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Theories of Justice, 2004.
An analysis of several theories of justice.
809 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that philosophers and thinkers have proposed many theories of justice and while some of them appear to be based on sound premise, there are others that completely denounced logic. The paper examines Plato's viewpoints on justice as well as Socrates' philosophy of the same. The paper explores one prevalent view of justice in Plato's days that was introduced by Cephalus. Thrasymachus' theory of justice is also described.
From the Paper
"Philosophers and thinkers have proposed many theories of justice and while some of them appear to be based on sound premise, there are others that completely denounced logic. In his book, The Republic, Plato has introduced us to various viewpoints on justice concluding with Socrates' philosophy of the same. The one prevalent view of justice in Plato's days was introduced by Cephalus. He believed that justice meant always telling the truth and repaying what is given. Repaying what is given is a highly ambiguous view and one that needs to be analyzed closely. If one always repaid what he/she was given would that mean he is being just. For example, if a friend does me a favor and I repay it, then that is certainly a just act. Similarly if a friend hurts me or stabs me in the back, repaying the same would also constitute justice. So far it sounds logical but justice is a virtue. It should therefore be positive in nature. Hurting someone back doesn't really make sense because it violates the principles of friendship. Wouldn't it be better if I chose to forgive my friend and thus won him back? Thus while the philosophy is based on logic, it betrays the very essence of justice."
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Plato's Theory of the Forms, 2007.
A description and analysis of the coherency of Plato's theory of the forms.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Plato's theory of the forms and the reasons why Plato uses this metaphysical argument to justify how a state should be ruled and by whom. The theory is taken to its most logical endpoint a number of times to test its strength. Plato's technocratic viewpoint is mentioned along with the reasons why he held such views. Numerous criticisms are used and examined, which originate from Aristotle, Plato's pupil, and from Plato himself, with his later works also being touched upon.
From the Paper
"The basis of Plato's theory of the forms is that he "distiguishes between the experienced world that most of us think of as reality" and the "real world of the forms accesible only to philosophers" . The world that we ordinarily experience with our sences is just a "superficial reflection", or shadow of the real world of the forms, that remain invisible to all but the greatest philosophers. Plato explores not only objects such as a chair or a triangle, but also looks at such things as goodness and beauty. For example, Plato argues that beauty must be something quite different from the image of beautiful things."
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Plato?s Theory of Being and Becoming, 2005.
This paper discusses that 'being" and "becoming" are central to Plato's theory of the forms.
3,030 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the basic philosophical revelation which leads from the idea of "being" and "not-being" into the theory of forms, is, if truth does not reside in objects or in names or semantics, then truth must be external to the physical and mental experiences of humankind. The author points out that the dichotomy between "being" and "not-being" becomes a dichotomy between "being" and "becoming", based on the same principles; the ideas of "being", "not-being" and "becoming" are all tied together in a single purpose, which is to make the ever-changing, yet ever-constant, world intelligible. The paper concludes that Plato establishes many impressive ideas in his work on "being" and "becoming" particularly when one takes into consideration the heavy intellectual load of previous Sophism, which he had to overcome.
From the Paper
"So Plato and Socrates had from these forerunners a heritage of thought which may have distorted their own vision to some degree. As the introduction to the Project Gutenberg edition of Plato's Sophist suggests, the idea that ""no-being" or reality can be ascribed to "not-being", and therefore not to falsehood, which is the image or expression of "not-being". Falsehood is wholly false; and to speak of true falsehood, as Theaetetus does (Theaet.), is a contradiction in terms...The fallacy to us is ridiculous and transparent... It is a confusion of falsehood and negation, from which Plato himself is not entirely free." Yet this was a vast, overarching preoccupation among philosophers at the time, and much of what might now be considered somewhat absurd in the argument was at the time a very serious question of the questionable possibility of full human communication, or as to whether humans could truly affect the world around them and see it change, or if it was essentially unchangeable."
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Plato's Concept of Justice, 2006.
This paper discusses Plato's concept of justice, as it relates to 21st century Toronto.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses Plato's concept of Justice and notes that it may differ a great deal from what we discuss as justice, in the present. The writer makes references to books 1-4,5, of "The Republic", professor's lectures, and several secondary sources, to explain that what is seen in Toronto with regard to youth violence is exactly what Plato sought to avoid. The writer explains that for Plato, justice was virtue and creative cooperation, as encouraged by the example of leaders. Further, the writer points out that it was a group consciousness and could not thrive where individualism or power relations had become more of interest.
From the Paper
"Plato's 'The Republic' gives the reader a view of Plato's view of justice that may not be seen by the current reader as Justice, at all. Plato saw Justice as able to correct all that was wrong with Athens' democracy that he saw to be in decline. When reading Plato's remarks, it is interesting that what our time's North American society seems to see as 'good' in a democracy - as in a spirit of individualism and a focus on personal rights -- Plato saw as bringing about social decay."
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Plato's Theory of Justice, 2008.
An analysis of Plato's theory's of justice in "The Republic" according to the thesis of Johann Gottfried Stallbaum.
2,058 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a critique of Johann Gottfried Stallbaum's (1793-1861) vague and generally accepted thesis that the true argument of "The Republic" is "the representation of human life in a State perfected by justice and governed according to the idea of good" . The paper contrasts a discussion of what justice refers to in Plato's thought and how justice is related to the Good, as defined by Plato, to the subtly deceptive and incomplete idea of Gottfried's exegesis.
From the Paper
"In "The Republic" separate functions are the foundation for justice. Justice is the professed aim of the constitution of the kallipolis. It becomes visible in individuals because justice is the order of the state, which in turn is its visible embodiment. The one is the soul and the other is the body in the Greek ideal of a fair mind in a fair body. In Hegel's language, the state becomes the reality of which Justice is the ideal. Political justice is the harmony in a constituted body based on specialization. This is a direct refutation of Stallbaum's description because his generalization makes no mention of the roles the people have in the development of justice in the State. Plato regards the ideal form of the perfect city as the ideal form of the good person. Plato is not interested in "the representation of human life in a State perfected by justice" because he is arguing that a kallipolis requires a specialized constituted community in order to exist under the guidance of the Guardians."
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Justice in Plato?s "Republic", 2004.
An examination of the way the issue of justice is addressed in Plato's "Republic".
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in "Republic", Plato uses a dialogue between Socrates and Glaucon as a vehicle to debate the issue of whether it is far more profitable for humankind to be unjust or just. In order to settle the issue, Plato first presents all the logical reasons in favor of injustice being more profitable, using Glaucon as the spokesperson, before proceeding to record Socrates?s demolition of Glaucon?s argument, which succeeds in clearly establishing that justice is by far the more profitable of the two.
From the Paper
"Glaucon builds his argument in favor of the fact that perhaps it is better to be unjust than just by pointing out the difference between the theoretical and practical view of justice in the human pursuit of different types of goods. He observes that while in theory, the concept of justice would be placed in that category of goods that are desirable both in themselves and for the rewards they bring, in practice people tend to view justice largely in the context of goods that are pursued only for reward or reputation but are disagreeable in themselves (The Republic, II.20)."
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Plato's Views on Justice, 1975.
This paper discusses Plato's views on justice as primarily found in "The Republic" with commentary on the first and more specific part of book. This paper includes commentaries by well known reference sources.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Plato's views on justice are primarily found in The Republic which include "some current views of justice" and "justice in the state and in the individual," as well as "immortality and the rewards of justice.". Because of the length and the depth of these chapters, a commentary on the first and more specific part of the book, regarding the concept of justice, will be reviewed as well as other commentaries by well-known reference sources. As one of these wrote:
The Republic is Plato's greatest work. It is a
lengthy dialogue in ten books, the scene being
the house of Cephalus, father of Lysias the
orator, in the Pireaus.. " ... "
Plato strove to define the concept of justice in this book
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Justice in Plato's "The Republic", 1990.
Discusses the nature and concept of justice as developed by Plato in "The Republic".
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Justice is a concept we believe we understand even if we have difficulty putting the concept into words. Justice is defined by the relationship that exists between the individual and the state. Justice means that the state treats every person equally and seeks to resolve disputes on the basis of the facts and compared to objective criteria rather than a subjective determination. Justice in the broadest sense is fairness. Justice cannot assure that every dispute comes out "correctly" or that no mistakes are made, but it should be such as to assure that the process by which decisions are made and goods allocated is fair and produces an acceptable result in the aggregate, even if an individual case justice might fail. Justice occurs when the distribution of political power and economic opportunity is as uniform as possible or when the social and political system is such..."
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Socrates and Justice in Plato's Republic, 2001.
The following paper discusses how Socrates set out to define the idea of justice and the just man when he began the conversations archived in Plato?s Republic.
2,035 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Socrates attempt to define the ideal city, hoping within it to discover the form of justice itself. The author takes the reader through critical points in this book and shows us how no Apollonian dedication to the things of the mind, nor virgin dedication to warfare and the ways of the hunt, could truly save Socrates' city from the uprising of its youth.
From the Paper
"As part of creating this utopia, he set about to entirely restructure the modern family. He suggested, reasonably, that men and women should be set to the same sorts of work, according to their gifts, being equal in all things save that the men were stronger. To prevent conflict, and continue the owning of all things in common, he spoke of having wives and husbands and children all in common. So that the stock of his city should all be strong and healthy, he suggested a rigged lottery determining who should mate with whom, the outcome determined by genetics and success. The healthy offspring should be raised, the inferior disposed of appropriately."
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Justice in Plato's ?Republic?, 2002.
A discussion of Plato's ideal society by a review of his work ?Republic?.
1,086 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how Plato's "Republic" describes a society that is completely rational, based on Plato's concept of the good life and developed to create and protect that sort of life within the context of a civil state. It examines how Plato seeks in this dialogue a definition of the perfect life and the perfect state to promote and sustain that life. In particular, it looks at how in Book I, the issue is how to define justice and how the first conception of justice is justice based on traditional morality.
From the Paper
"The concept of justice that Thrasymachos expresses is a relative concept of justice, a concept that changes according to the situation. He finds that there is one kind of justice in a just society and another kind of justice in an unjust society, as far as individual action is concerned. In fact, Thrasymachos argues specifically that might makes right, that the group in power makes the rules and thus that justice is determined by their power. He does not admit that there are any absolutes in terms of just behavior, for if there were the criteria would be imposed on the state as well as on the individual. Rather, he sees the matter as differing according to the nature of the state and believes that indeed the state has the right to make such formulations of what is right as the state deems necessary. It is then incumbent upon the individual citizen to live up to the nature of the state of which he or she is a part."
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The Concept of Justice in Plato's "Republic", 2002.
An analysis of the concept of justice as seen in this work.
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Socrates' conception of justice as presented in this work is examined. The definition is then compared to a modern, democratic understanding of justice. A discussion of justice in terms of the individual versus the society as a whole is presented.
From the Paper
"In Part Five of Plato?s Republic, entitled ?Justice in State and Individual? the philosopher Socrates states that ?I believe justice is the requirement we laid down at the beginning as of universal application when we founded our state, or else some particular form of it.? This statement is likely to set the modern reader up for a certain false assumption about the fundamental political structure of Plato?s Republic. Because of the phrase that ?justice for all? is the cornerstone of American notions of democratic governance, it is tempting to ascribe similar notions to Socrates, a man presumed to be one of the founders of liberal thought, as the philosopher was a citizen of ancient, democratic Athens. (204)"
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The Idea Of Justice Plato's Way, 2002.
This paper presents an in-depth study of Plato's Republic.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth study of Plato's Republic. The paper answers some important questions such as what is the relationship between political and moral justice? And what society is best conceivable? What is a just society? What values does the society promote? What is it to be 'well-off as a human being'?
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Plato?s ?Republic? and Justice.
A discussion on Plato's idea of the perfect 'form' or ideal of justice as defined in his work, ?Republic? .
753 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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This paper examines how justice is ultimately an unknowable concept if we accept Plato's ideas of 'form' or the essential nature of concepts. It looks at how ,in the "Republic", Plato presents several intelligent and well-thought-out discussions about the nature of justice and how he refutes the arguments that justice is simply rewarding friends or asserting the interests of the strong. It examines how he ultimately concludes that the goal of life is the pursuit of what is just and that a just life makes man happy.
From the Paper
"Eventually, Plato (through the voice of Thrasymachus) argues that justice is essentially asserting the interests of the stronger. "I believe that Periander or Perdiccas or Xerxes or Ismenias the Theban, or some other rich and mighty man, who had a great opinion of his own power, was the first to say that justice is 'doing good to your friends and harm to your enemies" (Plato, The Republic). Thrasymachus notes fiercely that injustice benefits the ruler completely, while Sophocles argues that true rule is just, thus offering unity, harmony and strength. By the end of the discussion, Thrasymachus has been convinced that the just man is happy, while the unjust man is unhappy."
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The State and the Individual, 2002.
A discussion of ancient Greek philosopher, Plato's theory of justice.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper will attempt to critically examine Plato's theory of justice, with a particular emphasis upon how it figures in Plato's construction of his ideal society in the Republic. It will be argued that, while Plato does acknowledge the importance of "commonsense" views of justice as revolving about the acts of crime and punishment, in general his theory of justice represents a radical departure from what the average Canadian, or indeed Athenian, citizen would conceive of as being "justice". Plato, it will be argued, depicts justice not merely as an ideal abstraction, nor as a list of restricted actions imposed upon human freedom. Instead, his discussion of justice represents an attempt to reform - through the rhetorical means of a dialogue - contemporary theories of justice from an "act-centred" approach to an "agent-centred" one. This attempt, which has sometimes been read as Plato's aversion to the brutal realities of justice in favour of refined abstraction, may be seen to mark a fundamental shift in Athenian political philosophy from the collective to the individual.
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Justice in "Republic", 2002.
Examines the resemblance between justice in the individual and justice in the city in Plato's "Republic".
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
It is clear that for Plato the parallel between the individual and the city was much more than a simple question of resemblance or a useful illustration or metaphor for his text. Rather, as this paper will argue, making the association between the two allowed him to not only justify the rule of his ideal city by philosopher kings, but also to illustrate the social and political power dynamics of his ideal city.
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