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Patterns of Colonial Expansion in the Sixteenth Century., 2002.
Two greatest seaborne Empires of Europe - Spain and Portugal are compared especially with regards to their involvement in the New World.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the differences between the patterns of Spain and Portugal's conquest and colonization of the New World attributed not to intrinsic differences between nations but to coincidental factors and the concerns of the Portuguese with their 'Old World Empire.'
From the Paper
"The differing patterns of colonisation and exploitation between the powers of Spain and Portugal can be largely attributed to circumstantial and geographical factors encountered. In order to progress to an analysis of the differences visible in the 16th century, the patterns manifest must be disclosed. Firstly, it must be understood that the colonisation and exploitation of the New World was largely the affair of the Spanish, following the discovery made by Columbus in 1493. Whilst Portugal, as dictated by the Line of Demarcation, laid claim to the coastline of Brazil, it failed to encourage colonisation and conquest to any great extent before the 1530s; thus accounting for the phase 1500-30 being dubbed by McAlister as the ?period of neglect.? This was instigated not by indolence on the part of the Portuguese, but primarily by the fact that their ?Old World Empire? called upon the finite quantities of resources and manpower available to a country with a population estimated at little more than one million inhabitants, and secondarily by the difficulties posed by the environmental features of Brazil itself and the circumstances within which Cabral made his discovery. The Spanish therefore dominated the exploration, conquest and colonisation of America during the 16th century, so that by the 1560s the major civilisations of the New World and valuable lands found therein lay beneath an Imperial power. Post 1530, however, the Portuguese sought to exploit the potentials of Brazil more fully - the reasons for their lack of success in contrast to the Spanish encourages a comparative approach in trying to explain the varying patterns of colonisation and exploitation found within the Americas during the 16th century. What will emerge is the hypothesis that there were abundant similarities between the Spanish and Portuguese states which far outweighed the differences - indeed the largest difference appeared to be simply, but importantly, one of size. This places pressure upon the historian to seek an explanation to account for the differing patterns to be seen in the New World in terms of the inter-related processes of exploration, conquest and colonisation. The answer is to be found in the circumstances, conditions, and contexts faced by the Portuguese and the Spanish. In this light extrinsic factors, often not subject to an initial state manipulation, were responsible for the patterns of colonisation and nature of conclusions evident in the Americas."
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"The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century", 2005.
This paper reviews, in detail Roland H. Bainton's survey text "The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century" in which he presents its leaders, movements, creeds and historical settings.
3,520 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Roland H. Bainton's in "The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century" examines the conditions which caused the irrevocable contravene between Luther and the Church and its consequence for 16th century Europe. The author points out the exceptional value of the forward section by Jaroslav Pelikan. The paper states that the book is well written, easy to understand and has many historical facts such as specific details about the Diet of Worms, the institution of the Holy Commonwealth of Geneva, Henry VIII's break with Rome and William the Silent's great effort for Dutch Freedom.
From the Paper
"The medieval church entered into a different phase and experienced a lot of changes in the 16th century. This change was due since the 15th century. The Pentecostal church is said to have been responsible to conserve the three great spiritual reforms, Lutheran, Wesleyan and Pentecostal. All these revival movements were helpful to bring back to light the various Christian experiences that had disappeared since the early times of the church. This reformation started with the Lutheran Reformation of the sixteenth century. Martin Luther became one of the most famous German Augustinians. In 1506, he joined the Augustinian community in the German town of Erfurt and he also took his first vows there."
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Paintings from the Sixteenth Century, 2002.
A review of two sixteenth century paintings, "Judith with the Head of Holofernes of Attributed" and "Lucretia of Joos Van Cleve".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the two paintings form the sixteenth century. They will be "Judith with the Head of Holofernes of Attributed",(1537) and "Lucretia of Joos Van Cleve"(1525) Extra requirements: these two works are from the California palace of Legion of Honor in San Francisco, and will described here.
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Dance in the Sixteenth Century, 2007.
This paper discusses the changes in the practice of dancing during the Renaissance period.
1,148 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that during the Renaissance period, dance acquired a great importance both as a social practice and as an emerging art in the form of ballet. The paper relates that this period is very important in the history of dance because it marked the beginning of women's participation in dancing activities. The paper notes that the choreography of the various types of dances reflected the main ethical principles of the Renaissance society and thus transformed dancing from a merely physical exercise to an artistic practice that was highly educative.
From the Paper
"During the Renaissance period, dance acquired a great importance both as a social practice and as an emerging art, in the form of ballet. The main dance treatises that appeared during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by music masters such as Guglielmo Ebreo of Pesaro, Thoinot Arbeau and Fabritio Caroso contained descriptions of the types of social dances and ballets with their respective choreographies, drawings, musical excerpts and dance tablatures. Such treatises like Ebreo of Pesaro's On the Practice or Art of Dancing or Arbeau's Orchesographie are not only guiding manuals for dancing, but also good documentary sources for the ethics, aesthetics and social etiquette specific to the sixteenth century."
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Carlo Ginzburg's "The Cheese and the Worms", 2005.
This paper reviews historian Carlo Ginzburg's book "The Cheese and the Worms: the Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller", which provides a rare view into the religious and philosophical beliefs of lower class Christendom during the sixteenth century.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in Carlo Ginzburg's "The Cheese and the Worms: the Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller", the miller Menocchio, who was charged with heresy in Italy at the age of fifty-two, and then again fifteen years later, is a tale of class conflict and how the tension between the classes in the sixteenth century was influenced by the Protestant Reformation. The author points out that this period was a tumultuous time, both socially and religiously, because of the emergence in Europe of the middle class as illustrated by Menocchio's raise from the peasant tradition to become a moderately wealthy miller. The paper states that the case of Menocchio can be seen as a reaction to an oppressive ruling class, which was unique because of the new influence of literature on lower society and because it was one of the first times that a poor, self-taught individual dared to stand-up to the ecclesiastical order on the basis of logic.
From the Paper
"Still, many people in Menocchio's social position were unable to read or write as well as he could. And certainly, very few people in his time, who were exposed to the writings in his library, reached the same conclusions he rested upon. Yet "this distinctiveness had very definite limits. As with language, culture offers to the individual a horizon of latent possibilities-a flexible and invisible cage in which he can exercise his own conditional liberty." (Ginzburg, xx). This too, is hard to deny-an individual may be considered uncommon within his culture, but it is difficult to separate him from his culture completely. So, although Menocchio held many unusual beliefs, these beliefs cannot be removed from the context they came out of. "
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American Colonial Settlement, 2002.
A brief historical and geographical view of colonial America.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the settlement patterns of colonial America developed for more than a century before tensions with Britain heightened to the point where the colonists sought independence through the violence of revolution. It discusses how not all of the colonists were British by any means, although they did predominate. It discusses how the settlement patterns showed heavy settlement up and down the Atlantic coast, with inroads for a few hundred miles and even further towards the Mississippi River. It also looks at how the different regions had different economic strengths.
From the Paper
"The settlement of North America covered thousands of miles of coastline and islands. The different regions were settled by different groups, often with different religious backgrounds, such as the Puritans of New England or the Catholics in Maryland. Different European groups were also involved, with many being British, with the Dutch settled on the Hudson in New York, with the French to the North and the Spanish to the South. In the first few decades after settlement, the North-South divide began to develop with the line between Massachusetts and Carolina. This involved class as well as geographical differences as the North in New England consisted of an all-class, mobile, and fluctuating society, with an irresistible upward movement pushed by an ethic of hard work. This colony was also religious, idealistic, and frugal to the core. In the South there developed a gentry-leisure class which existed because of the use of indentured white laborers and a multitude of black slaves. religion in the South was a function of gentility and class rather than of an overpowering inward compulsion to live the godly life, as was evident in the North."
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19th Century Canadian Demographic Expansion, 2002.
Traces the demographic expansion of Canada in the course of the 19th century by reflecting on the patterns of economic, political and social development of the same period.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Canada was not settled at a smooth and gradual rate. Geographical diversity and overwhelming size ensured that the process was a sporadic and impetuous one. This paper will attempt to smooth the uneven demographic expansion of Canada during the 19th century in light of the prevailing economic, political and social patterns and provide insight onto its occurrence.
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Absolutism in 17th Century Europe, 2005.
This paper discusses the origins and history absolutism in 17th century Europe.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the growth of the absolute monarchy, referred to as the Age of Absolutism, beginning during the reign of Louis XIV and ending with the French Revolution, was the origin of the modern state. The author points out that absolutism was largely motivated as a solution to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, such as the Reformation that led to a series of violent and cruel religious and civil wars, leaving thousands of innocents died. The paper relates that, during the seventeenth century, monarchs attained power and authority that were unprecedented, leading historians to use the term "absolutism" to describe these political systems; however, other historians argue that the term is misleading because neither the ambitions of the monarchs nor the results constituted political absolutism.
From the Paper
"From appearance of nation-states in Europe during the middle of the millennium until the latter half of the twentieth century is, it seemed probably that some form of absolutism would be the dominant pattern for the most powerful and successful of those states. The triumph of societies based upon limited forms of government over their absolutist rivals is one of the most surprising and significant developments of the millennium. By 1715, Paris had become one of the greatest cities in Europe, whereas a century before, it was still very much a medieval town."
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Object-Oriented Design Patterns, 2002.
This paper presents a method, in object-oriented computer programming, to establish more structured and flexible sets of reusable solutions which is called design patterns.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that object-oriented programming, a widely used and popular approach in software design and development, has the capability of presenting solutions, which are flexible and applicable in a variety of applications. The author relates that design patterns are reusable object components that can support diverse application development needs, providing readily available solutions even to complex programming problems. This paper explains 8 design patterns. Illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Design Patterns
Iterator
Software Factory Pattern
Singleton Pattern
Composite Pattern
Flyweight Pattern
Proxy Pattern
Facade Pattern
Observer Pattern
From the Paper
"The practice of considering the proper elements of a good software design patterns plays an essential role to an easy development and maintenance of applications and systems. A good software design pattern provides a well-engineered architecture of programming commands and procedures in which the solution it brings encapsulates the universal solution of the problem it covers, thereby, making it a standard and applicable component to other software development tasks. A real design pattern also should allow the possibility of a community of developers to either fully utilize the same pattern or use the pattern as a solution reference applied with minimal changes."
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Colonial America, 2004.
This paper discusses key issues of the economy of colonial America.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, prior to 1750, capitalistic practices and values were not central to the lives of North American colonists, who primarily were farmers. Most of the output from farmers was not for sale in the market, but, rather, was for family or local consumption. The author points out that there were two distinct growth spurts during the colonial period. The first and more rapid economic spurt occurred in each colonial region during the time of settlement, and the second spurt was during the 1740s and lasted to the Revolution. The paper relates that the American colonists issued the first paper money of any government in the Western world; the Massachusetts Bay Colony issued paper money in 1690, which were called ?bills of public credit? and ?bills of credit? and, by 1712, seven more colonies followed suit.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Short Chronology of Early / Initial Colonial Economic Development
The Literature on America?s Colonial Economy
What was the Rate of Economic Growth in the Colonies?
Legislation Promoting Manufacturing; Natural Resources Available to Colonies
Indentured Servitude as Part of the Colonial Economy
Slavery in the Colonial Period
Taxation in the Colonies
Taxation of Maritime Business
The Sugar Act ? a New Kind of ?Tax? ? and its Ramifications
How Businessman Thomas Hancock Coped with Chaos in Colonial Currencies
From the Paper
"In May, 1607, colonists land at Jamestown, Virginia, but starvation and disease reduce the original 105 settlers to only 32, according to "The Almanac of American History". However, in 1608, new provisions arrive and a self-supporting project of raising corn is instituted ? likely the first economic development in the colonies. Those same early Jamestown settlers brought skills at glassmaking with them and produce crafts, including beads, which are used in trade with Native Americans. Also in 1608, the London Company sends glass experts to Jamestown to build glass furnaces for future production (32). Jamestown?s Captain John Smith learns how to cultivate corn from the Indians; he plants 40 acres of corn, which helps avoid continuing starvation problems, and leads to an industry of agriculture."
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Virginia and Maryland in Colonial Times, 2006.
Examines Gloria L. Main's "Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720" and Edmund S. Morgan's "American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia".
2,957 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
There are numerous books available for researching the colonial period of American history. Each takes a different aspect or view of early life in the colonies and is supported by vast numbers and types of sources. The two books that are the focus of this paper attempt to illustrate the life and the development of Colonial Virginia and Maryland. The paper shows that both authors use a topical organizational pattern to frame their thoughts. The two writers diverge however when it comes to sources. Main ("Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720") makes extensive use of inventory and probate records, court proceedings, statutes, governmental documents and previously published works. She also uses an abundance of statistics. The paper shows that Morgan ("American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia") relies more on journal articles and books to support his statements. Any statistical evidence he uses is isolated in the appendix where it is less distracting to the reader. Main's focus is toward "human interest" subjects (i.e. clothing styles, house furnishings); Morgan deals with issues and ideas. The paper argues that both books are excellent and present a wealth of information about the colonial era.
From the Paper
"During the depression years, both colonies made attempts to limit tobacco production and stabilize prices. Virginia's assembly proposed several methods to achieve its goals, but without cooperation from the neighboring colonies, success was elusive. Although Morgan recounts limited cooperation between the colonies that resulted in a prohibition on tobacco planting, Main's story is different. She relates that the two colonies never succeeded through cooperation to suppress tobacco production. Main tells of this problem in one short paragraph ; Morgan spends pages detailing the various actions taken by the Virginia Assembly. It appears that Main did not see inter-colonial dealing as important, but Morgan researched the point thoroughly."
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?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity?, 2004.
An analysis of traditional and modern societies during the European expansion, through a review of ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? written by S. N. Elsenstadt.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines modernism in Europe and the rise of socialism in non-Western societies. The paper reviews S. N. Elsenstadt's ?European Expansion and the Civilization of Modernity? and discusses Elsenstadt?s arguments regarding the changes in the European expansion in non-Western societies, from being modernist to socialist, even traditionalist, societies. The paper argues that the retardation of modernism in non-Western societies is not exactly the abrupt stoppage of the European expansion.
From the Paper
"?European expansion and the civilization of modernity? by S. N. Elsenstadt provides a through discussion and analysis of the dynamics concerning the European expansion, centering in particular on its effects in non-Western or Asian societies. Tracing the history of the European expansion from the emergence of industrialization to the development of capitalism in Western societies, the author seeks to determine what caused the seemingly contradicting development of the so-called ?expansionist? movement of modernization in Europe. That is, instead of spreading modernization and capitalism in Asian societies, what occurred was the rise of socialism, which is a new form of society that overturns the basic premises of capitalism-in effect, modernization."
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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Expansion, 2002.
Examination of how the geographic expansion in the West had more costs than benefits and a comparison of this to the expansion of the East.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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This paper discusses economic and geographic expansion during the Gilded Age and how it shaped America into what it is today. It also examines the issue of western expansion and the role it played, along with the annexing of the Native Americans of the land. Shows how the expansion on both sides brought with them stronger job markets.
From the Paper
"The economic and geographic expansion of the United States during the Gilded Age was one of the defining events that shaped the country into what it is today. By examining the geographic expansion in the west, analyzing its costs and benefits, and then looking at the economic expansion in the east and analyzing its costs and benefits, it can be seen that the cost of expansion outweighed any benefits which may have been accrued, and that the Progressive response, while a step in the right direction, was not enough. On a scale of one (cost) to ten (benefit), expansion can receive nothing higher than a four."
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?Race and Family in the Colonial South?, 2004.
This paper discusses ?Race and Family in the Colonial South?, a volume of papers from a 1986 University of Mississippi conference on colonial American.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ?Race and Family in the Colonial South?, a collection of six essays, is mainly concerned with asking questions and offering theories about what was distinctly ?Southern? about the colonial South in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author points out that each essay provides a distinct view of the colonial South, while staying true to the books overall goal to explore the nature of race and family and the way they interacted prior to the Revolution. The paper states that ?Race and Family ?does not seek to criticize this era of America history"; instead, its goal is to provide a fuller explanation of the region and its agricultural, political, racial, and economic diversity.
From the Paper
"In an analysis of family in the 17th century, Daniel Blake Smith highlights some of the unique characteristics of southern family life. His essay, ?In Search of the Family in the Colonial South,? discusses the fact that families were often transitory and short-lived during this era. He also stresses the importance of family life in the colonial South in terms of politics and asks historians to delve deeper into the real differences between northern and southern families of the time instead of relying on simple generalizations."
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Tycho Brahe and 16th Century Astronomy, 2003.
Examines the influence of Tycho Brahe on astronomy during the Renaissance.
2,364 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
Throughout the course of scientific inquiry, many great men and women have influenced scientific thought. Although their theories don't always agree with one another, their observations are important as they lead to further examination and observations of the natural world. During the great period of history known as the Renaissance, new insights into the universe and stars that surrounded the Earth influenced man's thought as to his position in the World. One such great scientist, an astronomer by the name of Tycho Brahe examined and observed the motions of the planets and stars during the Sixteenth Century. His theories of the Earth's position correspond with those of the religious and scientific ideas of the Renaissance. By studying his life, this paper shows how his method of analysis was influenced by the paradigms of scientific thought during the Renaissance. In addition, this paper shows that Brahe's observations influenced many astronomers and their research at that time and penetrated deeper to influence future astronomers in addition to scientists in other fields.
From the Paper
"In early 1571, Brahe returned to his birth-home where he was called due to his father's illness. After his father died on May 9, 1571, Tycho shared a large inheritance and lordship with his elder brother. He didn't stay long, however, and soon moved to Herrevad where his uncle Steen promised to install a small observatory for Tycho17. On November 11, 1572, in this small observatory, Tycho discovered a new star in Cassiopeia. He continued to observe gradual changes of magnitude of this star during its appearance which lasted sixteen months18. Changing the paradigms of astronomical thought during the Sixteenth century, Tycho proved that it was not a meteor, but instead a real star which was within a region of fixed stars at the end of space."
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