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Peasant Life and the Bubonic Plague, 2008.
An analysis of peasant life during the bubonic plague in a Medieval village.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this paper a medieval village has been evaluated for class stratification, health policy, and the nature of the bubonic plague in the Middle Ages. The paper explains that by representing a fictional citizen of this town, one can begin to understand the lack of medical science and policy initiatives that eventually led to a wide spread epidemic in medieval society. The paper then analyzes the various aspects of the bubonic plague within this study of life in a medieval town during the year 1349. The paper also explores how, by being unaware of the nature of the disease and its symptoms, medieval communities were annihilated by a lack of quarantine policies that would have prevented more infections.
From the Paper
"The issue of class hierarchy in our town makes virtual servants or "vassals" to our Lord or landowner on the hill. We make sure to farm the local area to provide food for our Lord, and he--in return--makes sure that we are protected with his various knights from other landowners. Also, the Church is prominent in our town, and we have the local clergy on a neighboring hill--making sure that prayers are being said to remove the plague from our village. However, although a peasant--like myself--might view the Roman Catholic Church as an institution that would help the poor and suffering, the clergy have monastic retreats in the countryside, in which, they do nothing to help solve our medical dilemma."
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The Bubonic Plague and AIDS, 2004.
A comparison of the Bubonic Plague and AIDS.
3,045 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history, economics and politics of the Bubonic Plague and AIDS. The paper explores the art and literature that sprung forth from both these epidemics. The paper contends that there are many similarities between the Bubonic Plague and AIDS. The paper elaborates that they both caught the world by surprise and initially no cures were known for either disease. The paper draws further parallels, stating that both diseases spread quickly and superstitions and myth surrounded the causes of both diseases. The paper also claims that bigotry and ignorance prevailed in both cases.
From the Paper
"The fourth law was "to avoid the foul stench which the bodies of the dead give off they have provided and ordered that any ditch in which a dead body is to be buried must be dug under ground to a depth of 2 1/2 braccia by the measure of the city of Pistoia" ("Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe"). The fifth law "provided and ordered that no person of whatever condition or status or authority shall dare or presume to return or to carry to the city of Pistoia any dead body in or out of a casket or in any manner"("Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe"). There were 25 ordinances passed to protect the citizens from the spread of the plague. Unlike in some areas, where bigotry and superstition was the rule, most of the laws were based on common sense. The laws did prevent the spread of the Plague into Pistoia, which is a miracle considering the fate of Florence."
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Bubonic Plague, 1993.
A look at the cause, transmission, history, major pandemics and current status of the bubonic plague.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Most people associate bubonic plague with the dreaded "Black Death" epidemic which took place in Europe during the fourteenth century. However, although they are comparatively rare, cases of bubonic plague still occur sporadically in various parts of the world today, including the United States (McEvedy, 1988, p. 118). One of the most characteristic symptoms of the plague is a "bubo," a large growth on the body caused by the swelling of a lymph gland. Buboes usually appear on the groin, neck, or armpit of the victim (Forgotten, but not gone, 1989, p. 84). Other possible symptoms of bubonic plague include: "shivering, fever, vomiting, headache, giddiness, intolerance to light, pain in the abdomen, back, and limbs, insomnia, apathy, and delirium" (Matossian, 1989, p. 48). The plague also causes hemorrhaging under the skin, which results in black splotches appearing on the..."
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The Bubonic Plague, 2002.
This paper gives the history, biological explanation, and outlook on the disease. Diagrams included.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper covers the history of the epidemic of the bacterium that came to be known as the bubonic plague. It begins in 540 A.D., with the first record of its occurrence, and continues to show its from the Mediterranean throughout Europe and Asia. The plague's spread to England in the 1600s led to the first autopsies being conducted and began the search for a cause and cure to this disease. It has virtually been eliminated in our lifetime with only isolated cases occurring, although, there are now fears that it can be isolated and used as a bio-weapon by terrorists in today's world.
From the Paper
"Despite of what is thought, the bubonic plague did not end in medieval times. It has kept killing people all the way until today. The next big outbreak after the one in 1665 was in China in 1894. It then spread west to Bombay, India, and in that the time it took to do that the disease killed millions of people. The next couple of decades after that outbreak, scientists were able to identify and classify the disease and its history. However it could at times be difficult for the scientists because symptoms of the bubonic plague often resembled those of other diseases common in the hot climate of the jungles in India."
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The Plague, 2008.
Examines new types of plagues and the persistent problem of the historical plague in contemporary times.
3,170 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses primarily on "the" plague, which caused thousands of deaths throughout Europe during the 6th and 14th centuries and which currently remains a public health problem. In addition, the author discusses six modern plagues, such as the west Nile virus and AIDS. The author describes the three types of traditional plague, as well as the treatment, locations, control and preventative medication for plagues. The author also reviews the use of the plague as a biological weapon.
Table of Contents:
From the Past to the Future
A Purported Persistent Problem
"Strange New Disease"
West Nile Virus
Six Modern Plagues
Mad Cow Disease
HIV/AIDS
Hantavirus
Lyme
New Strain of Salmonella
Contributing Causes of "Modern Plagues" Considered
The Plague, per se
Three Forms of Plague
Bubonic Plague
Septicemic Plague
Pneumonic Plague
Treatment Regime
Plague around the World
Control Considerations
Preventative Medication
Plague as a Biological Weapon?
From the Paper
"A confirmed plague diagnosis triggers reporting requirements to certain health departments, including the Centers for Disease Control, which in turn, reports plague incidents to the World Health Organization. Diagnostic tests to confirm plague include: a complete blood count, a urinalysis, arterial blood gas, peripheral smear looking for Y pestis coccobaccilus, gram stain, cultures of blood, sputum, and bubo aspirate, chest radiography, specialized diagnostic testing, a F1 antigen rapid diagnostic test, Y pestis fluorescent antibody stain, and a Y pestis fluorescent antibody titer."
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Plague in the Modern Era, 2008.
This paper gives a thorough overview of the plague, including it's history, transmission, forms, symptoms and preventions in the Modern era.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the plague, stating that the "Black Death" that gripped Medieval Europe was not the first reported incident of a plague epidemic, which was actually first recorded in AD 541. The paper also talks about the causes of these mass epidemics, which modern scientists now understand as being the living conditions in Medieval Europe, including overcrowded conditions and a lack of hygiene. However, as the paper analyzes, plagues are still found in modern times because the plague could be transmitted by almost any mammal, since fleas are pests that plague almost every mammal species. Specifically, this paper looks into the different transmission avenues of the plague virus, as well as the three different forms of the plague: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague and the symptoms of each. Furthermore, treatment regimes, geographic areas of infection and prevention techniques are discussed in this paper. All references for this paper are contained in the footnotes provided.
From the Paper
"The treatment regime is the same, regardless of the type of plague involved. When plague is suspected, the patient is to be immediately isolated. A suspected plague diagnosis can be made from a combination of symptoms and risk factors. The risk factors include living in an area of known plague foci, contact with sick animals (including employment as a veterinarian or in a similar position), wilderness activity, fleabite, or recent plague in the community. Furthermore, a plague diagnosis triggers reporting requirements to certain health departments, including the Centers for Disease Control. The Centers for Disease Control reports plague incidents to the World Health Organization. Laboratory tests can confirm a plague diagnosis. Diagnostic tests include: a complete blood count, a urinalysis, arterial blood gas, peripheral smear looking for Y pestis coccobaccilus, gram stain, cultures of blood, sputum, and bubo aspirate, chest radiography, specialized diagnostic testing, a F1 antigen rapid diagnostic test, Y pestis fluorescent antibody stain, and a Y pestis fluorescent antibody titer."
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Black Plague, 2007.
An analysis of the contribution of the Black Plague to the end of feudalism in Europe.
1,747 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the causes and effects of the Black Plague or the Black Death, as it was known to Europeans (or formerly known as the Bubonic Plague). It describes the nature of the Black Plague and its effects on individuals and communities. The paper then discusses how the Black Plague contributed to the end of feudalism in Europe.
From the Paper
"Europeans in the middle ages tended to be superstitious in their religious beliefs. As they searched for something or someone to blame for the wrath of the plague, all of their praying and blind faith did not protect them from being infected. Comets, earthquakes, astrological configurations and the sin of humankind were all examined as possible causes. Interestingly, as Christians watched as their cardinals, bishops, priests and other clergy fall dead, just as vulnerable as anyone else, the religious strength of the feudal structure began to decline, as well. It is thought that these events may have ignited the Protestant Reformation (Uretsky)."
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"The Plague", 1999.
A concise overview of Albert Camus's purpose in writing "The Plague".
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Albert Camus's "The Plague", a tale about a small town?s struggle with the infection of bubonic plague and the way in which they deal with this affliction. As well as being a well-written tale of natural calamity, the author, Albert Camus, also wrote ?The Plague? as an allegory for Germany?s occupation of France during the Second World War. It shows how, in this allegory, Camus uses many symbols to represent occurrences involving this invasion. It also analyzes how Camus had several purposes for writing this novel; firstly, he wished to document his perspective of Germany?s attack on France, and secondly, he wished to provide some warnings to humanity regarding the good and evil and correct and incorrect reactions in disastrous situations.
From the Paper
"If Albert Camus had documented his opinions on the French government?s management of the German invasion, he surely would have been persecuted. Instead, he created an allegory where he used symbols which paralleled with realistic events. The first of these important symbols were the rats which suddenly appeared on the streets of Oran symbolising Germany?s unexpected invasion of France. The next symbol was the serum used to combat the plague which, when eventually arriving in Oran, was too little, too late. This symbolises France?s own need to call for reinforcements, but upon arrival, they were too little, too late. The final, important symbol can be seen in Camus? portrayal of the Prefect. During the outset of the Plague, Dr. Rieux called for strict measures to be taken. However, the Prefect and his advisors did not want to believe that their town was infected by the plague and delayed any action which would ensure against mass infection."
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The Black Plague, 2008.
This paper looks at the history of the Black Plague.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that throughout history the Black Plague has emerged in some societies and then laid dormant, only to become active again, killing massive numbers of populations. The writer points out that primarily carried by rats and the fleas that feed from them, the Black Plague has been cited as existing in a growing number of cases in modern times, although its roots began centuries earlier. The writer notes that there have been several pandemics of the Black Plague, which is the most devastating infection that the world has ever known. The writer maintains that statistics indicate that the Black Plague still exists and is increasing in the numbers of the population that it kills each year. The writer concludes that it is for this reason society, medical science and those that lead nations must begin to act on the plague in order to save millions more within societies today and in the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Beginning of the Plague
Emergence
Affects on Society
How it Spread
Second Mass Occurrence
Origins
Countries it Impacted
Affects on Society
New Types
London
Appearance in London
How it Impacted Society
How it Ended
Modern Society
Existence of the Plague in the 20th Century
Existence of the Plague in Modern Society
Statistics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the 1300s the Black Plague emerged in Asia and quickly spread throughout Europe and once again in Italy. This pandemic was directly related to the trade that existed between these countries, as it followed the waterways that carried goods from one port to another. In this pandemic the plague was capable of taking in excess of 20 million lives and adversely impacted all civilizations that it spread to. This occurred through the inability of farmers to harvest their crops and workers to produce goods that were required to maintain businesses. Bishop contends that the affect of the plague on the populations where it existed included families abandoning their children, physicians refusing to care for patients and the Catholic Church proclaiming massive forgiveness for all who died because of the lack of clergy to hear the confessions of the dead."
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"Blindness" and "The Plague", 2002.
A study of the theme of plagues in "Blindness" by Jose Saramago and "The Plague" by Albert Camus.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how there is great similarity in the stories, "Blindness" by Jose Saramago and "The Plague" by Albert Camus, both which deal with different types of plagues. The plague by Camus is similar to the black plague, spread by rats. In "Blindness" the white blindness starts with an unnamed man simply called the motorist who becomes blind driving into town. The paper shows how both books offer character studies of people caught or trapped in a situation from which there seems no escape.
From the Paper
"The children in both Blindness (the little girl) and in the Plague represent innocence caught up in madness. In both stories the madness is caused by a disease but it is the break down of society that is the real story. Without the constraints of society and laws people revert back to their lowest forms, like animals on the hunt for survival. Only the children are innocent and without guile. They are caught in a situation they don't understand. They are the true victims in both stories because there is nothing they can do to help themselves. They can't become a hero like the doctor's wife and the doctor in the Plague. They can't save themselves like Cottard with his evil machinations. They are both left to the vagaries of fate with their only hope in others."
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The Black Plague of the 14th Century, 2005.
An historical study on life in the Middle Ages during the Black Plague of the 14th century.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how the peasant classes would have had a difficult time tolerating the aristocratic and religious classes that ruled over them. The paper further examines how, by abandoning the peasants in the cities and finding retreats in the countryside as the only solution to solving the problem of the plague, the theocratic feudal monarchy only exacerbated the problem. The paper discusses how, without a stable society to develop technologies and sciences to study the disease, there was no realistic solution to the terror and anger peasants would have felt. The paper concludes that communities could only hope for the plague to stop through the mercy of God.
From the Paper
"In this historical study the issue of the plague will be examine from the viewpoint of a peasant that lives within the 14th century. By taking a European example of how life during the Black Plague took its toll on the poor and helpless, one can realize how the institutions of the feudal aristocracy and the Roman Catholic Church have further devastated the land. In essence, the anger and resentment of the local peasant classes would have caused revolt and extreme poverty due to the inefficient economic and military political conditions beneath a theocratic monarchal system. A peasant in the 14th century would have an extremely difficult life, since there were few social institutions that would have rallied to help fight the Black Plague that came in the middle of century."
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Black Plague, 2007.
This paper discusses the Black Plague and its related effects.
2,422 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Black Plague was a most devastating epidemic, which occurred in Europe between 1347 and 1350 and wiped out a third to a half of Europe's population. The writer looks at three different ways in which the plague was spread. The writer points out that it affected up to 30,000 of the 70,000 population of London in just two years from the start of the spread. The writer also maintains that England's population of 5 to 6 million before the plague must have been reduced by 2 million deaths by the plague. Further, the writer discusses that the enormous population loss from the deaths had great social and economic consequences and looks at the economic effects caused by the Plague.
From the Paper
"Even touching the clothing of any material or object they touched would transmit the disease. Those un-infected decided the take the only radical option of entirely avoiding the sick and everything they owned or had contact with. Others thought that living moderately and avoiding extravagance would protect them. They thus formed small communities separately from the infected ones or in isolation in houses where only the un-infected lived. They ate only the best foods and drank the best wines and lived in temperance. They refrained from news or discussion of death and sickness and spent their time in music and other pleasures. Others, however, thought that the only and sure cure for the plague was to enjoy, drink and to be merry. The feeling of damnation prevailed in them so they decided to live each in pleasure, visiting taverns, drinking immoderately and visiting other people's houses. Observation of human authority and divine laws ceased in them and duties were neglected. However, there were others who chose the middle way. They did not restrict their food and drink, did not get drunk or to please the senses. They did not isolate themselves from others, especially the sick but did their usual chores and businesses."
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Plague in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, 2007.
A discussion on how the responses to the plague in medieval and early modern Europe can be best characterized as early examples of the operation of disciplinary power.
2,291 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Michel Foucault's contention of the plague as a historical phenomenon, out of which a controlling, intrusive and discursively powerful form of modern rule emerged in Europe. The paper relates that, from a retrospective look at the responses to the plague in mediaeval and early modern Europe, it is tempting to conclude that the responses represented clear early examples of disciplinary power in action. Moreover, plague regimes appear to have been interventionist, controlling and totalizing. The paper then explains that this view leads to a distorted understanding of power as all-encompassing when, in reality, it was anything but. The paper concludes that it would be historically inaccurate to leave the impression that these plague regimes were omnipotent, for the simple reason that the enforcement of power was a messy, contested and negotiated process. There is also a limit to seeking examples of disciplinary power in a past period that Foucault himself did not necessarily see as completely emblematic of his theory.
Outline:
Introduction
Power as Interventionist and Controlling
Power as Limited and Hyped
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Certainly England did eventually move towards a continental style of control. But this move, instigated under the rule of Charles I, was quickly abandoned following the outbreak of the Civil War. (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.100) Even if this plan had been carried out by the Crown, which had by and large succeeded in setting up pest houses throughout the rest of the kingdom, London would surely have resisted, for it rejected a system of pest houses in favour of continuous home quarantine, which obviated the need for "an extensive and expensive system of workers". (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.126) More significantly, London insisted on relying upon local and national charities as well as normal taxation to fund measures to cope with the plague rather than resort to a special plague tax that would have made the victims of disease wholly dependent on the benevolence of the state - to this extent inhabitants were not subject to the totalizing power of the state. (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.126) "
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?The Plague?, 2005.
A review of the book "The Plague" by Albert Camus.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how "The Plague" follows the life of Dr. Bernard Rieux through a tragic epidemic when a plague hits a town. It looks at how the story is told in the first and third person narrative by Dr. Rieux, the narrator, who tells of his experiences dealing with the plague and of how other people have dealt with the ordeal. It also discusses how the people in the story all cope with the extreme situation in a variety of ways such as denial, anger, bargaining, and finally acceptance to what was happening.
From the Paper
"Cottard breaks into the story by trying to hang himself. Joseph Grand, who lived next door to Cottard, discovered what he tried to do to himself and phoned the doctor. Rieux came over as quick as possible and examined Cottard. After he determined Cottard to be ok they went up to his room apartment. Dr. Rieux noticed something on the door in red chalk which read, "Come in, I've hanged myself" (Camus 18). Right away you get the feeling that Cottard is either trying to escape something or he is trying to plead for help. This all happens before the plague starts and the reader will learn Cottard is all alone, meaning he has somewhat shut himself out from the world, and is afraid of something."
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Romanticism in 'The Plague', 2006.
This paper discusses the theme of romanticism in 'The Plague' by Albert Camus.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines how "The Plague" emphasizes direct expression of feelings and resistance to oppression and presents the notion of human suffering as a cultural movement, which correlate to the definition of romanticism. This paper describes in detail the methods in which Camus uses to portray the themes of exile and separation, ideas embodied within the characters of the work who are exiled or separated from their true loves. The writer concludes that Albert Camus demonstrates much sympathy toward the plight of romanticism in his work "The Plague".
Introduction
Romanticism and 'The Plague'
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Mankind's exposure to oppression and willingness to fight back against oppression in "The Plague" are also indicative of Camus' sympathy toward Romanticism. Much of the oppression felt by the characters in Camus work is their inability to be with those they love. The physical separation experienced by many is felt by all of the citizens affected by the pestilence, perhaps more so than the actual deaths resulting from the disease itself. Rieux and Joseph Grand for example, are examples of characters in the work that are oppressed by lost love and saddened that they are unable to recapture that which was once shared with their loved ones easily or readily. Many find that their memories keep them from falling deep into their oppression however, hence use their memories to fight back against the oppression that the pestilence brings. This is evidenced by Rambert for example, who claims that love is worth living and dying for and memories can help fight back if people do not become paralyzed by them."
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