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Patriarchy, Capitalism and Women, 2006.
The paper explores the relationship between patriarchy, capitalism and women.
1,242 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that males have dominated history as the major key players and that this continues in the present. The writer states that the submissiveness and powerlessness of women has always put them in a situation of greater economic, social and political exploitation. The writer posits that there are complex reasons for this, and that it may be because of the way that most societies have created a woman's image and how this image evolves from the vantage point of male-centered thinking. The paper discusses how gender affects the workplace and how the employers use gender to control their employees. The paper explains that Marxist theorists have always seen women as oppressed by capitalist society and the bourgeois family. The writer notes that in some areas, women have made enormous progress, however, few organizations have women in leadership positions with the power to implement changes necessary for future equality. In conclusion, the writer states that the key to equality in the workplace depends on the demands of the employers and the government, on the employees.
From the Paper
"The material basis of patriarchy (the control over women's labor) allows men to control women's access to productive resources. The capacity to bear children allows women to reproduce patriarchal social relations, including intergenerational male-female relationships. It is through this 'familial socialization' process that the partnership between patriarchy and capitalism is legitimated. In effect, this enables the partnership between capitalism and patriarchy to dominate women's labor and sexuality by reinforcing and developing the ideology that rationalizes women's oppression."
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Patriarchy: A Market of Women's Oppression, 2002.
This paper discusses how the concept of "patriarchy" is most certainly a marker of recognition of the independent character of women's oppression.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 111.95
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Abstract
As well, "patriarchy" is the foundation of women's oppression, and neither of the phenomena can be understood without the other. Therefore, embedded in the sad reality that we cannot discuss women's problems without discussing them in relation to men's interests. Also seen is how the women are locked into economic dependency, which is the crucial factor in understanding why women are oppressed. The views of Engel and Marx are used to understand this topic.
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Women and Patriarchy, 2002.
This paper examines how patriarchal structures remain in three important social structures ? marriage, household and family life and in the economy.
2,606 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The first part of the paper compares the marriage practices among the Yanomamo Indians in northern Brazil, the Sherpa people of the Himalayas and the !Kung Sen people of the Kalahari desert. These ethnographic examples were selected because of their geographic and racial diversity.
The second part of the paper examines the gender relations and division of labor within the household, and how such traditional gender structures in the home are being affected by the growing number of women who work outside the home, both by choice and by economic need. The last part of the paper examines women?s participation in the economic sphere outside the home. Since traditional economic measures generally ignore women?s work in the ?informal? economy, this section gives special focus on women whose economic participation is often overlooked, such as the maquiladoras of Mexico and the small vendors and business owners in Jamaica. In the conclusion, the paper teases out how -- despite outward changes such as suffrage and growing educational opportunities for women -- patriarchal norms remain deeply embedded in the social and economic structures all over the world.
From the Paper
"In the United States, most women are free to pick to pick their choice of mates and to enter into marriage agreements. The prevailing view in many developed and Westernized country is to see marriage as a partnership. In many societies around the world, however, marriage is more than a union of two people. Most women do not have a choice regarding their mates. For example, the Yanomamo Indians of northern Brazil use marriage arrangements to forge alliances and to maintain peace within the villages. Most women are expected to marry at a young age, via previous arrangements. Among the Yanomami, only men are allowed to have more than one spouse. A man who successfully obtains several wives ensures that his grandsons will have a wide pool of cross-cousins from which to find a wife (Chagnon, 1997).
Like the Yanomamos, the Sherpas of Nepal have exogamic restrictions governing marriage. Traditional marriages arranged by parents are still the norm. The consent of marriage partners became more important and there are also increasing instances of Sherpas marrying Nepalis from outside the Sherpa community."
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Theories on Patriarchy in "The Creation of Patriarchy", 1999.
A look at the archaeological, historical, and prehistorical evidence that spans 2,500 years of Near East human history that Gerda Lerner uses to build a multicausal theory concerning the development and creation of the existing patriarchal system.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 43.95
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From the Paper
"Within this framework, she does a meticulous and in-depth job of mapping out and defining the progression that at first led to the subordination of women and then later to the subordination of humans that is found in racism, classism, and slavery. By using historical evidence Lerner also shows that female subordination is in fact a historical process and not a natural, biological predisposition of inferiority and following along these lines, the belief that what is created, can be changed."
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?The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?, 2005.
This paper discusses Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", which theorizes on the role of religion in the emergence of capitalism in early modern Europe.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in his seminal work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", Max Weber provided a new perspective of the emergence of capitalism by asserting that what made Europe or the Occident develop into a capitalist economy was because the majority of its people observed the Protestant ethic as their way of life, rationalizing that people's everyday actions are a pre-requisite for a society to develop into a capitalist economy. The author contends that the development of capitalism in early modern Europe was the result not only of Protestantism but also of Catholicism. The paper states that the generalization that religion had become the catalyst for capitalism to flourish in the continent is supported by the fact that religious institutions before and during the onset of capitalism have dominated the socio-political realms of Western societies, leaving no doubt that they also control the economic activities and institutions present in the society.
From the Paper
"Indeed, capitalism is "a very complex system of institutions, highly rational in character and the product of a number of developments peculiar to Western civilization." Those who are unable to adapt to these 'complex systems of institutions' and 'rational character' are bound to be left behind in the process, neither achieving development nor economic success. Moreover, those who are unable to adapt to this system are bound to maintain the "anxiety of not knowing" and "fear of damnation." Thus, in order to be included in the capitalist economic system, one has to integrate himself/herself to these complex systems of institutions through labor and attain a rational character by conducting profit-making activities. Through labor and profit-making activities, one involves in the "spirit of capitalism" and accomplishes what Weber has termed as the Protestant ethic."
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The Evolution of Capitalism, 2007.
An analysis of Maximilian Weber's views on the origins of capitalism, based on his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism."
6,931 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Maximilian Weber's contribution to theories on the development of capitalism. It particularly bases its arguments on Weber's most controversial work, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," written in 1905. The paper discusses Weber's thesis that religion is largely responsible for the different cultures and economic systems of Europe and the Orient.
Table of Contents:
Life Influences
The Connection between Capitalism and Calvinism
Weber vs. Marx
Understanding the Role of Religion
The Junker-Class
The Evolution of the Capital System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a feudal system there are no markets. Goods are produced for the individual's consumption and the rest goes to the nobles and King. The capitalist idea is based on the production of surplus. One takes what they need for their own use and then sells the rest for profit. Technology was its driving force in the production of surplus. Crop rotation helped farmers produce more than they needed and they began to sell their surplus in small town markets (Jupp, 2000). Prior to this system, the people were not allowed to trade, as they were not allowed to have surplus. There were laws that prohibited the pricing and trade of goods. Profit making was defined by the Catholic Church as evil and wrong, yet in the church appeared to be able to engage in this activity without worry."
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"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", 2007.
This paper is a critical review of Max Weber's theory about the relationship of Protestantism and capitalism as presented in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Weber believed that the way of life for Protestants, specifically Calvinism, encouraged the development of western capitalism, which he defined as the pursuit of profit and forever renewed profit. The author points out that Weber identifies two main characteristics of Protestant belief, which encourage the development of Western capitalism: predestination and worldly asceticism. The paper states that Weber indicates that such beliefs create a psychological state of mind, which pressures the Calvinists to lead a successful life, defined in terms of money. The paper relates that some critics argue that it was not religion, which encouraged the development of Western capitalism, but the social exclusion of Protestants from professions; therefore, business offers the Protestants a channel to overcome their persecution. The paper includes quotations.
From the Paper
"Weber found "Occidental" capitalism to be different from the "other" forms in many respects. Firstly, there was a lack of free labor in the "others" system. Secondly, household work and business work were not separated, as in the west. Personnel property was kept apart from corporate property, rational book-keeping techniques were used, and a rational legal and administrative system existed, which Weber believed played a role to limit speculative and opportunistic capitalism. Finally, Weber also acknowledged the role of technical advancement in playing its part to encourage the development of Occidental capitalism."
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Christianity and Capitalism, 2008.
Compares the way that capitalism and Christianity approach the goals needed to develop capitalism.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate the ways that Christianity and Capitalism seek or reject common goals needed to develop capitalism. The paper also discusses the idea of Capitalism as a faith in and of itself. The author of the paper then makes the argument that collectivism/socialism create systems that do not meet the needs of all the people, and also frequently rejects religion out of hand, creating a situation where if needs are not being met no one has any incentive to correct it with charitable works.
From the Paper
"The sheer number of works that expand on and discuss capitalism, as it exists today and as it has evolved though the past, demonstrate a development that could be argued as the development of capitalism as its own brand of religion, rather than purely an economic form. It would seem that the only thing lacking it is a collective place of worship, though there are examples of that very thing in international conferences that further globalization, such as the World Bank and a growing number of Free Trade movements that espouse the virtues of capitalism to thousands of parishioners from all over the world."
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The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, 2008.
A review of the book "The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" written by Daniel Bell in which he presents a picture of the present condition and possible future of Western civilization.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper states that Daniel Bell's " The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" was originally published to critique the dominant American assumption that capitalism promoted individualism. The paper comments that Bell instead believed that capitalism had come to promote standardization and had created corporate bureaucracies as powerful as church or state bureaucracies of the past. The paper continues by relating that Bell also believed that the counter cultural reaction to capitalism was also misguided, as capitalism had begun with the Protestant work ethic, and its spirit of individualistic austerity, puritanism, and freedom from Church institutional authority. The paper concludes that this sense of Protestant freedom and independence had slowly been eradicated, and this value was taken over by the Modernists, and then ineffectually by 'counterculture' as the anti-capitalist youth movement was still called when Bell wrote his work.
From the Paper
"The cultural contradiction of capitalism is that capitalism began as a kind of radical, austere Protestantism, with a heavy emphasis on rejecting the collective Catholic dogma of the past. Protestantism developed a new attitude towards wealth. It stressed pursuing excellence and perfect standards with relentless individualism and drive. But this rigidity made the originally radical notion of capitalism eventually become conservative in terms its morality. This evolved to create the uniform, imposed standards of large corporations and state bureaucracies, including, ironically, the Soviet bureaucracy. In response to what came to be seen as bourgeois values, the cultural beliefs of Modernism began to react against capitalist values and celebrate the function of culture as a kind of misrule, not capitalist order. Capitalistic Protestantism came to deny its original individualistic ethos, and this value of individualism was taken over by artists and anti-capitalism."
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"Death of a Salesman" and Canadian Capitalism, 2008.
An analysis of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" in relation to studies of Canadian capitalism.
1,705 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how Arthur Miller's play of 1949, "Death of a Salesman", offers a strong commentary on capitalism's expectation that all persons can and will participate strongly in a capitalist environment. Related ideas are those of capitalism best serving 'human nature' in an assumption that all human beings are decisive; strongly motivated by acquiring success or belongings, and that conforming to a capitalist system will bring rewards. It discusses how, however, as Miller's "Death of a Salesman" indicates, some personalities are not at all suited to this range of activities and also, how capitalism will always leave behind some persons who for whatever reason cannot compete ably, or cannot summon all of their resources for the very competitive approach that is required. The paper discusses the myth of capitalism, as seen in the play, and looks at how it relates to what is happening in Canada.
Outline:
Introduction
Capitalism as a System and Culture
Capitalism's Dream
More on Markets and Opportunities
From the Paper
"In relation to Canadian capitalism, Phillips identified three ways in which the present system has not pleased or served Canadians in, first, the market's failure to provide a level of social services or other social infrastructure for the best or 'equal' welfare of the people, second, its production of social gaps so large that the cohesion of the society is threatened and may very well collapse in immense differences between the income levels and living experiences of the poor and the 'middle' classes, and third, no mechanism in the market system to guarantee or even just promote full employment and economic growth. (Political Economy 20) In short, Canadian capitalism has become rather like its American counterpart that so worships market forces while indiscriminately ostracizing or just leaving behind one sector and then another. "
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Marx?s Capitalism, 2002.
A discussion of Karl Marx?s theories on capitalism with a focus on the monopolization of capital.
2,850 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the beliefs of Karl Marx, the co-founder of communism and also a philosopher, revolutionary thinker and economist. It shows how he was a student of capitalism and his seminal thoughts on the dominant political economy of his time (and ours) are as relevant today as in the hey days of Soviet communism and its ascendancy in several parts of the world. It shows how his theories about the accumulation of wealth by the capitalist, the ?surplus value? and the monopolistic tendency of the capitalistic economy give us a perspective of capitalism that continues to make the works of Karl Marx relevant in a post-communist twenty-first century.
Outline
A Stage of Social Development
How Does Money Accumulate with the Capitalist?
Where Does the Capitalist Get the Capital in the First Place?
Why does the Laborer work for the Capitalist?
The Big Fish eat the Small Fish
Competition itself Breeds Monopoly
Political Influence of Large Corporations
Constant Improvement
The Rich get Richer
Excess Capacity: Looking for Space
Unemployment in Capitalist Societies: A Deliberate Ploy?
Will Capitalism Continue to Survive?
Constant Improvement
From the Paper
"The Marxist explanation of Capitalism is based on the surplus value provided by the laborer to the capitalist that lets him to accumulate capital and make his profit. The question, however arises that why does the worker work for the capitalist instead of working for himself and keeping the surplus value. Capitalism, by definition is a system in which the producers are the employees and do not have the means to own the equipment and material needed to produce the commodities. Although in certain societies and cases the workers may be forced to offer themselves as labor for the capitalists through coercion, more often than not, the conditions in most capitalist societies are such that the laborers? own equipment and other resources simply cannot compete with those of the capitalist."
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?The Nature and Logic of Capitalism?, 2002.
A review of the book ?The Nature and Logic of Capitalism? by Robert L. Heilbroner.
1,184 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Robert L. Heilbroner, in "The Nature and Logic of Capitalism", struggles with three difficult-to-define words --?nature?, ?logic? and ?capitalism? and comes to some startling, if not revealing, opinions on capitalism. It evaluates his theory that ?nature? is the innate ability or power to create relationships and it wields this ability in a structured ?logic?, the end result, which is a ?regime? known as ?capitalism.? It looks at how he analyzes capitalism not as a ?mere economic system? but as a ?regime.? A ?regime,? indicating a ruling power structure empowered to make and enforce change.
From the Paper
"Heilbroner, acknowledging and confirming Marx, then posits the theory that competition among capitalists, left unchecked, would drive profits to zero. Marx stopped at this point, satisfied with his theories of the challenges of surplus value. Heilbroner takes Marx further by suggesting that Marx?s ?factors of production" (land, labor, capital) are not comparable or equivalent entities and produce wealth only when workers act upon land. That is the ?nature? of the beast. Heilbroner, then, sees the ?logic? of this ?nature? as having several distinctive features. The first was that capitalists, as holders of social power, were independent of the state's control ever the means of production, and over the socializing ?nature? of the state."
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Capitalism, 2007.
This paper discusses the history and modern aspects of capitalism.
1,418 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a definition of capitalism and its central concept of private ownership and the determinations of the labor market. The paper documents the various theories about the history and emergence of capitalism. The paper discusses the contemporary concerns of capitalism that include the question of the relationship of work and labor to the means of production, as well as the way that modern society has been shaped and altered by the capitalistic imperative. The paper concludes that while there are many different forms and variations of modern capitalism, the essential criteria of individuality, private enterprise and the profit motive still remain as the foundations of this dominant economic and social system.
Outline:
The History of Capitalism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The common consensus, however, is that the history of capitalism began with the advent of mercantilism in human history, which originated in Rome and the Middle East, as well as in the early Middle Ages. (The European Enlightenment Glossary: capitalism) Mercantilism is referred to "...as the distribution of goods in order to realize a profit. Goods are bought at one site for a certain price and moved to another site and sold at a higher price.""
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Agricultural and Industrial Capitalism, 2002.
A look at the fundamental differences between agricultural and industrial capitalism.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay will explore how agricultural capitalism is fundamentally different from industrial capitalism. At the same time, it is important to understand the dominance of industrial capitalism on forming many of the economic models in the 19th and 20th century, which brought agricultural capitalism much closer to the mass production/commodity based operation of industrial capitalism.
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Religion and Capitalism, 2002.
An analysis of religion and the rise of capitalism drawing on the opinions of Robert Heilbroner, Karl Polonyi, R.H Tawney and Max Weber.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss, from their influence, Robert Heilbroner, Karl Polonyi, R.H Tawney, and Max Weber, although in different ways, how revolutionary were the changes in Western social relations, attitudes, and values that were brought about by the rise of capitalism and its "spirit" and/or religion. It will also, seek to answer, in this focus, the way that capitalism was created from the spirit of religious beliefs an more correctly so, the Christian help to focus the creation of capitalism on the universal scale that we see it now. This paper will ask: In what ways and to what extent did religion, both Christian and non-Christian (e.g., religions tied to archaic economies of gift), oppose the rise of capitalism? In what ways and to what extent, if any has such opposition been justifiable? In what ways and to what extent did religion foster the rise of capitalism?
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