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Peer Relationships, 2008.
This paper analyzes the peer relationships of Vittorio Innocente in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints" and of Paddy Clarke in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha".
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the peer relations of Vitto, the protagonist in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints", are marred by bullying, recrimination and the threat of violence. The paper then looks at the friends of Paddy, the protagonist in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha", are both a stand-in for something his home life cannot provide and a relatively good source of solace and replenishment when things grow tense. The paper shows how these children are classic examples of embattled youngsters trying to find a refuge or safe-house in an inhospitable world.
From the Paper
"In the opening pages of Ricci's arresting 1990 novel, we are made aware of the fact that Vittorio Innocente is an intelligent but rather rebellious and indolent boy who would rather be out of class sharing "smokes" with his friend, Fabrizio, then engaging in the burdensome task of acquiring an education (Ricci, 3). We also learn that "Vitto" has been born into fairly privileged circumstances; to wit, his mother is the daughter of the town mayor (Ricci, 11). Thus, the willful young man who lies at the center of the story is blessed with a measure of social standing that not all children his age are fortunate enough to enjoy. It may also be said that Vitto is spoiled, not by the standards of a North American, perhaps, but certainly spoiled by the standards of his community."
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Age, Peers and Delinquency Relationship, 2007.
A review of D. Mears and S. Field's article, "A Closer Look at the Age, Peers, and Delinquency Relationship".
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes Mears and Field's article, "A Closer Look at the Age, Peers, and Delinquency Relationship". It provides an overview of the authors' research and discusses how the research was conducted, the subjects used and the findings from the research. The paper then presents the writer's personal opinion regarding the relevance and pertinence of the data presented by the authors and describes which findings were the most interesting and why.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Research Overview
Personal Opinion Regarding Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the end, Mears and Field's (2002) research is a step forward in understanding not only the previously known separate relationships between delinquency and age and delinquency and peer associations, but also builds upon the interrelationship between age and peer associations and their effect on delinquent behavior. The research used pertinent and relevant data, via the NYS, to draw these conclusions regarding the positive interrelationship and was able to provide interesting insight into specifically the types of offenses that were most significantly affected by this interrelationship. The article furthers the understanding of delinquent behavior and its causes."
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Peer-to-Peer Software, 2004.
Examines social responsibility issues of engineers who design peer-to-peer software.
3,690 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of peer-to-peer software to determine how it is used, the current and possible future trends for these applications, and the social responsibilities of the software engineers who design them. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Today, the trend is clear that there is an explosion in growth of peer-to-peer applications to facilitate online communications. In this rapidly changing and growing environment, it is important to develop an understanding of the level of technical versus human support needed in an online community. According to Kollock (1998), the labor required to support a rapidly growing community and maintain quality interactions is quite intense. While human contributions are invaluable, no "mere mortal" can do all things for all people at all times of the day. In the Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL) '99, the participants suggested that it will not be long before technology, like intelligent agents, can supplement the support humans now provide. However, a number of important social issues arise when such technology is considered."
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Copyrights vs. Peer-to-Peer File Transfer, 2002.
A detailed examination of copyright laws, with a comparison to peer-to-peer file transfer.
5,300 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
The author takes the reader on an exploratory journey, in which the details and outcomes of several well-known cases of copyright laws are scrutinized. The author discusses the importance of copyright laws, and the elements of various cases that caused the rulings to go the way they did. The paper includes a discussion about the effect Hollywood has on copyrights when it comes to issues such as the ability to download movies and songs.
From the Paper
"Throughout the years, there have been many cases in which the copyright laws have been challenged and upheld. In more recent years many of the copyright cases have turned to the film and music industry because of the increased ability to duplicate and distribute such products. One of the famous case in recent history was the Sony vs Betamax case. This case was before the internet was invented and for its time it was about state of the art wars on ownership."
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Family Delinquency and Crime, 2008.
This paper discusses Daniel P. Mears and Samuel H. Field's research, 'A Closer Look at the Age, Peers, and Delinquency Relationship'.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the main objective of the article "A Closer Look at the Age, Peers, and Delinquency Relationship" by Daniel P. Mears and Samuel H. Field, is to address the issue of delinquency and the factors that influence the actions of delinquents. The paper then reviews and positively critiques the article and asserts that the researchers of the article conducted thorough and targeted research in order to provide their findings in terms of their hypothesis. The paper also points out the results of the research are clear and to the point, demonstrating not only the success of the research hypothesis, but also areas where more research needs to be conducted. The paper concludes that Mears and Field's article demonstrate an understanding of the issues and problems that sometimes lead to criminal activities.
From the Paper
"The research conducted begins with an examination of work already completed on the target subject. In fact, the question addressed in the paper is an issue arising from work conducted recently. Indeed, the authors find that few theories have been developed to address the effect of age on delinquent peer associations. Most of these theories, according to the authors, address the order in which delinquency and peer association take place. While age does play a role in such accounts, the focus is not on the variations of peer influence with age. This is the gap the authors aim to address.
"In terms of research conducted in terms of age, the authors describe Thornberry's interactional theory, which holds that delinquent peer associations should increase its influence during mid-adolescence, after which it again declines. This theory is based upon social learning theory, which holds that the transition from childhood to adolescence is particularly crucial in forming peer networks. This stage represents an individual's development of identity via peer connections. After this stage, the identity becomes entrenched in an individual's connections with conventional activities and institutions."
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Peer Pressure in Adolescence, 2008.
An analysis of the types of peer pressure that exist and the positive and negative results of peer pressure on adolescents.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of peer pressure on adolescents. It defines the term peer pressure, defines the nature of peer relationships and looks at the ways in which peer pressure impacts the decision-making process of adolescents. The paper discusses the types of peer pressure that exist and looks at the positive and negative consequences of peer pressure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: The Nature Of Peer Relationships
The Motivational And Causative Facets In Peer Pressure
Types Of Peer Pressure
Consequences Of Negative Peer Pressure
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The above discussion touches on some of the most important areas of this extremely complex subject. The fact that peer influences and relationships have assumed a more predominant position in our society than in the past due to factors like the media and the Internet has increased concern about the negative consequences of paper pressure. The importance of research on peer pressure among adolescents is also underlined by studies that show that the effects of negative peer influence can have far reaching implications for later adult development. A number of studies "...suggest that the reputedly "adolescent" characteristic of peer pressure towards antisocial behaviors continues to have an important influence into emerging adulthood" (Bradley & Wildman, 200. p. 253). This does not only refer to aspects such as crime, drug abuse and health disorders that may result directly or indirectly from peer influence, but also to the psychological dimensions of this problem."
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Peer Approval and Scholastic Achievement, 2005.
An exploration of how academic achievement can be improved by peer acceptance and a description of an experimental study carried out to demonstrate this.
3,419 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experimental study with the purpose of determining whether positive peer relationships correlate with higher academic achievement. The writer discusses past research on peer acceptance and school performance, predicting achievement scores from peer acceptance and friendship status, negative peer treatment and achievement, and on the influence of peer groups on feelings of connectedness. The writer explains how the current study differs from past research and describes in detail the activities carried out with an intervention group and a control group. Both groups were given the California Achievement Test, Sixth Edition, before the study and are to be given it again at the end of the academic year after the study. The writer predicts how the graph of the results of the study should look for both groups with regard to both the CAT/6 and to social skills. The paper concludes with the prediction that the peer relationship training that participants would receive in the intervention groups would significantly elevate their scores in both CAT/6 and social skills, compared with the participants in the control groups. This paper includes figures.
Outline
Methods
Participants
Materials
Measures
Procedure
Results
Appendix A. CAT/6 Sample Questions
From the Paper
"My experiment will differ from the past research in that it will be an experimental study with an intervention group and control group. The past research was not able to manipulate variables and therefore had many confounding variables that could have skewed the results. I chose this study because I believe peer relationships and emotional functions have a huge impact on academic success during the early developing years of childhood. I believe that if there were more work done to help develop positive peer relationships; educational and achievement benefits would follow suit. The hypothesis of my paper is that children who participate in the intervention group will achieve more in academics and will be rated higher in positive social skills by their peers."
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Peer Acceptance and Academic Achievement, 2005.
A study of five articles by different researchers to determine the correlation between peer acceptance and academic achievement.
3,151 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses research that reveals that academic success for children is strongly correlated with peer acceptance, friendship status, peer rejection, peer maltreatment, negative peer status, and the development of peer relationships. The writer sums up each of the five studies and points out its strengths and weaknesses. The writer explains how all five articles try to convey the fact that society needs to be more sensitive to social issues involving children that relate to peer acceptance since the level of peer acceptance for a child could potentially make or break the child's future chance for academic success.The writer concludes with recommendations for future research, such as a national standardized test, that would yield results that could be said to be typical of the entire country.
From the Paper
"The group of articles all presented the same general result: peer acceptance is correlated to academic achievement. The methods used seem to be either the precursor or follow-up to each of the other articles depending on the order in which you read them. The studies used similar methods in order to find a correlation. The first two of the five studies used one-on-one interviews to determine how much of a factor peer acceptance played into academic achievement. Both of these studies used point scales in order to get responses from the participants. The last two studies were longitudinal studies that wanted to know if peer acceptance affected academic achievement in the long run. Both of these studies used self-reports and teacher-reports to determine the degree of peer acceptance."
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Peer Assessment Methods, 2002.
A study of research conducted into a method for teaching instructors how to evaluate peer assessment models.
8,655 words (approx. 34.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
This research developed a program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to plan, implement and evaluate peer assessment methods. Instructors were teachers working at the United Nations Works and Relief Agency's Education Science Facility. The ESF provides college level instruction to Palestinian refugees now living in host countries.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Definitions
Review of Literature
Overview
Theoretical and Conceptual Thinking of Experts
Review of Research
Planning Instruction in Peer Assessment
Teaching Peer Assessment
Formats To Use For Peer Assessment
Evaluation
Present Status of Topic
Summary
Methodology and Problem Solving
Procedures
Limitations
Results
Program Module for Instruction on Peer Assessment
Purposes of the This Program
Peer Assessment: Definition and Effects
Definition
Effects of Peer Assessment
Linkage of Peer Assessment To Other Instructional Activities
Planning Instruction
Training Techniques
Formats
Evaluation of Peer Assessment
From the Paper
"The developed program contained several components including: introductory remarks, a discussion of the nature of peer assessment and its effects, a delineation of the linkage between peer assessment and instructors' other instructional activities, a discussion of how to plan peer assessment and various instructional strategies and components involved in implementing the process. The program also included possible formats that can be used, and a discussion of how to evaluate the effectiveness of peer assessment programs."
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Peer Assessment, 2002.
A look at the development of a program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to plan, implement and evaluate peer assessment methods.
8,370 words (approx. 33.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of peer assessment, a method of teaching and learning in which, to a greater or lesser extent and within a structured framework, students assesses their peers' work. In particular it evaluates research program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to use peer assessment methods using instructors working at the United Nations Works and Relief Agency's Education Science Facility. It discusses how the program was developed using information obtained from a comprehensive search of the pertinent literature and in consultation with three general education specialists and three specialists in measurement and evaluation who provided feedback to the researcher regarding the most crucial elements for the program to include.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Definitions
Review of the Literature
Overview
Theoretical and Conceptual Thinking of Experts
Review Of Research
Planning Instruction in Peer Assessment
Teaching Peer Assessment
Formats to Use for Peer Assessment
Evaluation
Present Status of Topic
Summary
From the Paper
"Instructors have a limited amount of time for peer assessment training; otherwise the activity will interfere with their other instructional activities. Boud (1995) points out that by planning ahead the amount of time they wish to spend on peer assessment training, instructors can better organize what they will and will not require students to assess in terms of the amount of time it will take students to accomplish the associated assessment tasks. Doing this will then save them from devoting so much time to peer assessment instruction that it interferes with their other job responsibilities."
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Peer Assisted Second Language Acquisition, 2005.
A review of five studies dealing with peer assisted language acquisition and how student attitudes affect performance.
3,321 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on peer assisted learning strategies and how student attitudes affect performance in SLA. It critically evaluates five studies with a focus on how the research methodology might have been improved, what potential bias' researcher might have brought to the study, as well as the implications of the studies themselves. The articles are; "Negotiation for Meaning and Peer Assistance in Second Language Classrooms" by Pauline Foster and Amy Snyder-Ohta, "Impact of Classroom Dynamics on the Effectiveness of Recasts in Second Language Acquisition" by Frank Morris and Elaine Tarone, "Collaborative E-mail Exchange for Teaching Secondary ESL: A Case Study in Hong Kong" by Roseanne Greenfield, "Cooperation and Competition in a Korean Middle School English Class: A Case Study" by Lee Sung-Lim and "The Effects of Reciprocal Peer Tutoring on Graduate Student's Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Academic Self-Efficacy" by Bryan and Marlynn Griffin.
Outline
"Negotiation for Meaning and Peer Assistance in Second Language Classrooms"
"Impact of Classroom Dynamics on the Effectiveness of Recasts in Second Language Acquisition"
"Collaborative E-mail Exchange for Teaching Secondary ESL: A Case Study in Hong Kong"
"Cooperation and Competition in a Korean Middle School English Class: A Case Study"
"The Effects of Reciprocal Peer Tutoring on Graduate Student's Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Academic Self-Efficacy"
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peer-assisted learning is an educational concept that has long been used to actively engage students in the knowledge acquisition process, and is known by a variety of names, such as collaborative learning, cooperative learning, collective learning, learning communities, peer teaching, peer learning, peer coaching, reciprocal learning, team learning, study circles, study groups, and work groups (adapted from Gross-Davis, 1993:http://teaching.berkeley.edu/bgd/collaborative.html), which, though these terms are not interchangeable, share its most salient feature, peer-assisted knowledge acquisition, in contrast to individualistic study."
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Peer Tutoring, 2008.
This paper explores the value of peer tutoring in an academic environment in the United States and abroad.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses peer tutoring programs that provide students with the necessary knowledge to support their peers in a cooperative learning environment. The paper focuses on the Scottish model of the 'Paired Reading' method (P.R.) that shows the potential benefits of peer tutoring for a wide, cross-section of students in a variety of settings, including both rural and urban demographics. The paper also discusses the obstacles and resistance facing peer tutoring, but asserts that once these are overcome, peer tutoring can save funds and provide educational and motivational benefits to both tutors and students.
From the Paper
"Although it is often considered a new-fangled American instructional strategy, born of the overly permissive philosophy of the 1960s and 1970s, peer tutoring has a long and proud legacy in the history of education. "It is likely that peer and cross-age tutoring have been part of human existence since hunter-gatherer times...[when]adolescents instruct[ed] younger siblings about edible berries and roots)" in the first pedagogy of primitive societies(Kalkowski, 2001). There are formal records of peer instruction taking place in Western civilization as far back as Greece in the first century A.D., and later in Rome, Germany, and other European locales. It may finally be said to have emerged fully-fledged in America during the first settlements, religious education and in multi-generational one-room school houses (Kalkowski, 2001). "
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"Peer Assessments in Physical Education", 2007.
An analysis of the article "Peer Assessments in Physical Education" by Randall Johnson.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Randall Johnson's article, "Peer Assessments in Physical Education." The paper discusses the issue of peer assessment and explains how this could be beneficial in the physical education class. It also describes some potentially negative outcomes of conducting peer assessments and the benefits of other forms of assessment to compliment the peer assessments.
From the Paper
"Student involvement and reflection are vital parts of learning development, to optimize the student experience, especially during the secondary and tertiary phases of education. It is therefore the educator's responsibility to do everything possible to ensure that students enjoy their educational experiences as much as possible. Indeed, enjoyment is one of the elements that enhances the success of the learning process. In physical education, peer assessment is one of the ways to increase student performance and involvement in a class set-up that otherwise might result in students "vanishing" behind the better performers. With peer assessment, each student is provided with an equal chance for performing their best and improving themselves."
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A Peer-Assisted Learning Program, 2008.
Presents an evaluation of a peer-assisted learning program for elementary schools called 'Tall Buddies'.
6,715 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 153.95
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Abstract
This research study provides a critical review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning peer-assisted learning in general and how these programs have been used to help young readers in particular. The paper also presents a case study of the effectiveness of this initiative at an elementary school that provides services to at-risk 6th graders due to emotional, social or behavioral problems and 1st grade struggling readers. The paper explains that the product of the study will be a best practices guide to help educators at all levels identify which peer-assisted technique might be best suited for their individual needs, how to implement it, and how to monitor its effectiveness to ensure long-term success.
Table of Contents:
The Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Review of Literature
Introduction
Background and Overview
Benefits of Mentoring
Table: Key Benefits of Mentoring in Peer Tutoring Settings
Implementation
Evaluation and Monitoring
Summary
Procedure
Development, Purpose and Approval of Project
Who did You Involve in the Developmental Process and Why?
Implementation
Evaluation
Table: First and Sixth-Grade Teacher Feedback Concerning Efficacy of Tall Buddies Reading Initiative
From the Paper
"The benefits of mentoring are also well established. According to Barton-Arwood and her colleagues (2000), a wide range of benefits have been cited in the literature for differing professions, ages, and populations that have used mentoring; these benefits include: (a) development of emotional supports and friendships, (b) improved self-esteem and confidence for mentor and mentee, (c) an increased set of knowledge and skills (e.g., academic achievement), and (d) an improved social network. While methods and roles differ, the reported outcomes and benefits are similar across populations."
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Peer Coaching, 1990.
This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of Peer Coaching, a teaching alternative emphasizing the collaboration of administrators and teachers.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this report is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of Peer Coaching (sometimes called Colleague Consultation, Collegial Assistance, or Peer Supervision). The report begins by defining the practice of Peer Coaching. This definition is followed by a listing and discussion of both the pros and cons of the practice.
From the Paper
Peer Coaching: A Definition
... defined Peer Coaching as an alternative to Administrator conducted supervision consisting of:
. . . a systematic process whereby administrators and teachers identified for their instructional leadership ... "
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