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Freud and Erikson, 2008.
A comparative study of the theories put forth by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper states that many of the seminal works associated with psychology are complementary and build upon accepted ideals associated with human motivation for behavior, while others challenge each other's accepted ideas of the structure of the psychology that motivates behavior. The paper relates that understanding the development of psychology in general requires a knowledge of the basic works associated with its growth and development, and refers to the two theorists, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The paper analyzes the two foundational theories that they furthered i.e. Freud's theory of psychosexual development and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
From the Paper
"In the past many people have compared and contrasted these two theories, seeking to understand how they are similar and how they are different. The similarities of the two theories are relatively easy to summarize. Both theories attest that development is a staged process that follows a discrete pattern each stage building upon itself, to create a normal or in that case where a stage goes undeveloped an abnormal psychology in the individual. Each concludes that the inner mind will dictate behavior, depending on what psychosexual or psychosocial stage the individual is working through and both to one degree or another determines that the drives associated with behavior may be unknown to the individual, and might need to be discovered by another and related to the individual so the stage can be surmounted effectively."
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Freud & Erik Erikson on Prostitution, 1997.
Examines psychoanalytic & psychosocial explanations for prostitution, using three women's personal stories.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" This paper is an examination of two different theories of personality development, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective and Erik Erikson's psychosocial perspective, which draws on Freud's theories but expands and deepens them. This study investigates the psychology of female prostitutes who, following the views of each theory, tend to suffer depression and low self-esteem caused by their inability to fully develop through the necessary stages of personality outlined by each psychologist. Both theories argue the necessity for every individual to move through specific stages that allow him or her to resolve internal and external conflicts, many of which have to do with the child's relationship to his or her parents. Psychiatrists who have studied prostitutes have generally concluded that individuals often turn to the "oldest profession" "
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Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, 2000.
A comparison of the psychologist's theories on adolescence and child development.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" Adolescence is considered a difficult time of life and one in which a number of changes occur as the individual achieves a certain integration of different aspects of personality. One approach to the cognitive and emotional transitions made at different times of life is to consider how the changes in, say, adolescence are linked to a continuum of change beginning in childhood and continuing throughout life. Some theorists, such as Piaget, were interested primarily in the transitions of childhood and youth, while others, such as Erikson, saw all of life as a series of transitions and offered a continuum of stages covering all of life.
Piaget became fascinated in his early studies with his discovery that children of the same age often gave the same incorrect answers to questions, suggesting that there were..."
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Jean Piaget & Erik Erikson, 1996.
Compares developmental theories. Deterministic vs. organistic approaches, stages, cognition, identity. Table.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 14 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the developmental theories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The paper discusses the similarities and dissimilarities of both theories.
According to Clark-Stewart, Friedman and Koch (1985), theories of human development consist of models of how people change (and stay the same) over time. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson have formulated theories of human development (see: Piaget, 1951, 1952; Erikson, 1950, 1964, 1973). However, the nature of each man's developmental theory differs.
According to Pervin (1981), Erikson's psychosocial developmental model is a variant of the ..."
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?Magnolia?, 2002.
This paper is a discussion of Paul Thomas Anderson's film, "Magnolia", using the approach of three major developmental theorists -- Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper states that ?Magnolia?, like every satisfying film, is a rich source of examples of psychology and psychopathology. The author believes that Freud was especially interested in father-son relationships, and ?Magnolia? includes several fascinating affiliations. This paper explains that Erikson expanded on Freud's theory of psychosexual development, arguing that personality development is influenced more by the way the individual handles a series of psychosocial conflicts, beginning with learning how much trust to place in the world; Stanley provides interesting examples of Erikson's theory in action. The author points out that the game show, "What Do Kids Know?", plays an important role in the movie, and it becomes an interesting question to ask when considering Piaget's theory.
From the Paper
"Donnie Smith, the quiz show star who still relies on his early fame on "What Do Kids Know?", provides an interesting example of Piaget's theory. Donnie proved so adept at being able to rattle off facts and answer complicated questions that he was unable to progress to the final stage of being able to apply his knowledge to broader questions. He is still very much the boy genius that Stanley appears to be moving beyond. Donnie has enough concrete operational knowledge to theorize that Brad the bartender will fall in love with him if he, too, gets braces on his teeth, but he has not developed the formal operational skills that would allow him to entertain the thought that Brad might be more enticed by simply getting to know Donnie."
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Personality and Developmental Stages, 2008.
An overview of personality theories and developmental stages according to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Karen Horney.
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how psychoanalytic theory has had one of the most influential impacts on personality theory and development. It looks at how Freud, Erikson and Horney have uniquely contributed to the stimulation of new ideas regarding the human psyche and its development from infancy to adulthood to death.
Outline:
Introduction
Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory
Erikson and Development
Horney and Development
From the Paper
"It is of historical interest that although Freud spent nearly his entire life formulating, reformulating and developing his theories into one cohesive framework, the fundamental concepts behind psychoanalytic theory remained unrefined. It would be up to his followers to branch out from his theories, taking with them an important classical psychoanalytic construct that would later become a "neo-Freudian" theory independent of its classical roots. Although they shared the common notion that his view on sexuality was overemphasized, they retained the structural model of the psyche (particularly the ego) and, with regard to development, the different stages with corresponding tasks or conflicts that must be resolved for normal development. "
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Personality Assessment, 2002.
An examination of Freud, Erikson and Maslow's theories on personality development.
2,791 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how an individual?s personality processes may be interpreted and understood from several perspectives. It looks at how the meanings and origins of particular behaviors and thought patterns may differ according to which theory is adhered to. It analyzes three major proponents of differing theories--Freud, Erikson and Maslow and examines how these theorists developed models for further understanding human behavior and thus, human nature.
From the Paper
"According to Freud, personality is developed through a series of stages known as psychosexual stages. He believed that early life experiences play a major role in the development of adult personalities. Each stage represents the area of the body through which libido, or sexual energy, is released during that developmental period. It is possible that if nternal conflict occurs and there is a build up of libido at a certain stage, fixation occurs in which an individual?s personality is unable to progress onto a more advanced level. Fixation happens when a particular stage is overindulged, or when a person is unable to progress due to the frustration of needs. These stages, in order of occurrence are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period, and genital stage."
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Nature vs. Nurture, 2004.
An analysis of the nature versus nurture debate with reference to the theories of Freud, Erikson and Darwin.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature versus nurture debate. The paper illustrates the differences in interpretations of this debate, by discussing theories developed by Freud, Erikson and Darwin. The paper contends that although much progress has been made through scientific research on such things as genetics (especially with regard to identical twin studies), there is still much that is unknown. The paper assesses that the truth lies somewhere in the middle of the nature/nurture continuum. The paper agrees that there is evidence in support of both sides of the issue.
Outline
A Brief Introduction
Human Nature and Personality
Intellectual Development
Social Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have wondered just what role "nature," or one's inherent traits from birth, and "nurture," or the role one's environment (physical, cultural, social, and familial) plays in one's physical and psychological identity. In modern times, especially since the discovery of genetics and DNA, this has become even more of a question for debate and study. Although there have been many differing interpretations of the nature vs. nurture question, the two extremes that are commonly cited are represented by the Darwinian Theory (nature), and the Freudian Theory (nurture). Although the complete truth regarding the issue is far but definitively decided, many today in science, psychology, anthropology and medicine believe the issue is far more complex than any one theory. However, as science progresses, it has become clear that the "nature" aspect of human development is far stronger than previously suspected."
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Erik Homburger Erikson, 2006.
A look at the adolescent stages of development as defined by Erik Homburger Erikson.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Erik Homburger Erikson was a psychoanalytic theorist from Germany, who followed in the footsteps of Freud and is known as a Freudian ego-psychologist. In particular, it examines how, unlike Freud, Erikson believed that people experience change throughout life. It looks at how Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that start at approximately birth and span throughout late adulthood.
From the Paper
"Erikson is famous for "refining and expanding Freud's theory of stages" (www.ship.edu). Erikson believes that development happens due to the epigenetic principle. The epigenetic principle states that we develop by predetermined personalities in the eight stages. Our failure or success determines the progress at the current stages, past stages, and future stages. If a person interferes with his or her development or someone else interferes with it, then the development of the person, as a whole, won't be complete. On the other hand, if the stage is completed correctly then we will carry virtue from that stage throughout the rest of our development. If the stage is completed, however un-correctly, then the person will suffer from either maladaptations or malignancies. "
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Freud on Art and Literature, 2001.
The paper looks at Freud?s conceptions about art and literature and the creative forces of motivation on an author.
2,953 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper is about Sigmund Freud's concept of 'unconscious' and its relevance in the arts. The author discusses how Freud is commonly recognized as having invented the concept of the ?unconscious?. The author explaines that the subordination of the ?pleasure principle? by the ?reality principle? is done through a mental process that Freud refers to as sublimation. According to Sigmund Freud, dreams and fantasies (or phantasies) are the symbolic expression and fulfillment of wishes and desires that as a result of sublimation by the ?reality principle? cannot be fulfilled through daily life and are consequently repressed into the ?unconscious.? To Freud, ?the motive forces of fantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single fantasy is the fulfillment of a wish, a correction of unsatisfying reality? (Freud 485). Freud affirms that dreams are disguised, hallucinatory fulfillment?s of repressed wishes. He concludes that if expressed in undisguised form, they would be so disturbing that it would wake the dreamer from sleep. Freud?s fundamental assumption is that the sublimation of the artist?s unsatisfied libido is responsible for producing all forms of art and literature whether it be painting, sculpting, or writing. David H. Richter notes in his introduction to ?Sigmund Freud? that Freud was once criticized by Carl Gustav Jung, a fellow psychoanalytic theorist, for insinuating that artists were diseased individuals creating art out of their own personal neurotic needs. The writer feels that Freud insinuates that art is primarily an escapist method, that ?in an ideal world in which everyone had matured sufficiently to replace the pleasure principle by the reality principle, there would be no need for art? (Storr 103).
From the Paper
"The historical tradition of scholarly theory has been one in which literary texts are subjected to scrutiny regarding whether they are either implicitly or explicitly ideological in nature. Arguably so, nothing reflects a society?s fears, hopes, and desires about gender, class, and power more than what the society maintains about art and artists. A literary text is credible of fully reflecting the culture in which it was written, that is to say, it has the potential to embody certain sociological assumptions presented in the dichotomy between ?normal? and ?abnormal.? Sigmund Freud, the patriarch of psychoanalysis, is associated with Charles Darwin and Karl Marx as being ?one of the three original thinkers who have most altered man?s view of himself in the twentieth century? (Storr 145). Yet, even literary theorists, including Freud, realized that ?any comprehensive vision of human nature such as he provides must have implications for the nature of happiness, and for the relation of man?s natural capacities to his normal or ideal state? (Sousa 196). That is, numerous later theorists and critics believe that Freud?s own theories about the function and nature of the mind uncovered some fundamental truths about how an individual?s notions of ?self? are formed and how culture and civilization operate and are affected by these notions. Coinciding with Freud?s own account, the significance of everyday action is determined by motives that are far more numerous and complex than people are aware of or commonsense understanding takes into account. The most basic and constant of motives that influence our actions are those of the unconscious, moreover, those that are difficult to acknowledge or avow. Freud?s conception of the unconscious and his rediscovery of the importance of dreams encouraged painters, sculptors and writers to pay serious attention to their inner world of dreams; to find significance in thoughts and images they previously would have dismissed as absurd or illogical. Therefore it is plausible that notions of art and literature as described by Sigmund Freud, are created through the ramifications of the unconscious or the sublimation of an unsatisfied carnal appetite."
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Erik Erikson's Theories, 2008.
A comparison of Erik Erikson's psychoanalytic theories with those of Sigmund Freud.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Erik Erikson's contribution to psychoanalytic theory and compares it to the theories of Sigmund Freud. It discusses the application of his theories not only to identity and personality, but also to social science issues, as well as his focus on the problems of children, adolescents and adults. The paper suggests that Erikson took the basics of Freudian theory and expanded it, placing emphasis on the social development and the development of the individual over the life cycle.
From the Paper
"Erikson has taken the basics of Freudian theory and expanded beyond the basics of psychosocial development placing emphasis on the social development and the development of the individual over the life cycle. His teachings moved away from man as a creature whose personal development was based upon his existence as a sexual being to that of the individual as a whole. Erikson was able to identify that personality differs from culture to culture, although it was his hypothesis that developmental tasks are similar to all cultures. Erikson took the initial psychological basis of Freud's work and was able to expand upon it, establishing a connection between childhood and adulthood (Leffert, 2007). Erikson's hypothesis showed that individuals were not necessarily prisoners of their pre-cognitive development, but rather adaptable individuals who could use the restructuring of negative or missed opportunities to develop positive outcomes, no matter what the stage of life."
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Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages, 2007.
This paper looks at Erik Erikson's eight psychosocial stages, while focusing on the adolescent stage.
1,138 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Erik Erikson is perhaps one of the most well-known ego-psychologists in modern social science. The writer explains that Erikson follows Sigmund Freud's idea of development and furthers it by focusing on society and cultural factors influencing the development of individuals. The writer points out that Erikson is known for his theory based on the epigenetic principle. The epigenetic principle is basically an extension of Freud's theory of stages. The writer looks at Erikson's theory that personality development goes through eight stages. The writer concludes that Erikson's theoretical framework explains adolescent stage as the struggle associated with adolescent maturity. However, the writer is of the view that adolescence does not necessarily mean struggle.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Development of Adolescents
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Each stage has particular crisis. For example stage one is characterized by trust vs. mistrust; stage two autonomy vs. shame and doubt; stage three initiative vs. guilt; stage four industry vs. inferiority; stage five ego-identity vs. role-confusion; stage six intimacy vs. isolation; stage seven generativity vs. self-absorption; and stage eight integrity vs. despair. One of the most important aspects of Erikson's' theory is the fact that he does not believe develop stops as the individual reaches adulthood. In fact Erikson believes that an individual continues to grow and develop even in old age, and hence stage eight.
"Erikson's theoretical premise is also characterized by the limitation he sets for each stage. This he terms as the optimal time which is required for the developmental success or failure of the stage. If the stage is managed well, individuals acquire certain virtue which helps them to deal with the other stages. The complexity of the individual personality therefore rests on the crisis development of each stage."
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Exploring Freud: Controversy and Influence, 2002.
Provides an explanation of some of Freud?s controversial issues, critiques of him by colleagues, ?neo-Freudians? and anti-Freudians and an assessment of Freud?s overall influence in the field of modern psychology.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The essay discusses three of Freud's most radical and debated sex-based discoveries: The "psychosexual stages" and the Oedipus and Electra (penis envy) complexes. It goes on to discuss the opinions of contemporaries Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, adaptations on Freudian theories by Erik Erikson and Karen Horney and the opinion of Freud's feminist critics. It also explores why the religious world rejects much of Freud's work. The essay concludes with an assessment of Freud's influence based on modern tenets of psychology and the use of Freudian diagnostic and treatment methods today.
From the Paper
"At one time or another, everyone needs to express his or her feelings in an unending flow of speech. Known as venting, this type of self-expression sits at the center of debate surrounding a very curious man, Sigismund Schlomo Freud. Psychoanalysis is based on the relief experienced when thoughts are expressed, and psychoanalysis was created by Freud as a method of treating mental illness. Freud created theories of love, power, language, development, death, and sex, applying them ?to disciplines ranging from psychology to anthropology to literary theory? (Muckenhoupt 10). He has been called the ?best known and most influential personality theorist? (Morris 3). At the same time, his treatment has been deemed ?ineffective and dangerous? and his ideas about child sexuality have ?horrified many critics? (Muckenhoupt 10). His modern relevance is still the topic of much debate, with extreme claims made by both sides of the argument, but ultimately, it can be acknowledged, that if nothing else, Freud ?opened the door? to a whole new world of the unconscious (Downs 183- 185)."
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Jean Piaget, 2009.
A review of the life of Jean Piaget and his contribution to psychology.
1,618 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and work of Jean Piaget and relates that he was a pioneer in the understanding of human cognitive development. Originally trained in the psychoanalytic perspective introduced by Sigmund Freud, Piaget developed an entirely new approach to understanding the stages of human intellectual development. The paper notes that the most influential of Piaget's many theoretical contributions concern the various stages of chronological age at which human beings begin processing external information from their environment. The paper comments that this element of his work has had it's most profound effect on elementary education, but other aspects of Piaget's analyses of issues in human cognitive psychology also have tremendously valuable implications in the understanding of human evolution, philosophy, the fundamental basis of moral reasoning, and even the field of artificial intelligence (AI), which only existed in the most rudimentary levels during his lifetime.
Outline:
Abstract
Early Motivation and Influences
Contribution to Childhood Education, Psychology, and 21st Century Computer Science
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is the Formal Operations stage. During this period that begins in early adolescence and continues to become more refined through the progression to adulthood, the child becomes capable of appreciating symbolic logic and objective reasoning. It is also characterized primarily by the ability to understand abstract concepts, such as the justifications behind rules and the personal rights of individuals with respect to those of others. Many contemporary psychologists believe that this stage of development, therefore, is actually responsible for the basic appreciation of objective notions of moral right" and "wrong".
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