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Peer Relations, 2007.
This paper analyzes the study "Peer Relations In Childhood," by Dale F. Hay, Alexandra Payne, and Andrea Chadwick.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is an overview and critique of the typology, assumptions and justification of a 2004 research study regarding peer relations. In this article, the writer points out that the study examines the process of developing positive and negative peer relations amongst infants and children of early, middle and late childhood. The writer notes that in this research it is demonstrated that although current culture tends to value independence, it is also critical that children are able to form positive peer relations that are not stymied by inhibition or aggression. The writer concludes by looking at the authors' view that even if conformity is not the aim, recognizing the existence and needs of another person is important for normal social development and for society as a whole.
From the Paper
"Children's relationships with peers begins literally in the cradle, anyone in a room full of infants will notice, even anecdotally, the phenomenon of "contagious crying" described by the authors. Rather than a mere annoyance, however, such contingent responses to peers are a crucial aspect of socialization, as it demonstrates the child's ability to engage in cooperation and sharing responses with others. Also, early responses to more familiar peers in a more positive way, and later, amongst one-year-olds of competitiveness, often show how common patterns in socialization emerge even in pre-verbal children. Also, infants exhibit various degrees of competency in these mimicking responses. Research also shows that shyer toddlers or children who find it more difficult to emotionally regulate their responses towards their peers, and who fail to imitate their peers in a complementary fashion in a way that recognizes the other party as a social agent are more likely to show aggressive and/or asocial behavior."
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Peer-to-Peer Software, 2004.
Examines social responsibility issues of engineers who design peer-to-peer software.
3,690 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of peer-to-peer software to determine how it is used, the current and possible future trends for these applications, and the social responsibilities of the software engineers who design them. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Today, the trend is clear that there is an explosion in growth of peer-to-peer applications to facilitate online communications. In this rapidly changing and growing environment, it is important to develop an understanding of the level of technical versus human support needed in an online community. According to Kollock (1998), the labor required to support a rapidly growing community and maintain quality interactions is quite intense. While human contributions are invaluable, no "mere mortal" can do all things for all people at all times of the day. In the Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL) '99, the participants suggested that it will not be long before technology, like intelligent agents, can supplement the support humans now provide. However, a number of important social issues arise when such technology is considered."
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Copyrights vs. Peer-to-Peer File Transfer, 2002.
A detailed examination of copyright laws, with a comparison to peer-to-peer file transfer.
5,300 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
The author takes the reader on an exploratory journey, in which the details and outcomes of several well-known cases of copyright laws are scrutinized. The author discusses the importance of copyright laws, and the elements of various cases that caused the rulings to go the way they did. The paper includes a discussion about the effect Hollywood has on copyrights when it comes to issues such as the ability to download movies and songs.
From the Paper
"Throughout the years, there have been many cases in which the copyright laws have been challenged and upheld. In more recent years many of the copyright cases have turned to the film and music industry because of the increased ability to duplicate and distribute such products. One of the famous case in recent history was the Sony vs Betamax case. This case was before the internet was invented and for its time it was about state of the art wars on ownership."
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Conduct Disorder and Friends, 2002.
A look at peer relations in children with conduct disorder.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 12 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines peer relations amongst children with conduct disorder (CD). The focus is on the links between CD and peers. It includes consideration of causes and peers, symptoms and peers, and treatment and peers.
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Disabled Students and Academic Progress, 2002.
Examines the fact that disabled children do not perform as well academically as their non-disabled peers and how it relates to an elementary school in Chicago.
2,368 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
According to the National Council on Disability (1999), educational outcome indicators for students with disabilities, when compared to students without disabilities, show that special needs students are lagging behind the general progress that schools have made in the last several years. With this in mind, the question can be asked: What can be done at Brunson Elementary School (located in Chicago) to help the parents of special needs students? This study proposes to answer the question in three ways. First, a comprehensive search of the literature on the needs of parents of special education students is conducted to determine the general across-the-board needs of these parents in relation to their children attending elementary school. Second, based on the findings of the review and on considerations attendant to the specific practices and policies of Brunson Elementary, a questionnaire was developed and used to assess the perceived needs of the schools' parents of special needs students. Third, the data collected via the literature review and the needs assessment served as the foundation for formulating recommendations and related information for teachers to use in helping the parents of special needs students. The paper proposes that the information and recommendations be written up in the form of a guide or handbook.
From the Paper
"There is a good deal of research evidence indicating that, in general, parents of special needs elementary school children need some sort of guide or handbook that assists them in dealing with the educational system and making sure their child receives all that he or she is entitled to. For example, in a guide developed by the New York State Department of Education (1992), it was noted that parents need a good deal of information if they are to make sure the system works for their children. In particular, the Department states that parents need information about: (1) students' rights; (2) the history of special education itself; (3) each particular step in the process from referral to triennial evaluation; (4) due process procedures; (5) preparation for future education and employment opportunities; (6) ways to keep needed records; (7) how to form a school-parent partnership; and (8) existing supportive services."
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Peer Relationships, 2008.
This paper analyzes the peer relationships of Vittorio Innocente in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints" and of Paddy Clarke in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha".
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the peer relations of Vitto, the protagonist in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints", are marred by bullying, recrimination and the threat of violence. The paper then looks at the friends of Paddy, the protagonist in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha", are both a stand-in for something his home life cannot provide and a relatively good source of solace and replenishment when things grow tense. The paper shows how these children are classic examples of embattled youngsters trying to find a refuge or safe-house in an inhospitable world.
From the Paper
"In the opening pages of Ricci's arresting 1990 novel, we are made aware of the fact that Vittorio Innocente is an intelligent but rather rebellious and indolent boy who would rather be out of class sharing "smokes" with his friend, Fabrizio, then engaging in the burdensome task of acquiring an education (Ricci, 3). We also learn that "Vitto" has been born into fairly privileged circumstances; to wit, his mother is the daughter of the town mayor (Ricci, 11). Thus, the willful young man who lies at the center of the story is blessed with a measure of social standing that not all children his age are fortunate enough to enjoy. It may also be said that Vitto is spoiled, not by the standards of a North American, perhaps, but certainly spoiled by the standards of his community."
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Peer Acceptance and Academic Achievement, 2005.
A study of five articles by different researchers to determine the correlation between peer acceptance and academic achievement.
3,151 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses research that reveals that academic success for children is strongly correlated with peer acceptance, friendship status, peer rejection, peer maltreatment, negative peer status, and the development of peer relationships. The writer sums up each of the five studies and points out its strengths and weaknesses. The writer explains how all five articles try to convey the fact that society needs to be more sensitive to social issues involving children that relate to peer acceptance since the level of peer acceptance for a child could potentially make or break the child's future chance for academic success.The writer concludes with recommendations for future research, such as a national standardized test, that would yield results that could be said to be typical of the entire country.
From the Paper
"The group of articles all presented the same general result: peer acceptance is correlated to academic achievement. The methods used seem to be either the precursor or follow-up to each of the other articles depending on the order in which you read them. The studies used similar methods in order to find a correlation. The first two of the five studies used one-on-one interviews to determine how much of a factor peer acceptance played into academic achievement. Both of these studies used point scales in order to get responses from the participants. The last two studies were longitudinal studies that wanted to know if peer acceptance affected academic achievement in the long run. Both of these studies used self-reports and teacher-reports to determine the degree of peer acceptance."
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Peer Pressure in Adolescence, 2008.
An analysis of the types of peer pressure that exist and the positive and negative results of peer pressure on adolescents.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of peer pressure on adolescents. It defines the term peer pressure, defines the nature of peer relationships and looks at the ways in which peer pressure impacts the decision-making process of adolescents. The paper discusses the types of peer pressure that exist and looks at the positive and negative consequences of peer pressure.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: The Nature Of Peer Relationships
The Motivational And Causative Facets In Peer Pressure
Types Of Peer Pressure
Consequences Of Negative Peer Pressure
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The above discussion touches on some of the most important areas of this extremely complex subject. The fact that peer influences and relationships have assumed a more predominant position in our society than in the past due to factors like the media and the Internet has increased concern about the negative consequences of paper pressure. The importance of research on peer pressure among adolescents is also underlined by studies that show that the effects of negative peer influence can have far reaching implications for later adult development. A number of studies "...suggest that the reputedly "adolescent" characteristic of peer pressure towards antisocial behaviors continues to have an important influence into emerging adulthood" (Bradley & Wildman, 200. p. 253). This does not only refer to aspects such as crime, drug abuse and health disorders that may result directly or indirectly from peer influence, but also to the psychological dimensions of this problem."
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Peer Feedback for ESL Students, 2008.
A review of the article "Using Peer Feedback in the ESL Writing Class" by Paul Rollinson.
883 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that there is a new trend of using students' own peers to evaluate their work. The paper focuses on the article by Paul Rollinson entitled "Using Peer Feedback in the ESL Writing Class" that outlines the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. The writer posits that peer feedback is indeed valuable but relates that he is concerned about biased evaluations.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary of Article
Reflection
From the Paper
"A rising issue in ESL writing class concerns how the writing of students should be evaluated in order for these students to become better and more effective writers. Traditionally, it is the teacher who is the one responsible for reading the drafts of the students' works and giving the works comments and suggestions so that the students can further revise their drafts to come up with better writing. However, there is a new trend on how students' writings are being evaluated and this is through the use of the student's own peers."
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Peer Assessment Methods, 2002.
A study of research conducted into a method for teaching instructors how to evaluate peer assessment models.
8,655 words (approx. 34.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 182.95
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Abstract
This research developed a program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to plan, implement and evaluate peer assessment methods. Instructors were teachers working at the United Nations Works and Relief Agency's Education Science Facility. The ESF provides college level instruction to Palestinian refugees now living in host countries.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Definitions
Review of Literature
Overview
Theoretical and Conceptual Thinking of Experts
Review of Research
Planning Instruction in Peer Assessment
Teaching Peer Assessment
Formats To Use For Peer Assessment
Evaluation
Present Status of Topic
Summary
Methodology and Problem Solving
Procedures
Limitations
Results
Program Module for Instruction on Peer Assessment
Purposes of the This Program
Peer Assessment: Definition and Effects
Definition
Effects of Peer Assessment
Linkage of Peer Assessment To Other Instructional Activities
Planning Instruction
Training Techniques
Formats
Evaluation of Peer Assessment
From the Paper
"The developed program contained several components including: introductory remarks, a discussion of the nature of peer assessment and its effects, a delineation of the linkage between peer assessment and instructors' other instructional activities, a discussion of how to plan peer assessment and various instructional strategies and components involved in implementing the process. The program also included possible formats that can be used, and a discussion of how to evaluate the effectiveness of peer assessment programs."
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Peer Assessment, 2002.
A look at the development of a program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to plan, implement and evaluate peer assessment methods.
8,370 words (approx. 33.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of peer assessment, a method of teaching and learning in which, to a greater or lesser extent and within a structured framework, students assesses their peers' work. In particular it evaluates research program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to use peer assessment methods using instructors working at the United Nations Works and Relief Agency's Education Science Facility. It discusses how the program was developed using information obtained from a comprehensive search of the pertinent literature and in consultation with three general education specialists and three specialists in measurement and evaluation who provided feedback to the researcher regarding the most crucial elements for the program to include.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Definitions
Review of the Literature
Overview
Theoretical and Conceptual Thinking of Experts
Review Of Research
Planning Instruction in Peer Assessment
Teaching Peer Assessment
Formats to Use for Peer Assessment
Evaluation
Present Status of Topic
Summary
From the Paper
"Instructors have a limited amount of time for peer assessment training; otherwise the activity will interfere with their other instructional activities. Boud (1995) points out that by planning ahead the amount of time they wish to spend on peer assessment training, instructors can better organize what they will and will not require students to assess in terms of the amount of time it will take students to accomplish the associated assessment tasks. Doing this will then save them from devoting so much time to peer assessment instruction that it interferes with their other job responsibilities."
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Peer Approval and Scholastic Achievement, 2005.
An exploration of how academic achievement can be improved by peer acceptance and a description of an experimental study carried out to demonstrate this.
3,419 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper describes an experimental study with the purpose of determining whether positive peer relationships correlate with higher academic achievement. The writer discusses past research on peer acceptance and school performance, predicting achievement scores from peer acceptance and friendship status, negative peer treatment and achievement, and on the influence of peer groups on feelings of connectedness. The writer explains how the current study differs from past research and describes in detail the activities carried out with an intervention group and a control group. Both groups were given the California Achievement Test, Sixth Edition, before the study and are to be given it again at the end of the academic year after the study. The writer predicts how the graph of the results of the study should look for both groups with regard to both the CAT/6 and to social skills. The paper concludes with the prediction that the peer relationship training that participants would receive in the intervention groups would significantly elevate their scores in both CAT/6 and social skills, compared with the participants in the control groups. This paper includes figures.
Outline
Methods
Participants
Materials
Measures
Procedure
Results
Appendix A. CAT/6 Sample Questions
From the Paper
"My experiment will differ from the past research in that it will be an experimental study with an intervention group and control group. The past research was not able to manipulate variables and therefore had many confounding variables that could have skewed the results. I chose this study because I believe peer relationships and emotional functions have a huge impact on academic success during the early developing years of childhood. I believe that if there were more work done to help develop positive peer relationships; educational and achievement benefits would follow suit. The hypothesis of my paper is that children who participate in the intervention group will achieve more in academics and will be rated higher in positive social skills by their peers."
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Susan Glaspell's "A Jury of Her Peers", 2008.
Looks at the theme of women's social-cultural position in Susan Glaspell's short story "A Jury of Her Peers".
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that Susan Glaspell, in "A Jury of Her Peers", demonstrates the injustice of male superiority during the early 20th century, when the story was written. The paper describes the way the men misjudge the intelligence and instincts of the women in the story, thus portraying the men as overpowering, ignorant and foolish. The paper further explains that the plot shows indirectly the men's disrespect to the women by making a mockery of all the kitchen items and anything relating to victim Minnie's domestic duties. The author concludes that the unity of the three women strengthens Glaspell's point of making the superiority of men unjust.
From the Paper
"Glaspell describes Minnie's life as extremely lonesome which allows the reader to sympathize with Minnie; once again making men like John Wright look harsh and inappropriate. For example, her house is described with words of abandonment and depression: "Maybe because it's a down in a hollow and you don't see the road. I don't know, but it's a lonesome place and always way." In addition to living in such a miserable environment, Minnie did not have any kids. Once again, the reader and both the women sympathize with Minnie."
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Peer Tutoring, 2008.
This paper explores the value of peer tutoring in an academic environment in the United States and abroad.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses peer tutoring programs that provide students with the necessary knowledge to support their peers in a cooperative learning environment. The paper focuses on the Scottish model of the 'Paired Reading' method (P.R.) that shows the potential benefits of peer tutoring for a wide, cross-section of students in a variety of settings, including both rural and urban demographics. The paper also discusses the obstacles and resistance facing peer tutoring, but asserts that once these are overcome, peer tutoring can save funds and provide educational and motivational benefits to both tutors and students.
From the Paper
"Although it is often considered a new-fangled American instructional strategy, born of the overly permissive philosophy of the 1960s and 1970s, peer tutoring has a long and proud legacy in the history of education. "It is likely that peer and cross-age tutoring have been part of human existence since hunter-gatherer times...[when]adolescents instruct[ed] younger siblings about edible berries and roots)" in the first pedagogy of primitive societies(Kalkowski, 2001). There are formal records of peer instruction taking place in Western civilization as far back as Greece in the first century A.D., and later in Rome, Germany, and other European locales. It may finally be said to have emerged fully-fledged in America during the first settlements, religious education and in multi-generational one-room school houses (Kalkowski, 2001). "
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Peer Assisted Second Language Acquisition, 2005.
A review of five studies dealing with peer assisted language acquisition and how student attitudes affect performance.
3,321 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on peer assisted learning strategies and how student attitudes affect performance in SLA. It critically evaluates five studies with a focus on how the research methodology might have been improved, what potential bias' researcher might have brought to the study, as well as the implications of the studies themselves. The articles are; "Negotiation for Meaning and Peer Assistance in Second Language Classrooms" by Pauline Foster and Amy Snyder-Ohta, "Impact of Classroom Dynamics on the Effectiveness of Recasts in Second Language Acquisition" by Frank Morris and Elaine Tarone, "Collaborative E-mail Exchange for Teaching Secondary ESL: A Case Study in Hong Kong" by Roseanne Greenfield, "Cooperation and Competition in a Korean Middle School English Class: A Case Study" by Lee Sung-Lim and "The Effects of Reciprocal Peer Tutoring on Graduate Student's Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Academic Self-Efficacy" by Bryan and Marlynn Griffin.
Outline
"Negotiation for Meaning and Peer Assistance in Second Language Classrooms"
"Impact of Classroom Dynamics on the Effectiveness of Recasts in Second Language Acquisition"
"Collaborative E-mail Exchange for Teaching Secondary ESL: A Case Study in Hong Kong"
"Cooperation and Competition in a Korean Middle School English Class: A Case Study"
"The Effects of Reciprocal Peer Tutoring on Graduate Student's Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Academic Self-Efficacy"
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peer-assisted learning is an educational concept that has long been used to actively engage students in the knowledge acquisition process, and is known by a variety of names, such as collaborative learning, cooperative learning, collective learning, learning communities, peer teaching, peer learning, peer coaching, reciprocal learning, team learning, study circles, study groups, and work groups (adapted from Gross-Davis, 1993:http://teaching.berkeley.edu/bgd/collaborative.html), which, though these terms are not interchangeable, share its most salient feature, peer-assisted knowledge acquisition, in contrast to individualistic study."
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