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Pension Fund Accounting FAS87, 1990.
This paper is an analytical critique of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87: Employers' Accounting for Pensions (Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 1985), known as FAS87. .
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 16 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research provides an analytical critique of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87: Employers' Accounting for Pensions (Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 1985), hereinafter referred to as FAS87. The essence of the Statement involves the application of accrual accounting principles to pension fund accounting by employers, with a special emphasis on the single-employer defined benefit plan (FASB, 1985).
In this research, the issues involved in pension fund accounting are considered, together with the provisions of FAS87 designed to address those issues. FAS87 is also assessed within the contexts of Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1: Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises (FASB, 1978), Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2: ... "
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Trusts Law: The Pension Protection Fund, 2006.
A look at the argument that the pension protection fund is simply an unnecessary burden on properly funded and effectively managed pension funds.
4,220 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
The Pension Protection Fund (PPF) was introduced by the Government under the Pensions Act 2004 in order to protect members of private sector defined benefit schemes whose firms become insolvent with insufficient funds in their pension scheme. This paper begins with background discussion on the overall operation of the U.K. pensions system in order to demonstrate the context within which the defined benefit occupational trust scheme, and thus the protection conferred by the PPF, operates. It then examines the origins of the fund amid a growing crisis of deficient pensions funds, before detailing how it operates in practice. The key arguments in support of the title statement are then discussed, and evaluated through consideration of measures that have been taken in order to alleviate any such unnecessary burdens.
Outline:
Abstract
Background
The Role of the Trust in Pensions and the Growing Pensions Crisis
The Origins and Operation of the Pension Protection Fund
The 'Burden' of the Pension Protection Fund
Easing the Burden
Conclusions: An 'Unnecessary' Burden?
From the Paper
"Occupational pension schemes are in almost all cases established in the form of a trust . There are a number of advantageous reasons for this. Firstly, the use of the trust instrument allows for a number of benefits in relation to tax liability; provided that the scheme is 'approved' by the Inland Revenue, the investments made using the trust fund are free from both income and capital gains taxation, whilst additional tax reliefs exist in respect of the contributions to the fund from both the employee and the employer . Secondly the trust represents a "cheap and flexible vehicle" , allowing a scheme to be established in any such way as the employer wishes; consequently allowing it to set the 'balance of power' over the fund in its favour."
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International Mutual Funds, 2004.
This paper discusses investing in various international mutual funds, describes individual funds, and compares international funds to mutual funds in the U.S.
4,925 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are four types of international mutual funds: The international funds, which invest only in well-known markets outside the U.S. such as Germany, France, Japan, Hong Kong and Australia; the global funds, which contain mixtures of U.S. and international stocks; the regional funds, which concentrate in geographic areas like Latin America, the Pacific Rim and Europe, with the concentration of these firms in small countries and emerging markets; and the country funds, which concentrate only on one country. The author points out that international funds are useful when it is felt that the U.S. market is not doing so well, and the emerging markets in the foreign countries are expected to perform better than the U.S. market. The paper relates that an important feature of international funds is that they give small investors an opportunity to invest in shares all over the world, an activity that would be very difficult or expensive to pursue on their own and that provides a good opportunity for diversification.
Table of Contents
Mutual Funds, the Dynamic Market
What is a Mutual Fund?
The Choice of International Funds
How Does One Know What the Fund is Doing?
From the Paper
"The aim of any mutual fund is to pool in the money from different investors and put it in a position where it can be managed by professionals. The manager makes the trades, realizes the gain or loss, and collects the income in the form of dividend or interest. The gains or losses are then passed on to the individual investors. The operation of most funds are open-ended, and that means that the investment company is at liberty to issue new shares to investors, and also undertakes to buy back shares from investors who want to leave the fund. There are also close ended funs which issue a fixed number of shares, and only these can be bought or sold by the investors among themselves through a stock exchange. The person who has issued these closed funds is not responsible for redeeming them, so the trading of these has to be only through a broker."
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Pensions and the Modern Welfare State: Denmark and Spain, 2002.
A paper which discusses the pension systems of the EU's social-welfare states and the demographics of the 21st century.
2,655 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a looming problem for the European Union and its welfare states Denmark and Spain. He stresses the fact that, on the one hand, people are retiring at younger ages and living longer, and on the other hand there are fewer people to contribute to pension funds due to decreasing populations and the use of technology instead of labor. The paper examines the pension schemes and demographic trends of Denmark and Spain and gives an overview of the welfare state.
From the Paper
"As Spain moves into the twenty first century, many of its citizens are being forced to give up long-cherished traditional lifestyles to come to terms with new societal demands. Traditionally in Spain, the elderly have lived with their children. But several factors are combining to change that tradition. One of those factors is increasing educational levels for women. As has been reported in numerous studies, as women?s educational levels rise the number of children they have decreases. Today?s Spanish women are entering the workforce, leaving them less able to take care of elderly relatives in the home."
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Hedge Funds and Financial Markets, 2007.
An analysis of the role of hedge funds in the financial markets and an explanation of their importance as clients of investment banks.
2,105 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the main characteristics of hedge funds and looks at how these differ from traditional investment funds. There are over a dozen investment techniques used in hedge fund industry in order to make returns. The paper describes four of them: opportunistic, market neutral - securities hedging, global macro and value investment style. The great size of the assets under management of the hedge fund suggests that they are important clients of investment banks and can play a significant role in the financial markets. The paper also takes a closer look at how investment banks work with hedge funds and what impact the hedge funds have on the overall stability of the financial markets.
Outline:
Introduction
An Overview of Hedge Funds, Comparison to Traditional Funds and Their Importance as Clients of Investment Banks
Recent Expansion of Hedge Funds
Hedge Funds and Financial Stability
Some Risks Associated With Hedge Funds
Regulation of Hedge Funds
Hedge Funds' Investment Styles
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The definition of a hedge fund is an investment institution, which actively manages its portfolio using a large number of strategies and leverage in order to produce high returns, which are measured in absolute terms and/or over a specified benchmark, such as FTSE100 in the UK or the DOW30 in the US. Hedge funds are similar to the traditional investment funds in that they are both pooled and professionally managed, however, there is a number of differences. Unlike traditional funds HFs are practically unregulated and have the flexibility in their trading and investment strategies, e.g. go short when markets are bearish or when a manager thinks that an asset is overpriced and is due a correction (source: Investopedia)."
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UK Pensions Policy, 2005.
An in-depth look at the new reforms put out by the Labour Party concerning pension plans for the elderly.
4,489 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
The pension policy of the UK is one that is followed as a model by various other parts of the world for its efficient dealing with the problem of pensions for the aged of the UK. The government takes a keen interest in reforms in the area of pensions and it was for this reason that it announced the latest set of reforms in the year 2000, in its 'pre-budget report' that was released in the month of November of the same year. The paper explains that the report contained a series of reforms and improvements for pensioners. Taken as a whole, the government will be paying pensioners the amount of more than 4 billion pounds a year, every year to pensioners, from the year 2003-2004 onwards. This amount would be a great boon for pensioners in improving the quality of their lives in their final years, especially in the case of those who are extremely economically deprived. The paper examines what prompted the New Labour Party to come up with a complete set of reforms and changes in the pension schemes and policies for pensioners and why there is a need for a pension policy.
From the Paper
"The legislation that traditionally covers the previously used occupational as well as personal pension schemes is applicable to this new scheme too, but the difference lies in the regulatory standards and the framework on which it is based. When an employer has been able to identify a stakeholder pension scheme and has been able to educate his employees on the various details pertaining to this scheme, he is then required to provide his employees with reasonable access to persons who are in charge of representing and selling this scheme. The employer would also be required to deduct contributions to this scheme from the employee's wages if requested to do so by the employee himself, and pay this amount into the stakeholder pension scheme. However, the employer is not expected to make any monetary contributions towards this scheme; it is the sole responsibility of the employee. In the case of the non-compliance of the employer, he would have to pay a hefty fine of up to 5,000 pounds, and up to 50,000 pounds for non-compliance from a company."
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Mutual Funds, 2002.
An introduction to mutual fund basics.
2,415 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of mutual funds, investment vehicles that pool the money of thousands of investors to invest in a wide variety of securities with a specific objective. It discusses how mutual funds provide professional management and diversification and, because of this, are safer and less volatile than individual stocks or bonds. It examines how different classes of mutual funds have different objectives, such as growth, growth and income, income, etc. and how the mutual fund or funds that investors select reflect their objectives and tolerance for risk.
Table of contents:
Introduction
Types of Mutual Funds
Mutual Fund Fees
Distributions and Their Tax Consequences
Kinds of Funds Available
My Investment Options
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Generally, there are two types of mutual funds. The first type is called an ?open-ended? fund. In an open-ended fund, the fund does not have a set number of shares. It will continue to issue shares as long as investors will buy them. Investors can also redeem shares. At the end of each trading day, the fund manager will calculate the net asset value (NAV) of the fund. The NAV is the total value of the assets held by the fund divided by the total number of fund shares. Shares are purchased or redeemed on the basis of the NAV. "
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Is Public Education in America Funded Fairly?, 2005.
Addresses the reasons for funding inequities between school districts and within school districts, as well as ways in which New Jersey and other schools are attempting to meet funding needs.
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
As a result of inadequate and disproportionate funding policies, students in American public schools are faced with inequitable access to education. This paper details the inequities that plague American education funding. It first specifies ways in which funding distribution discriminates against the poor and minorities. It also addresses the importance of money in improving schools and what is being done at the state and local levels to improve funding issues.
From the Paper
"The question that then arises is how important money is to improving public education for all students. In an interview with Scherer (1992), Jonathan Kozol, author of Savage Inequalities, says that when people doubt his theory that school problems can be solved with money, he is surprised, "as though it's bizarre to suggest that money would be the solution to poverty" (p. 9). Instead of using property tax to fund education, Kozol suggests that schools should be funded from a common pool of income tax that is graduated and progressive, and this money should be distributed evenly among all students."
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Closed-End Mutual Funds, 2003.
A discussion on description on closed-end mutual funds.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses closed-end mutual funds. It looks at why most investors involved with mutual funds opt for open-end funds for investments. It describes the many types of mutual funds and contends that in contrast with an open-end mutual funds, a so-called closed-end mutual fund is not a mutual fund at all.
From the Paper
"The pricing of securities in the financial markets is, in theory, based on the function of the efficient markets hypothesis. The efficient markets hypothesis among other things assumes that all investor always act rationally in relation ..."
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Canadian Retirement Pensions, 2008.
This paper looks at the Canada Pension Plan and Old Age Security pension that are relevant for Canadian workers.
829 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at why the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Old Age Security pension were brought into existence and explores additional, pertinent acts at the provincial level. The paper then discusses how retirees can ensure they receive CPP/employee benefits and concludes by looking at how the federal acts impact other, provincial acts. The paper highlights the importance of understanding the pension process in Canada and its dynamics.
From the Paper
"To begin with, the Canada Pension Plan and the Old Age Security Pension were both established because it was evident by the early war years that something needed to be done to assist the elderly in their declining years; in particular, these men and women simply did not have enough money to ensure themselves a comfortable, or even adequate, standard of living after retirement. With that in mind, 1951 saw section 94A added to the British North American Act (now the Constitution Act, 1867). The new addition stated that the federal government could enact laws pertaining to old age pensions along as the legislation did not affect laws administered in the provinces. One year later, courtesy the new powers granted under section 94A, the universal Old Age Security Program was put into place, but only for Canadians aged 70 and above."
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Hedge Funds, 2004.
This paper discusses hedge funds, featuring the launch and collapse of one of the first hedge funds, Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM).
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that hedge funds, large private investment pools that are not limited by the restrictions put on other types of investment vehicles, are allowed to take short positions in securities and to concentrate their investments in a particular firm, industry or sector. The author points out that, in the case of LTCM, the basic idea was hedging: over time, the value of long-dated bonds issued a short time apart would tend to become identical, and by a series of financial transactions (essentially amounting to buying the cheaper 'off-the-run' bond and short-selling the more expensive, but more liquid, 'on-the-run' bond), it would be possible to make a profit as the difference in the value of the bonds narrowed when a new bond came on the run. The paper concludes that there is no way to hedge away all the risk, especially when tough economic times materialize; therefore, a solid capital base must be a requirement in order to weather negative economic conditions, and hedge funds must be regulated.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background of LTCM
The Collapse of LTCM
Results of the Collapse of LTCM
The Future of LTCM and Hedge Funds
Conclusion
From the Paper
"With regard to leverage, the LTCM Fund?s balance sheet on August 31, 1998, included over $125 billion in assets. But, even using the more generous January 1, 1998, equity capital figure of $4.8 billion, this level of assets still implied a balance-sheet leverage ratio of more than
25-to-1. The extent of this leverage implied a great deal of risk. The LTCM Fund?s exposure to certain market risks was several times greater than that of the trading portfolios typically held by major dealer firms. The LTCM Fund?s size and leverage, as well as the trading strategies that it used, made it extraordinary vulnerable to a down turn in financial market conditions."
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Index Fund Investments, 2001.
This case study researches the performance of index funds and contrasts index funds to other available investment types.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In order to determine the value of index investments as an investment strategy, this paper weighs several important considerations. It defines index funds and lists the types of index funds that are available to the investor. It then gives a thorough list and analysis of the major advantages and disadvantages of index investing. The paper then lists the alternatives to index investing and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives. The Efficient Market Hypothesis is explained and how this might impact the evaluation of index investing and the alternatives to index investing. It concludes this case study by giving a personal analysis of whether the writer would include index investing in his personal portfolio.
From the Paper
"Simply put, an index fund is a mutual fund that attempts to match, with as much accuracy that is possible, the performance in a stock market index. Mutual funds have created S&P500 index funds in an attempt to copy the Standard and Poor (S&P)500 index, by buying all 500 stocks in the same percentage that they are present in the index.
"Interestingly, S&P 500 tracks the performance of large company stocks in the United States, like the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The S&P 500 index tracks the stock prices of 500 big companies, which account for close to 80 percent of the total market value all of the stocks that are traded in the United States. Index funds mirror the returns of a specific index, or a group of securities, that are considered measuring sticks of the behavior of the market as a whole. If the market increases 5% in one year, the index will also increase by close to 5% in the same specific time frame."
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Disparities in Educational Funding, 2000.
This paper discusses how unequal educational funding is a large contributor to the race and class disparity in success rates in the United States and examines some successful alternatives that would provide strong incentives and more equal funding.
5,395 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the historical development of educational funding and the several attempts over the past 40 years to equalize funding between rich and poor communities. The paper then presents three case studies of states that have adopted new programs that try to eliminate much of the disparity while recognizing the race and community issues associated with underprivileged schools. This paper seeks to urge that these alternatives be adopted nationally.
From the Paper
"There has seldom been doubt throughout much of American history that the State does not have a responsibility to educate its citizens. Although this doctrine holds true, there is undoubtedly a strong public sentiment that a state should provide quality education for all. However, it is also clear that what is considered ?quality? does not amount to the same thing for every student. Although the Supreme Court has largely eliminated overt race and gender discrimination, the fight has moved to hide the racial division with something more politically correct?money. The current system of school financing in most states undoubtedly furthers racial division within the United States."
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City of Charlotte: Revenues and Funding, 2008.
A discussion of the government revenues and funding, as well as the deficits in the city of Charlotte.
889 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the revenues and funding for the city of Charlotte. It discusses the sources of the government's funding and then looks at why the proprietary funds for the city of Charlotte have deficits that have not supported the costs associated with those funds. The paper finally looks at the revenue policy and community values for the city of Charlotte.
Table of Contents:
Revenue: Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary
Restrictions
Receipt of Revenues
Revenue Projections
Revenue Policy and Community Values
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that revenues for the city are used to support proprietary, governmental and fiduciary funds. In relation to proprietary and governmental funds, these revenues have not been sufficient over the long term to support all of the programs and services that the have been determined to be essential for the people of Charlotte. However, there has also bee a large growth in the diverse population of Charlotte, which has created additional revenues and provide for a surplus fund that is often used to balance the budget or address community need when appropriate. It is this surplus fund that could be used in part to provide for the MWDBE program, which would serve to support the diverse community that Charlotte views as integral to its continued growth."
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California School Funding, 2005.
A look at the problems and inequities in California's school funding system.
3,014 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the inadequate level of California's public school system and traces the causes of this inadequacy to insufficient levels of funding as well as bureaucratic inefficiency and faulty assumptions about just how existing funds should be allocated and by whom. The paper further points out that, if adequate school funding is not available, there is an even greater need to make sure that whatever funding is available is used in the most efficient and individualized manner possible.
From the Paper
"In any issue, particularly when politics are involved, there tends to be two views of a situation. The ex-ante analysis of the California State school finance system is no different. According to the ?official? (and rosy) view of the current situation, the state?s school finance system has achieved adequate levels of equity. Not only is this view based on the fact that the system guarantees each school district the revenue limit to which it is entitled (at a property tax rate of one percent of assessed value), but the State also is committed to paying each district the remainder between its actual ?entitlement? and the funds raised through the tax income. Additionally, the State of California also has a grant program that could also compensate for any inequities arising out of the tax system."
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