontological in a suspicious, nefarious, corrupt, frightening, or immoral light. Demonization is ontological, that it, it is human nature to do so under times of duress and fear.3 Actions and ideas also subject to demonizaion. Spoken and written words, pictures, caricatures, theatrical or film portrayals, cartoons, and protest actions constitute the demonization substance. Those demonized represent a wide spectrum, ranging from politicians like Cambodia's Pol Pot pictured as a monster who oversaw the killing of millions of his fellow Cambodians, Saddam Hussein pictured as a despot who employed nerve gas against his own people and publicly called a "world menace" by British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, or Germany's Adolph Hitler who unleashed what was the most heinous barbarism known in history, as well as promoters of ideas like Malcolm X, who at one time advocated formal Black and White racial separation etc."
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Freedom of Speech, 2001.
History of First Amendment free speech clause. Free speech prior to 1st Amendment; Bill of Rights; U.S. Supreme Court rulings & interpretaitons of political speech, obscenity. Internet & free speech.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 25 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech." And although the First Amendment specifically mentions only Congress, the provision now applies to protect the free speech rights of each individual from all governmental intrusion, including local, state and federal. In many ways, the evolution of the right to free speech in the United States illustrates the social and political history of the nation. Begun as a contested amendment to the Constitution, the right to freedom of speech has become one of the central tenets of American democracy."
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?Infamy Speech?, 2005.
Discussion analysis on Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Infamy Speech".
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of the "Infamy Speech", focusing specifically on its explicit content. This paper posits that the "Infamy Speech" contained explicit content that laid bare the aggressive actions that the Axis powers had committed against the Alliance and neutral countries in general. It explains that the "Infamy Speech" was depicted as a political propaganda that showed the Grand Alliance as being the "right" or good side of the war, while its enemies were those portrayed as bad elements that triggered socio-political unrest to the rest of the world.
From the Paper
"The Pearl Harbor attack against the United States served as the catalyst that led to its participation as member of the Grand Alliance and involvement in fighting the world war. With its war efforts focused on fighting the Japanese forces, the US had radically shifted from being a neutral nation towards being antagonistic not only against Japan's offensive attacks, but to the world war in general. Thus, after Japan's offensive action against the US in 1941, then President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivered the "Infamy Speech," which officially engaged the US in the ongoing world war."
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Hate Speech on Campus, 2004.
A discussion of hate speech on campus and whether it is protected by the Constitution.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines arguments stating that hate speech deserves Constitutional protection. The next part then examines how hate speech hurts victims and destroys tolerance. In the conclusion, this paper argues that the First Amendment protects even hate speech. Thus, campus speech codes and other restrictions on freedom of expression violate the Constitution.
Contents
Hate speech is free speech
Hate speech should be restricted
Position: Hate Speech must be protected
References
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of this country, groups have fought to restrict unpopular and offensive speech. In the 1920s, for example, Margaret Sanger was jailed on obscenity charges after she distributed pamphlets on birth control. In the 1930s, efforts were made to ban representatives of Jehovah?s Witnesses from excessive proselytizing. More recently, American citizens who questioned the Bush administration?s ?war on terror? campaign have been characterized as traitors."
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Hate Speech, 2002.
This paper discusses the problem of controlling hate speech and yet protecting both free speech and equality.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper relates the clash, between the First Amendment, which protects free speech and the Fourteenth Amendment which protects equality, in relationship to hate speech. This paper refers to hate speech codes which have been developed as a response to hate speech especially on American campuses. The author explains Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire as the benchmark case for "fighting words" and "offensive speech."
Table of Contents
Introduction
Hate Speech Codes
The First Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There seems to be a clash between the First and Fourteenth Amendments; a person has the right to free speech, but a person also has the right to be equal. When free speech becomes hate speech, this can violate the victim?s constitutional rights to be equal. This argument is used to protect hate speech ordinances. Cleary, the idea of ?fighting words? was introduced to address this problem; a person has the freedom to say as they wish as long as it does not infringe on the rights of others."
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Speech Pathology and the Nervous System, 2008.
This paper discusses speech and language in adults with diseases of the central nervous system.
3,848 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that speech and language difficulties accompany a number of diseases of the central nervous system in adults. The writer points out that sometimes the speech difficulty might be the reason for seeking medical help, or it might be one of many factors that cause a person to seek medical attention. Speech difficulties might arise simultaneously with other symptoms, or they might arise at a different time. A myriad of problems fall under the category of speech and language difficulties. The writer discusses symptoms that range from slurred speech, slow speech and other problems that make it difficult to be understood to more serious difficulties, including a total loss of ability to speak at all. The writer looks at related causes, treatment and therapies. The writer maintains that regardless of the severity of the speech or language difficulty, or its cause, these problems make life difficult for patients and their caregivers.
Outline:
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Speech and Language Therapy in CNS Diseases
Role of the Speech Pathologist
Treatment
From the Paper
"Parkinson's Disease is a dysfunction of the neurotransmitters between the nerve cells. Parkinson's disease destroys brain cells, resulting in a shortage of dopamine. The first signs of Parkinson's are typically subtle, such as softer or slower speech. As the disease progresses, tremors begin, which eventually worsen until hey cause considerable difficulty performing everyday tasks. Treatments to replace dopamine can help to slow the disease.
"Brain injuries are typically not listed under the category of disease. However, they are included in this research because they can cause certain forms of neurological dysfunction that can have an effect of speech and language."
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Freedom of Speech Boundaries, 2001.
Focus on speech codes on college campuses to control speech demeaning to any group. Discusses legal history, pro & con arguments. Concludes codes to control "hate speech" not a good idea.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Americans value the freedom of speech assured them in the U.S. Constitution, but they also seem to accept that there are some boundaries to freedom of speech, though what those boundaries are is controversial and may shift over time. One issue of free speech today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups, primarily those on the left, to enforce some form of speech code in order to control speech to ban any term or phrase that might be considered demeaning to any group in society, so-called "hate speech." One of the problems with these efforts is the vagueness of the terms used to define it--what is "demeaning," and how is it to be decided when a given phrase is demeaning or not? Richard Goldstein writes ..."
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