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Philip II and the Decline of Spain's Wealth, 2006.
This research paper considers the factors that led to Spain's economic decline under Philip II's rule.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a consideration of the economic decline of Spain under the rule of Philip II, in the late 16th century. The paper discusses the major issues involved in Philip's mismanagement of the economic and foreign policy of Spain that contributed to the decline. The problems of inflation, foreign wars, debt and lack of Spanish productivity are highlighted.
From the Paper
"When Philip II ascended to the throne of Spain in 1556, by all appearances he was the wealthiest king in the Western Hemisphere. Spain had, since the beginning of the 16th Century, extended its kingdom over much of the Mediterranean and it was the leading power in the race to colonize the New World of the Americas. It appeared that Philip II had inherited a financially powerful empire from his father, Charles V, and was set to govern a growing and important nation into an era of riches and conquest (Elliott). However, by the time he abdicated the throne in 1598, Philip II had overseen the disastrous decline of Spain's wealth and prominence, resulting in a bankrupt and weakened nation and a crumbling empire (Kamen). This research paper will consider the factors that led to the economic decline of Spain under Philip II's rule."
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Philip II's Mediterranean Strategy, 2003.
A discussion on the nature King Philip II of Spain's Mediterranean strategy in the 16th century.
2,047 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how much of Philip II?s Mediterranean policy focused on a ?necessary? war, waged with an unknown chance of victory and how questions still remain as to whether or not Philip possessed a Grand Strategy and the influence it had on events in the Mediterranean. It references Braudel from a thematic perspective and uses Geoffrey Parker's notion of 'Grand strategy' as a basis for the argument. It also discusses and analyse the threat of the Turk, the threat of France and England and explores the actual aims and objectives of the Spanish strategy in the Mediterranean in context to 16th century Spanish society.
From the Paper
"The scale of Spain?s Empire in the 16th century can prove somewhat misleading when studying Philip?s attitude towards the Mediterranean. With lands from Sicily to Cuzco forming the ??greatest empire ever known since the creation of the world??, it is perhaps difficult to distinguish between Philip?s imperial strategy and his Mediterranean policy. Philip?s imperial strategy was generally defensive. The Armada was sent to protect the Netherlands from the English threat and to put an end to attacks on colonial Spain and her privateering and France and Germany were both occupied in defence of the Netherlands. Whilst affairs in the Mediterranean may well resemble a similar theme, the main difference was the nature of nature of the opposition."
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Philip of Macedon II, 2007.
This paper discusses how Philip of Macedon II was successful as a king and leader.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that, although there were several historical figures named Philip of Macedon, Philip of Macedon II is the best known of all of them. The paper explains that he was the king of Macedonia and considered to be the father of Alexander the Great. The paper describes how Philip changed the system of aristocrats in Macedonia, a brilliant move that improved education in the kingdom and also created a new generation of people loyal to Philip. The paper shows how his tactics were brilliant because rather than using brute force, Philip of Macedon II was able to use social skills to bring people to his side.
From the Paper
"Philip of Macedon was successful as a military leader, and did a lot of incredible things while king. For example, when expanding his kingdom, he was able to beat the hill tribes in a single battle, in 358 B.C., and he used the Social War to his advantage to gain further power. He also took control of Amphipolis, which had previously belonged to Athens, and therefore gained a lot of wealth through their gold mines. He conquered Crenides, Abdera, Maronea, and, among many other cities, Methone, where he lost one of his eyes in battle. ('Philip II...') Losing his eye aside, he was unchallenged by military opponents for the most part, until 352 B.C., when the Athenian army opposed him and prevented him from marching into central Greece."
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Philip II and Louis IX, 2002.
A comparison of the leadership, foreign policy and domestic policy of the French kings Philip II and Louis IX.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the achievements of Philip II with that of Louis IX. It will concentrate on three topics i.e. leadership, foreign policy and domestic policy.
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Philip II of Macedonia, 2002.
An analysis of the reign of Philip II of Macedonia and his achievements.
4,615 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that Philip began his reign as leader of a poor, war-torn land on the outskirts of mainland Greece and by his death he had strengthened the previously weak central government, enlarged and modernized his army and implemented economic and social reform. The paper traces the life and career of Philip after his father's untimely death. It provides answers to the questions: Do Philip's considerable achievements make him worthy of the title 'The Great' that his son Alexander won by his legendry conquests and: Was Alexander just carrying out his father's plan, the hard work already having been done, or were his conquests down to his own skill, drive and vision?
From the Paper
?In conclusion, however key Philip?s accomplishments were in allowing Alexander to conquer the mighty Persian Empire it was Alexander, not Philip, who, by his superb skills as a general, his vision and daring, sometimes rash risk taking, was the one that did the conquering. And it was the conquering that won Alexander the title ?The Great?. In rugby, no matter how impressive a run, how many tackles broken or defenders sidestepped by a player setting up a try, it is the man that takes the ball over the line that gets the glory. For this reason, I believe Philip does not deserve the title ?Great? even though his deeds undoubtedly were."
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Imperial Spain in Decline, 2002.
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies that outlines three factors for the decline of Imperial Spain: Economic and financial debilities, a military decline and a decline of patriotic and religious feelings. The paper describes the revolution in the Basque Provinces. The author states that this book of history reads like a novel.
From the Paper
"These revolts helped in Spain's decline by weakening the government's position and creating unrest in the people, so they did not trust or follow government reforms meant to strengthen the country. Too many people wanted autonomy from Spain's government, and this division left the remainder of Spain weak and unprepared for further problems, inside or outside the country. Clearly, this was an important juncture for Spain; and had they handled it with more aplomb, they might have avoided some of the unrest and division that separated the country, and helped lead to its decline in world exploration and domination."
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Causes and Consequences of Pollinator Decline, 2005.
A discussion about the importance of pollination services and the causes, consequences and possible counter-measures of pollinator decline.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
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Philip the Prudent, 2002.
Aspects of Philip II's reign are examined - his administrative ways, foreign policy, religious beliefs, characteristics, in relation to his epithet 'the prudent.
2,590 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
Covers the policies and character of Philip II's reign in attempting to determine the accuracy of his nickname The Prudent King. Contemporary and recent sources used to illustrate Philip's strengths and weaknesses, and a balanced conclusion is reached with regards to whether he deserved his epithet. Major events of his reign are refered to, including the campaign in the Low Countries and against England. Philip's personal principles and religious beliefs are examined. The difficulties faced by 16th century European rulers acknowledged in addition to outlining the shortcomings which at time made Philip a distinctly 'imprudent ' king.
From the Paper
"The proverbial qualities of Philip II leave little doubt as to how he came to be assigned the nickname ?the prudent? - for he faced many of the challenges set against him with care and profound thought. Often mindful of the future, he displayed a capacity for administrative industry and put the advice offered to him by his father in the ?Instructions? to the best use he could. It is vital, however, to consider how the ?prudence? exhibited by Philip could at times lead to his adopting highly imprudent methods of government with regards to both the domestic situation in Castile and the prosecution of Spanish foreign policy."
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Spanish and Italian Economic Declines, 2008.
An analysis of the factors affecting the economic decline of Spain and Italy in the seventeenth century.
2,138 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind Spain and Italy's economic decline in the seventeenth century. It looks at the problems that the countries faced and discusses why their economies declined while other economies in Europe did not, despite the fact that the other European countries encountered many of the same problems. The paper examines this issue from several perspectives.
From the Paper
"It is fairly clear to most historians that both Spain and Italy, though more so Spain that Italy, suffered a dramatic reversal of fortunes. Spain had gone from the European centre of global power and expansion only to be concerned with shoring up its own borders so to speak and figuring out how to feed its population. Yet, authors such as Kamen are still inclined to invalidate the assumption of Spain's decline by devaluing or paring away at what decline might mean or imply: "At the outset we need to keep in mind the two basic confusions in this picture: an unwarranted identification of Castile with Spain and a crucial failure to distinguish between Spain and its empire."
Yet, this parsing of words is, seemingly only meant to obfuscate the obvious. The fact is that the literature supports the observation and even the Spanish self perception supports the assumption that Spain, in reality, could not be realistically separated from its Empire because it had spent so long and so much in the way of resources to establish it in the first place that its identity was irrevocably tied up with Empire. Additionally, Castile certainly was part of Spain and, as the research indicated, a decline in Castile almost certainly led to a decline in the fortunes of Spain. The conclusion then is that Spain and Italy did decline in the early modern period both in comparison with their historical statuses as well as relative to certain other European countries at the time."
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Tourism Decline for Canada, 2007.
An examination of the decline in tourism for Canada in the last year, a decline that occurred even as tourism for the world increased over the same period.
1,654 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the challenge of changing a tourist's perception of Canada to make it a more desirable destination. The paper explains the need to reverse the trend and increase the tourism business for Canada. and looks at why Greece is a successful tourist destination. The writer suggests that more could be made of the skiing areas in Canada to attract tourists. The writer also notes that much of Toronto has been used for filming in lieu of New York City, for instance, and suggests that the names of those films be featured in tourist advertising.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The percentage of loss for Canada was exceeded only by the loss for Montserrat, a region suffering from volcanic explosions since 1995; Aruba, in decline since the Natalee Holloway disappearance; and Uruguay. While the drop for these other regions can be explained by various unusual circumstances, the decline for Canada appears to be more basic and to relate largely to the perception the world has of Canada as an unexciting destination. Certain specific issues can be cited with reference to tourism from the United Sates, however, such as changes in travel rules so that in the near future, a passport will be required."
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The Decline in Egyptian Civilization, 2004.
The Egyptian Society declined rapidly from the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The relationship between this decline and economic conditions, the position of weakened pharaohs and warfare is examined.
3,451 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the decline of the ancient Egyptian civilization and argues that a number of factors played a role. Among these are a shift from economic prosperity to poverty, the weakening power of the pharaoh (related to the rise of the priesthood and royal instability) and continuous warfare with neighbouring societies.
From the Paper
"From the Egyptian state?s origins in the Old Kingdom, circa 2575 B.C., it flourished in relative isolation from other civilizations. It was protected by the Mediterranean in the north, the desert in the east and west, and by an ?ethnic frontier? in the south (Adams, 1984, p. 38). During this time of remoteness, the Egyptian state built complex pyramid structures, developed a unique religion and established a political system based on the supremacy of the pharaoh and a hereditary bureaucracy (Fagan, 2004, p. 385). However, the prosperity and stability of the Old Kingdom (circa 2575 to 2180 B.C.) could not last forever, and since several succeeding pharaohs lacked leadership Egypt entered a period in which the central power of the government declined and local leaders became independent rulers within their own territories (Fagan, 2004, p. 389). In conjunction with this decline in power, came a prolonged drought cycle, but this led to improvements in agriculture and eventually to a rapid increase in population, though famines continued to strike for over three hundred years. Trade networks were vastly expanded during the Middle Kingdom (2134 to 1640 B.C.) and parts of the desert lands of Nubia were conquered, the first signs of imperial ambitions (Fagan, 2004, p. 390). The second intermediate period, occurring between 1640 and 1530 B.C., brought political instability and economic disorder to Egypt once again. However, in the same way that the first intermediate period brought improvements to the Egyptian civilization, this new period of instability brought several innovations that preserved Egypt?s role in the eastern Mediterranean world (Fagan, 2004, p. 391). The New Kingdom, 1530 to 1070 B.C., brought with it periods of extensive wealth, an expansive empire, and political stability, though these qualities were quickly dissolved with the last of the long-lived pharaohs Rameses III (Fagan, 2004, p. 391; Ibid, p. 395). The last years of the Egyptian dynasties were marked by a ?succession of short-lived, sometimes competing and generally unremarkable kings?(Rice, 1997, p. 1980). After this time political weakness opened the door to the rapidly evolving civilizations crowding Egypt?s borders. By about 1000 B.C. the country was bankrupt and the influence of other ancient civilizations, Assyrians and Persians followed by the Greeks, came to dominate the Nile Valley (Clayton, 1994, p. 173). The decline of the Egyptian civilization resulted from the complex interplay of several factors including economic conditions, a weakening of the pharaohs? power, and warfare with other complex societies."
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Decline of Sparta, 2005.
This paper discusses Sparta's decline as a military power.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at Sparta's decline as a military power. The writer discusses the multiple manifestations of shortsightedness that caused the decline. The writer describes that this decline was caused by factors ranging from attitudes, to tactics, to lack of diplomacy with its allies.
From the Paper
"Although historians offer a panoply of possible reasons for the decline of Sparta essentially its downfall was the result of one glaring fault. This fault, although it manifested in a number of disparate ways, could be summed up in one word shortsightedness. This shortsightedness occurred in areas such as its attitudes, its failure to modify the rigid Lycurgan system, its tactical naivety, its failure to adapt when opponents began hiring mercenary armies, its wrongdoing, its lack of diplomacy ... "
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Cognitive Decline, 2004.
A critical examination of cognitive decline in late adulthood.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive decline in older people. The paper contends that understanding the correlation between aging and cognitive decline requires in-depth research taking into account the numerous variables and theoretical perspectives. The paper agrees that while there is certainly a parallel between the onset of late adulthood and cognitive changes, these changes need not always be severely negative. The paper examines various factors that affect cognitive change.
Outline
Introduction
Overview
Methodical Issues
Retardation of Cognitive Decline
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cognitive decline in older people is most likely to be measured and seen in terms of declarative or episodic memory. (Wilson et al., 1997. pp 7-14).This refers to the ability to learn and retain new information. Other factors that are measured in this age group, and which show evidence of decline, are mental processing skills and perceptual speed. This refers to simple perceptual comparisons which are unusually measured with accompanying time-related tasks. (ibid) People, who are diagnosed as having ARCD or Age Related Cognitive Decline normally are perceived as suffering from deterioration of memory and learning abilities as well as limited language attention span and concentration problems."
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Modern Liberalism and American Decline, 2006.
This paper discusses the idea of Robert Bork that links modern liberalism with American decline.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews arguments and counter-arguments regarding of Robert Bork's concept of modern liberalism and American decline.The author argues against the claim that modern liberalism is responsible for American decline.
From the Paper
Conservative argument or White conservatives frequently argue that modern liberalism has been a major cause, perhaps the chief cause, of American's decline. Indeed, the phrase modern liberalism and American decline ..."
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"Civil War Land in Bad Decline", 2002.
A discussion on three stories from "Civil War Land in Bad Decline" by George Saunders and their reflection of modern society.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explores three of George Saunders' stories from "Civil War Land in Bad Decline" in order to demonstrate how the distortion of social norms helps the reader to understand that the norm itself is already absurd. The stories that are examined are the title story of "Civil War Land in Bad Decline", "Bounty", and "The 400- Pound CEO".
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