| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT": |
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Pharmaceutical Licensing, 2004.
An analysis of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical products.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the causes and effects of the compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical products. The paper discusses the fundamental positions, attitude, inclination, and concerns of the developed world and the under-developed world with regard to the intellectual property rights of the pharmaceutical products. The paper also concentrates on the subject of the intellectual property rights of the biotechnology products. The paper also exposes the priorities of both the developed world and the under-developed world, priorities that have been a major hurdle in all previous negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection. Subsequently, the paper gives practical recommendations that ought to be followed in all future negotiations so that both parties can derive maximum benefits from the patentability of pharmaceutical products.
From the Paper
"Over the years, it has become a general belief that biodiversity will pave the way for a solution to almost all the diseases that exist today and continue to negatively influence our lives. This belief has led scientists to take further steps in the Research and development (R&D) of biotechnology. These steps comprise of various compounds, compounds that are biologically active, compounds that are natural resources, for example microbes, insects, fungi, marine organisms, and plants. However, laboratories are not capable of producing these complex biologically active and complex compounds. This is because the key places of genetic biodiversity are situated in the tropical and the subtropical regions of the world (Tara, 1994). Therefore, it is imperative for biotech scientists to go into the tropical forests with the purpose of locating these biologically active compounds."
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The Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005.
This paper discusses the economics of the pharmaceutical industry.
3,130 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the intellectual property embodied in a drug is an extremely valuable asset for a pharmaceutical company, and its continued protection is directly related to the company's long-term success or failure. The author points out that Pfizer, the leading pharmaceutical company, has three main business practices and goals, which have overcome successfully the uncertainty in drug development and competitive pressures: (1) Extraordinary portfolio management practices, (2) security of daily management of resources and (3) profitable research and development. The paper relates that, in 1984 Congress passed of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, which weakened patent law for pharmaceuticals making it easier for generic copies to enter the market.
Table of Contents
Intellectual Property
Risk and Resource Management
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration (Hatch-Waxman) Act
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Amendments to the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
From the Paper
"As a result, a high average level of intellectual property protection is economically beneficial. The benefits of strong intellectual property protection are greater in the pharmaceutical industry than they are in other industries, because pharmaceutical firms rely more on patents to protect intellectual property than firms in other industries. When a drug becomes generic as the result of a lost patent, the price goes down, although the demand may remain the same. A less costly drug decreases profits for a pharmaceutical company, which in turn would use the additional profits to invest in their risk and development fund to search for new medicines and cures. Patent law gives pharmaceutical researchers the basic incentive to conduct research and discover new cures."
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Social Responsibility of Pharmaceutical Companies, 2004.
Study of the ethics of pharmaceutical companies when conducting business and promoting their products.
5,370 words (approx. 21.5 pages), 32 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses several questions concerning the ethical conduct of pharmaceutical companies. The paper considers whether doctors that sit on the boards of companies can be impartial when they make decisions to financially back research/drugs of the pharmaceutical company they represent, as well as what should be the corporate responsibility of the pharmaceutical companies. Also considered is whether pharmaceutical companies have systems in place to keep them ethically responsible and if advertising by pharmaceutical companies actually creates a demand for prescriptions when no need actually exists. Numerous graphs and tables are included.
From the Paper
"Indeed, one of the unique aspects of advertising prescription pharmaceuticals is the caveat ?Ask your doctor?. The consumer cannot go out and directly purchase the product (note that via the internet this is now possible), but traditionally must receive a physician?s endorsement by way of a prescription. The pharmaceutical industry uses this reasoning to defend its promotional tactics, claiming that because doctors ultimately authorize prescriptions the public is insulated from deceptive advertising. Yet research indicates that doctors are likely to prescribe drugs patients request under increasing pressure. Patients often insist on brand names over generic drugs, some of which are just as effective and less costly."
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Pharmaceutical Industry, 2006.
This paper discusses how the pharmaceutical industry affects the U.S. economy.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the global growth of the pharmaceutical industry and at the important part it plays in the U.S. economy. The writer notes that the United States accounts for 46 percent of the world's pharmaceutical market. The writer discusses the volume and cost of prescriptions dispensed in the United States.
The fact that the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most dynamic and largest sectors in the U.S. economy is examined in this paper. Further, the writer looks at the biotechnology and research fields in this regard. The writer concludes by looking at the growth in employment within the pharmaceutical industry.
From the Paper
"In 1995, the total retail cost of the prescriptions dispensed in the United States advanced 13.9 percent to $64.6 billion, and in terms of prescription volume, the retail market grew 8.3 percent with 1,235,708,000 and 912,565,000 new and refill prescriptions, respectively, dispensed. The pharmaceutical industry continues to look for innovative ways to reach new customers, for according to the Task Force for Compliance of the National Pharmaceutical Council, "noncompliant patients cost the U.S. economy an estimated $100 billion yearly in lost productivity and extra medical costs, not to mention lost product sales." To target the problem of under use, the industry implements disease management programs, as well as patient-focused education and promotional programs."
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Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
An overview of the pharmaceutical industry from an international perspective.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing an analysis of the pharmaceutical industry. It presents a summary profile of the dominant economic characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry and then analyzes the industry through Porter's Five Forces. This is followed by an identification of key industry trends in the pharmaceutical industry. It then applies these findings briefly to the pharmaceutical company called Merck Inc.
From the Paper
"Drug packaging demand is predicted to grow at a rate of 4.3 percent annually in the United States through 2006. According to the report by the Freedonia Group, ?Blister packaging will remain the top group based on strength in unit dose, compliance, clinical trial, high barrier and high visibility formats. Pouches and strip packs will compete with blister in unit dose. Prefillable inhalers and syringes will grow the fastest in market value? (Freedonia Group)."
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The Japanese-American Bio-pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An insight into the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry and the availability of drugs in each country.
20,023 words (approx. 80.1 pages), 44 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Japanese-American bio-pharmaceutical industry represents an ongoing international effort between the two top pharmaceutical markets in the world. It looks at why a number of pharmaceutical products that are currently available to U.S. residents are unavailable to Japanese consumers and how from a humanitarian perspective, this discrepancy denies access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs to the Japanese population. It proposes a study to evaluate how the United States and Japan can work collaboratively to optimize the availability of ethical pharmaceuticals so that every American and Japanese citizen is permitted free access to life-enhancing and life-saving drugs.
Outline
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapters
1.Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Importance of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Limitations and Delimitations
2.Review of the Literature
1990 to 1996
1997 to 2002
3.Methodology
Research Design
The Hypothesis
Special Tests
Statistical Procedures Used
Data Gathering
Population Descriptions
4. Results
Statement of the Results
Tables
Charts
Figures
Statistical Findings
5.Summary
Conclusions
Supporting Findings
Contradicting Findings
Recommendations
Additional Research
Implications for Revising the Current Body of Knowledge
Change in Related Practices
Appendices
From the Paper
"Regardless of the strategic tools that are utilized for a meaningful entry into U.S. markets as well as growth, Japanese firms must increasingly rely on local staff. Depending on local staff to manage their business, and providing those managers with sufficient opportunities and incentives, is a management challenge that Japanese pharmaceutical manufacturers have yet to overcome, especially in the United States. This will require a modification of management methods throughout the firm, including domestic headquarters. Such changes will be slow and will be resisted; we expect the issue of bicultural management to be a struggle for most Japanese pharmaceutical firms throughout the 1990s. This ?people issue? also involves a number of organizational matters that many of these firms are now attempting to manage."
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Quality Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
Presents a literature review relating to the issue of total quality management (TQM) in the pharmaceutical industry.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are considered part of the quality control system for companies producing pharmaceutical products. GMP principles aim to ensure the regular production for products that conform to the health standards required from regulatory bodies. GMP provides the general basics to determine the minimum acceptable requirements for the production at good products, covering all the activities related to the production process. This paper hypothesizes that, although ISO 9000 certification, which is the world-wide quality management and quality assurance standard, is not required for pharmaceutical companies, only those with a company culture mature and ethical enough to implement TQM successfully will be able to successfully implement GMP (industry-specific standard). There has been a great deal of confusion concerning whether being in compliance with the pharmaceutical GMP would successfully lead to obtaining ISO certification with minimum changes and costs, or whether achieving ISO certification is going to be a long and expensive road. This paper hypothesizes that the ultimate success of a company?s ISO program will not depend solely on how well-defined its quality system is, but rather its commitment to maintaining GMP.
From the Paper
"In general, this is mainly because the companies have not taken seriously enough the fact that TQM involves a cultural change for the organization. It creates a shift in power between boss and employee. Many managers, especially those who were inadequately trained, have seen employees as accessories to their jobs - as people to be told what to do. People who are disempowered often fail to take initiative in identifying process or sub-component faults. According to the laws of human nature, employees treated this way will leave a great deal of work to be handled by management. According to the theories of TQM, managers have to learn to support, encourage and listen."
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Pharmaceutical Company Ethics: Profit Before People, 2001.
An examination of the ways in which the pharmaceutical industry manipulates the system, people and doctors in an effort to maximize their profits.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in depth look at the ways in which pharmaceutical companies unscrupulously put profit before people. Five of the main ways in which they do this that are discussed are; manipulation of research, undue influence over doctors prescribing practices, direct-to-consumer advertising, discrediting of their competitors pharmaceutical and natural alike, and investing only in profitable research. Each topic is discussed thoroughly with credible sources to back the data up.
From the Paper
"The pharmaceutical industry wants people to believe that their main goal is to help people. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) has even begun airing feel-good commercials featuring people whose lives have been saved by medications. In reality, they spend billions of dollars every year to ensure their true purpose, maximum profit. Their influence begins in the research lab, where the sponsor, usually a pharmaceutical company with a huge financial stake in the findings, has more to say over how the study is conducted and what information is released then the actual investigators, leading some of the foremost medical journals in the world to fight back with strict guidelines. After the pharmaceutical companies get their products approved, they engage in a campaign of bribery to persuade doctors to prescribe their name brand, expensive drugs over their competitor's products. Not wanting to leave it up to the doctors alone to endorse their products, the pharmaceutical industry has started advertising directly to an unwitting populace, on television and in popular magazines. Pharmaceutical companies use their political power and vast economic resources to discredit and undermine non-drug treatment options for various diseases, particularly by attacking the burgeoning field of holistic medicine. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical companies have a long history of not investing in research that would lead to drugs for diseases that effect the world's poor, because there is little profit to be made in developing nations. Through various immoral practices, the pharmaceutical companies put profit ahead of the interests, health and safety of consumers. "
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Quality Initiatives in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
An analysis of the enormous demands placed on the pharmaceutical industry by the public and government agencies.
2,980 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the pharmaceutical industry's role as one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the United States. It illustrates the tremendous pressure the pharmaceutical industry is under, to meet the increasing demands for their product and maintain the quality standards of the regulatory agencies. The writer explains why it is in the best interest of the industry to attempt to maintain the high standards placed on them.
From the Paper
"According the US Business Reporter (2002), annual spending on prescription drugs is expanding at close to 14% on and annual basis. Several companies and drugs have led this increase, particularly Warner-Lambert's Lipitor, Eli Lilly's Zyprexa, Monsanto/ Pfizer's Celebrex, and Merck's Vioxx (US Business Reporter, 2002). The same article notes that the pharmaceutical industry typically operates on a 14-15% profit margin. This makes the pharmaceutical industry one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the Untied States."
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The Evolution Of Marketing In The Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
Discussion of the history of the pharmaceutical industry.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical marketing has evolved over the recent years. This paper discusses its evolution in the background of birth and growth of pharmaceutical industry.
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Governments and Pharmaceutical Companies, 2007.
This paper presents a research proposal to explore the effects of a long-term customer relationship in the pharmaceutical field.
2,017 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes to research the effects of applying long-term customer relationships in the pharmaceutical field, by targeting the cities in the Gulf areas and particularly, within the Kuwait market. The paper discusses the competition between the brand name industries and the generic industries and looks at how the governments of the Gulf countries are forced to choose between the two companies. The paper examines the mistrust that has developed because of the irresponsible situations and actions from both the pharmaceutical companies and the governments.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Research Problem
The Problem Statement
The Research Questions
Research Objectives
Methodology
Operational and Research Methodology
Problems and Limitations
From the Paper
"The pharmaceutical industry is a major business worldwide. The largest industry is the weapons industry and the pharmaceutical industry follows right behind the weapons industry. The pharmaceutical industry is the world's second largest business in terms of its products and services. Each year, governments from all over the world spend millions of dollars in order to secure medications, various equipment and other products and services that their countries need in order to help their sick citizens and maintain the health of those who are not sick. In addition to the government's spending on the medication and supplies from large suppliers, there is another competition from within in regards to outside research companies who produce different products that are used for the same ailments. These other research companies are known as the generic industry."
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International Pharmaceutical Industry, 2004.
A general analysis of the pharmaceutical industry, using the company, Merck & Co., Inc., as a case in study.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly performs a general analysis of the international trends of the pharmaceutical industry in terms of global or local issues. It looks at the strategies of the leading company, Merck & Co., Inc., and reviews the governmental policies toward the pharmaceutical industry.
From the Paper
"Merck & Co., Inc. announced in a recent report that they had made submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) PROQUAD, which is a vaccine for children. The composition of the vaccine is a cocktail like mixture of the chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Also expected by Merck for submission is 'muraglitazar' which is the "first-in-class 'dual PPAR agonist for Type 2 diabetes treatment in collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb."(Merck & Co, Inc. 2004)"
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Sales Revenues and Profits in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of changes in sales revenues and profits in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry from 1980-2000. It includes several original graphs based on relevant statistics.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how changes in sales revenues and profits in the pharmaceutical industry are related to the business cycle with regards to the gross domestic product, consumer price index, and unemployment rate from 1980-2000. The following guidelines were followed: 1) analysis of the pharmaceutical industry and finding revenues and profits from the period of 1980-2000; 2) how revenues and profits in the industry varied over the period 1980-2000; 3) how the business cycle behaved over the period of 1980-2000; 4) variations in revenues and profits with swings in the business cycle and the juxtaposition of industry revenues and profits against the business cycle;and 5) strategies recommended for firms in the industry dealing with the business cycle. A summary is provided in the conclusion. Several original graphs are also included.
From the Paper
"One expert suggests the modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19th century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could most efficiently be manufactured on a large scale. As these compounds replaced herbal medicines of earlier times, the occurrence and severity of such diseases as pernicious anemia, rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, lobar pneumonia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, and tuberculosis were greatly reduced. Pharmaceutical industry research has greatly aided medical progress; of the 66 most valuable drugs introduced since aspirin in 1899, 57 were discovered and then produced in industrial laboratories (Atherton, 2002). Today, the pharmaceutical industry is comprised of the processes, operations, and organizations engaged in development and manufacture of drugs and medications (Atherton, 2002). In the U.S., the pharmaceutical industry is followed by the Standard & Poor 500 (S&P 500)."
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Pharmaceutical Ethics And Practice, 2008.
An analysis of whether a revised code of pharmaceutical ethics and practice would lift the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity.
1,554 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. It discusses the provision of medical care and the important role that pharmacists play in the public health system in the UK. The paper also looks at the possiblity of lifting the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity through a revised code of pharmaceutical ethics and practice. The paper provides the writer's personal views on the issue, as well as the writer's learning diary.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Key Principles
Role and Responsibilities
Ethical Development
Advertised Drugs
Discussion
Commentary
Learning Diary
From the Paper
"The global withdrawal of the drug Rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of increased heart disease risks, the drug made it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3. The market success of the drug is a testament to the triumph of marketing over science. Only after the US Food and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out. The incident highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to evaluate promotional claims, and to assess and understand interactions with the pharmaceutical industry."
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The Walgreen's Pharmaceutical Company, 2002.
Analysis of a marketing strategy for Walgreen's Pharmaceutical Company.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the strategic implementation of a marketing strategy for the Walgreen's Pharmaceutical Company. The author states clear objectives, and discusses products, promotion, services offered, price strategy, and methods of maintaining strategic competence.
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