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Police Profiling, 2007.
An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of police profiling.
2,902 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the term "police profiling" has a contentious and controversial history. One point of view is that police profiling is seen as a useful and necessary part of law enforcement - particularly in an era that is characterized by terrorism and terrorist activities. On the other hand there is also a legitimate concern that police profiling can be an instrument of discrimination and that it is not sophisticated enough to avoid abuse of the system. This has led to many allegations of discrimination and unjust treatment by sectors of the public. This paper discusses both of these views in an attempt to establish the pros and cons, as well as the relative effectiveness, of this law enforcement technique.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Profiling and Discrimination
The Contemporary Context
Summation and Conclusion
From the Paper
"While police profiling is intended in theory as a neutral process enabling better law enforcement control, it has been significantly associated with racial profiling and other forms of discrimination. However it should be noted at the outset that there is a real and particular difference between police profiling and racial profiling. On the other hand there are also those who contend that the difference between profiling and racial discrimination is open to suspicion and that police profiling can easily become racial discrimination. From this point of view the police profiler is seen as one who targets and identifies certain groups as being more involved in criminal activities than others. "
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Police and Racial Profiling, 2005.
An overview of various incidents of racial profiling and the reaction from the government.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how racial profiling, the practice by law enforcement of targeting people for police and security stops based on their race or ethnicity, has become a topic of concern and debate across the country. It looks at how this practice is known as DWB - "driving while black," and how many other minorities feel that they too are singled out unnecessarily by law enforcement in public areas due simply to the color of their skin.
From the Paper
"In 1997, Laurence Boze, a past president of the National Bar Association, the largest national association of predominately African American lawyers and judges, was en route to a convention when he was pulled aside for security screening at Baltimore-Washington International airport (Porter Pp). Although he identified himself with proper identification, the security officers searched his bags in full view of other travelers and detained him for more than thirty minutes at the gate (Porter Pp). In the 1997 USA Today article, "Profiling of Fliers Raises Racial Issue," by Keith Alexander, Boze said, "I fit neither a terrorist profile nor a drug trafficker profile...I was just FWB (flying while black)" (Porter Pp)."
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Racial Profiling by the Police, 2006.
An analysis of the prevalence of racial profiling by the police and possible alternatives to this practice.
2,012 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of racial profiling by the police. It discusses the police reasoning behind this practice and presents their belief of its necessity. The paper then goes on to conduct a literary review of current outstanding research, as well as include what is believed to be the best alternative to creating an effective profiling approach to policing.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Relevant Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Profiling in and of itself is not defined as the targeting of individuals based upon race, creed, sex, or other physical characteristics. Instead, profiling "refers to the practice of ascribing certain behavior to a certain personal characteristic." Over time however, profiling behavior began to shift towards profiling based upon physical characteristics (Petrocelli, 2006). Whether this is due to discrimination or other factors are not important, what is important is that to many, profiling has profound positive and negative consequences (and connotations)."
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Racial Profiling by Police, 2004.
An account of racial profiling in the context of decreased crime in New York.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of racial profiling of African Americans and Hispanics in the context of decreased crime in New York City as well as the effect of negative attitudes on policing in the city.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of racial profiling of African Americans ad Hispanics by police agencies in New York City. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which the issue has arisen in recent years and then to discuss the public perceptions of police performance in the matter as well as the impact of such perception on law enforcement in New York City. In the background of the issue of racial profiling of black and Hispanic persons..."
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Racial Profiling in Policing, 2005.
An examination of the efficacy and prevalence of racial profiling in modern law enforcement.
2,541 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This research proposal examines and identifies racial profiling in policing in order to assess whether or not profiling is beneficial or harmful in nature. The researcher examines whether racial profiling in policing is an effective or necessary method for deterring crime and attempts to determine whether damaging consequences result from racial profiling activities.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling may be defined as the practice of using race or ethnicity as a determining factor in a decision to stop or detain a suspect (Trende, 2000). In recent years the practice has drawn a great deal of attention among law enforcement agencies, government authorities, among citizens and among the media (Trende, 2000). There are few individuals that have defended the practice, but despite this many including individuals within law enforcement have admitted that racial profiling is a common practice (Trende, 2000).
Racial profiling among police agents often results in a disproportionate number of minorities or older citizens that are targeted by police; most commonly these individuals are stopped for traffic offenses or detained on suspicion for criminal behavior (Trende, 2000). In New Jersey for example Governor Christine Todd Whitman admitted "very frankly that racial profiling occurs in New Jersey" a fact further confirmed by state troopers who validated that they were in fact required to racially profile potential criminals (Trende, 2000: 331)."
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Police Misconduct and Racial Profiling, 2004.
A look at issues of cultural misunderstandings and police misconduct.
2,978 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how one of the most serious problem in law enforcement today is the bias that the police show in their policing activities. It looks at how many wrongful convictions are due to improper techniques, coercive tactics, and poor investigation. It also examines how there is a negative stereotype of most minority groups, especially African Americans, with the police, which leads to harassment at their hands and which, in turn, fuels deep mistrust of the police in these communities. It looks at how misunderstandings or stereotypes about racial and ethnic groups can also give rise to racial profiling and how police officers must be encouraged to learn about and understand diversity issues.
From the Paper
"The need for cultural diversity awareness and understanding has become a necessity due to the diverse nature of the society today. The majority of the society is taking on a new look because of the transition that the nation is going through. To confront sensitive issues, as also interact more positively with their fellow officers and the citizens they serve, the police officers will have to be prepared about civil rights, racial sensitivity and cultural diversity. When conflict situations arise, the understanding of cultural differences may help the officers to educe tension and confrontation. This training should lay emphasis on understanding of stress and gather respect for racial and cultural differences. Without this sort of training, there cannot be effective community policing."
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Police Technology ? Police Safety, 2004.
A thesis paper on the effects that technology has had, or has not had, on the job of a police officer.
3,285 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address the question of whether or not the technological advances made in today's society have affected the police officer, and if they have, in what manner they have done so. The paper begins with an historical look at police officer safety and then delves into the greater focus of the paper regarding the effects, both negative and positive, of technology on police safety, as well as the evolution and development of technology used for police work.
Outline
Historical Facts of Police Officer Safety
The Creation of 911
The Community Policing Era:1970
The Role of the National Institute for Justice
in the Development of Law Enforcement Technology
New and Emerging Developments in Technology
Statistical Data
From the Paper
"The police officer?s job is one that is demanding as well as dangerous. From the routine traffic stop to the pursuit of someone armed and dangerous, the police officer depends on the technology and equipment that are the tools of his trade. The advancement of technology in the twentieth century was one of rapid acceleration and has proven to be effective both in the control as well as the perpetration of crime. The technology provided to the police officer is being at all times defended by offensive creations and implementations by the criminal element in society."
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Racial Profiling, 2001.
This paper demonstrates how racial profiling by the police promotes discrimination against minorities.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the police use of racial profiling. It explains how some policemen use this racial profiling code to promote their own personal ethnic bias towards certain population groups. It argues that this method in fighting crime promotes institutional racism.
From the Paper
"America is a beautiful place where people are supposed to live in peace and be treated equally. But, some people may disagree with because they are mistreated due their racial background. Racism has always been a problem everyone has to encounter at some point in his or her life. However, most people would not think that the police would contribute to the racism trouble that we have. Unfortunately, they encourage the negative issue by having a code called racial profiling. Racial profiling is where the police think certain minorities commit certain crimes. For instance, if most black men are drug dealers, then a black man will be accused of being one almost every time they come across a police officer. With that in mind, racial profiling is very wrong and should not exist in the police force. It also should not exist since it promotes discrimination against minorities. "
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
This paper analyzes the racial profiling policy of the Los Angeles Police Department.
2,738 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the use of racial profiling by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in order to identify the consequences of this controversial policy. The paper discusses the criticism that racial profiling is unconstitutional as well as the arguments that it is a valuable, realistic tool for law enforcement departments. The paper investigates the influence of longtime Chief Daryl Gates on the structure, practices and procedures of the LAPD and portrays the institutionalized racism present. The paper concludes that although police should be able to use racial profiling, they should be cautious in its application and restrict its use to situations involving compelling reasons.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Text
From the Paper
"The general goal of this case study is to examine and analyze the use of racial profiling by the Los Angeles Police Department, and to identify the consequences of this controversial policy. Racial profiling has gained support over the last fifteen years in Los Angeles and many other large cities, and first emerged during the highly publicized explosion of the use and selling of crack cocaine in scores of inner-city neighborhoods in the 1980's, which bolstered the perception by some observers that crimes involving drugs are primarily an African American problem--even though statistics showed most cocaine users were white."
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Racial Profiling Research.
This paper reports on the 1999 racial profiling survey, known as the Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS) and the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 3151) .
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the racial profiling survey, conducted by the United States Institute of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 3151), was specifically designed to examine any differences in the rate that white and non-white drivers are subjected to traffic stops and to subsequent enforcement action arising from traffic stops. The author states that, according to the PPCS, black drivers were more likely than whites to be stopped while driving, as well as being stopped more than once within the same year. The paper relates that perhaps the most significant finding of the PPCS relates to the so-called ?outcome test? of police searches. If the justification for racial profiling practices is ?good policing,? the data should reveal that searches of non-white drivers and their vehicles are more likely to disclose contraband than searches of white drivers, but, in fact, the data reveal the exact opposite.
From the Paper
"One of the most significant inquiries included in the PPCS analysis was an examination of the characterization of racial profiling, by some law enforcement representatives, as merely ?good policing.? This argument has often been used to suggest that non-white minorities drivers are disproportionately more likely to possess illegal contraband or to be engaged in criminal activity, thereby justifying the consideration of a driver?s race among the factors giving rise to the initiation of traffic stops and police investigations."
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Racial Profiling, 2005.
A debate over the existence of racial profiling in the Toronto police department.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the on-going debate over whether or not Toronto police department engages in racial profiling. As the paper makes clear, there is no unambiguous and irrefutable proof that the nation largest police department is systematically oppressing African Canadians or anyone else. At the same time, however, the paper presents the view that there is evidence that the police service can be more sensitive to its non-white population.
From the Paper
"Racial Profiling and the Toronto Police Department: Is it still "alive and kicking" in Canada's largest city? It has often been argued that Toronto's police force, for all of its estimable qualities, has too often engaged in racial profiling. The following paper will review what racial profiling is, whether or not Toronto's police department is actively engaged in it, and what the effects of racial profiling - or even the appearance of racial profiling - are upon relations between Toronto's police department and the city's sizable African-American community. As the following paper shall hopefully make clear, there is some evidence available to suggest that Toronto's police force engages in racial profiling - although whether this is done as maliciously or as indiscriminately as some would lead the public to believe is an entirely different matter. "
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling, the act of police officers or other law enforcement officials using race as a factor in deciding whom to stop and search on the street, in the United States.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the issues that surround racial profiling and discusses the various problems that are encountered. Some of the issues addressed are whether or not racial profiling exists, the problem that most law enforcement departments refuse to undergo a study and that they deny that racial profiling exists and the state of literature regarding this topic at this point is more anecdotal than scientific. In addition the writer contends that the topic is controversial because the United States believes that it has rid itself of prejudice and racism and to open the topic of racial profiling by law enforcement personnel is admitting that its possible the nation is backsliding.Finally, this paper examines how the events of September 11th stepped up the pace of racial profiling by law enforcement and grew to include new groups of people.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a topic that is seen across the nation in the media. Racial profiling has often been referred to as the phantom occurrence because thus far departments across the nation patently deny its existence. The topic is a growing one in light of the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. Racial profiling has been a top news story since that attack but it was an issue for many years before that.
One of the hardest things to debate in this heated topic is whether or not it exists. There is not a law enforcement agency in the nation that has stepped up to the plate and acknowledged that it does indeed profile using racial criteria. It is something that New York City's finest have been accused of over and over again while the chiefs and mayors adamantly deny the rumors. It is something that News shows spend entire segments trying to prove with the cases that are claimed to have happened because of it(Dotings, 2000)"
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Racial Profiling, 2004.
This paper argues that the federal government should end racial profiling by requiring police and law enforcement officers to keep detailed records of each individual they stop to question or search.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that racial profiling is the practice of stopping and searching African-American or Hispanic drivers at rates far disproportionate to their numbers on the road. The author points out that a number of cases of racial profiling have led to altercations, slayings, and national protests. The paper stresses that racial profiling undercuts our national commitment to justice for every person and that every citizen has the right to be treated as innocent until proven guilty.
From the Paper
"One example of racial profiling reported in Black Enterprise was that of Robert L. Wilkins, a Harvard-educated Washington attorney. He was traveling along U.S. Interstate 68 in 1992, returning from his grandfather?s funeral, when a Maryland state trooper pulled the family?s rented Cadillac over for speeding. The trooper asked to search the car and its contents, but Wilkins refused. So the trooper set loose a drug-sniffing dog to comb the car?s exterior, including the windshield, the hubcaps, and the taillights while Wilkins and his family stood in the rain. No drugs were found, and the Wilkins family was completely humiliated. They were later awarded a $95,000 settlement from the Maryland State Police, as well as an agreement by the agency to keep records to help prevent occurrence of discrimination (Jones, 2000). This is a valid example of racial profiling, which should be stopped."
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
An in-depth exploration into the discriminatory form of racial profiling which is common practice with the U.S. police.
7,100 words (approx. 28.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 158.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that racial profiling refers to the practice of police targeting African-Americans or other members of minority groups for searching on highways because they believe that these minority citizens are engaged in any sort of criminal activities. The paper discusses how minority citizens accuse the police department and other law enforcement agencies that they are treated in a biased manner and such accusations have forced the authorities to investigate. The paper provides several examples of racial profiling and studies the effects of this practise on the community's relationship with the police.
From the Paper
"According to several studies conducted in this regard, a majority of the African American population believes that they are stopped, searched and even arrested by the police officers just because of their race. In addition to this, an increasing number of minority citizens are now forming a belief that racial profiling is a widespread practice and almost all of them disapprove the existence of any such practice in nation?s legal and justice system. Because of this it is a widespread belief that the police agencies across the country treat the people of color in an unfair manner. This is the reason that the majority of the colored people and other minority communities do not trust the police and the justice system of the country."
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Criminal Justice: Racial Profiling and Toronto, 2006.
Explores the controversial topic of racial profiling and, specifically, how the Toronto Police Department engages in this practice.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
With the unmistakable emergence of global terrorism in the last half decade the controversial topic of racial profiling has become more and more unavoidable. With that in mind, this paper explores the topic by looking at what racial profiling is and why it is such an important topic of discussion. Proceeding onward the paper looks at the major areas of research which cannot be passed over when examining this issue. For example, the paper looks at the fact that the Toronto Police Department regularly engages in racial profiling when dealing with African-Canadians; armed with this disquieting fact, the paper pores over the literature that is available from 2000 onwards.
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