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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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International Patent Law, 2007.
An examination and comparison of articles relating to international patent law.
8,276 words (approx. 33.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates, analyzes and compares articles regarding the existing obligations or provisions regarding international patent law. It examines those provisions that fall under the Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention and the Rome Convention. It also looks at the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention, the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Implementation Of The Trips Agreement
National And Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
Patent Right Exhaustion: Doha Declaration (Analysis Of Article 6)
TRIPS And Article 7 (Technological Promotion And Public Protection) Health Analysis
General Enforcement Obligations: Analysis Of Article 41
Fair And Equitable Procedures Article 42
Evidence (Article 43)
Article 45: Damages - Comparison and Analysis Related to IP Where Applicable
From the Paper
"The guides existing to allow action that is effective in prevention of infringement state the "the requirement procedures permit 'effective action' speaks to all possible remedies, including civil, administrative and criminal procedures, as well as border measures, customs, tax and communication procedures." Copyright law in countries of optical media product export has proved ineffective in terms of media licensing and "countries have adopted optical media licensing regimes." TRIPS has as an obligation the provision of "effective actions" of infringement upon rights under this Article. It is held that Article 41 when combined with 61 (assumed to be understood as subsumed within the requirements of Article 41" make it a further requirement o countries to make the provision of any remedies "available" and not limited to those that are only within the law. Article 61 obliges countries to make the provision of criminal procedures and penalties "at least in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright privacy.""
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U.S. Patent Law, 1994.
This paper examines the contemporary controversies related to the United States patent system: Impact of technological innovations, economics, competition, public goods, intellectual property, cost and legal barriers and compared to Japanese patent law.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 13 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the contemporary controversies related to the United States patent system. The most significant of these controversies are those related to restrictions that patent holders are allowed to placed on the use of legally protected intellectual property, the economic harm suffered by patent holders as a result of infringements on patents, and the legal life of patents.
... contends that emerging technological innovation (in fields such as biotechnology and information systems) is being hampered by requirements of the existing American patent system. This problem ... "
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China's Patent Law, 2001.
Focus on international policy; Qualcom's CDMA patents, impact of 1992 revisions to law, intellectual property rights.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Until 1984, when the first Patent Law of the People?s Republic of China was passed, the government of China afforded no patent protection to foreigners (Moser and Ho 453). Along with legislation involving trademark, copyright, and intellectual property rights, China?s patent laws have signaled the Republic?s desire to open its doors to new technology transfer (Shan 1). Though, in its original form, China?s Patent Law fell short of international standards, amendments passed in 1992 have brought the law in line with the international community (Global Sources).
Cultural hurdles faced by the government in enforcing the patent protection it affords have been aggressively pursued. The characteristically Chinese concept of technology as a ..."
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German Patent Law, 2003.
Discusses the protection of intellectual property.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Describes the historic position of granting a patent only if the invention was truly new and representative of a technical step forward. Discusses restrictions of the law and modifications made with passage of the 1986 German Utility Model Act.
From the Paper
"German Patent Law reflects a long history in Germany, one whose laws on patents and other forms of protection have been adopted by other countries like Japan. Up until the adoption of the German Utility Model ..."
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Genetic Patenting, 2002.
Examines the ethical controversy of genetic patenting.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
Every since Watson and Crick discovered DNA?s structure in 1953 there has been a mad rush to discover it?s function. The paper explores the discovery of scientist J. Craig Venter, whose groundbreaking system is responsible for locating and sequencing 85-90 percent of all human genes. Venter's discovery led to the National Institute of Health patenting gene fragments and the paper examines the controversy surrounding the issue. It discusses whether DNA, part of the human genome, should be allowed to be patented and also, how the information should be used. The paper also looks at the benefits of making DNA sequencing public property.
From the Paper
"A major concern for many is how new DNA technology can be used against them. In a world full of real or imagined discrimination, genetic discrimination is a looming threat. Nineteen states now have laws governing privacy of genetic tests. Still, 25 percent of the individuals participating in a study at Georgetown University believed they had been discriminated against (Sternberg, 1996). Many Americans may be reason to fear, including those who themselves discriminate. More that 15 million Americans have one or more birth defects, 80 percent of them genetically caused (Cary, 1995). There are diseases numbering greater than 3,000 that are genetically coded (Platt, 1997). Discrimination may be on the job or by insurance companies who refuse to cover an individual based on a pre-existing condition. Martha Volner of the Alliance of Genetic Support Groups feels insurance companies do not need genetic information to discriminate. Enough history both personal and family is given to the insurance agency to negate the use of genetic tests (Sternberg, 1996)."
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Modern Medicine as State or Corporate Medicine, 2007.
This paper asses whether modern medicine is state medicine or corporate medicine, citing examples from British and American history.
1,467 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that the choice between state and corporate medicine is a relatively recent phenomenon. The writer notes that such a luxury sharply contrasts with the historical development of medical care, specifically during the nineteenth century in Britain and America, which sought, through the interventions of the state, to provide for the poor. From such a perspective, then, this essay posits that modern medicine is less about the choice between state and corporate provision than the foundations state medicine essentially helped create from which corporate medicine later benefited.
From the Paper
"Chadwick believed that many of the illness and diseases which inflicted the poor would be lessened or even eradicated. Importantly, the implication of the lawyer's report was that these measures could only be carried out by the state at a time when Britain subscribed to the creed of political economy, which held the laissez-faire state to be a paramount virtue. Yet following Chadwick's report, a Royal Commission on the Health of Towns was set up, which met between 1843 and 1845, leading to Liverpool creating the first sanitary authority in 1846 which spawned similar bodies elsewhere. By the time the Public Health Act of 1848 was passed the important role of the state was set in stone: a central government department was created as the General Board of Health; local sanitary authorities were invested with powers to coordinate municipal responsibilities; and a local inspection regime was also created that appointed medical health officers. Consequently, by 1853, 284 districts and 103 towns had applied to adopt the Public Health Act. But the crucial characteristic of the Act was that, while it did concede the importance of the role of the state, it did not make the adoption of the Act compulsory."
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Genetic Testing and the Application of Genetic Information, 2005.
A look at genetic testing in today's modern world and its applications and consequences in the business world, i.e. employment, health care and insurance.
8,130 words (approx. 32.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the full potential of genetic testing in today's world via its applications to the individual and the possible consequences of releasing genetic testing information to potential employers, health care entities and insurance companies. Outline Introduction The Technical Nature of Genetic Testing The Applications of Genetic Information Eugenics Genetic Determinism Genetic Discrimination Concluding Remarks Bibliography
From the Paper
"The positive and negative aspects of genetic testing/screening are numerous and as pointed out by the Mayo Clinic, one of the most technologically-advanced medical centers in the United States, genetic testing provides the opportunity to take a peek into an individual's potential health risks in the future which is especially important for families with a history of certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other life-threatening disorders. Also, genetic testing can greatly assist these families by allowing them to plan for the future and thus come to understand the overall health risks to themselves and to future generations" ("Genetic Testing: Weighing Its Benefits and Risks," Internet)."
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Energy Medicine, 2002.
This paper explores, in details that are easy to understand, the field of Energy Medicine as an alternative to traditional medicine.
3,625 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Energy Medicine is based on the concept that there is an energy system operating within the human body, and the manipulation of this energy system can assist in maintaining physical health. The author says that there is a correlation between quantum physics and energy medicine: the belief that matter and energy are the same thing and because of this whatever is good or bad for one part of the body is equally good or bad for any other part of the body. The paper presents in detail the various modalities of Energy Medicine. The author includes writings of experts such as Gary Zucav.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Defining Quantum Theory
Quantum Physics? relation to Energy Medicine
What is Energy Medicine
Types of Energy Medicine
Ayurvedic Medicine
Magnetic Therapy
Bioenergetic Fields (Acupuncture)
Auras and Discharges
Quantum Mechanics
The Assemblage Point
Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Medicine
Which Mind-Body-Spirit Modalities Best Relate to Harmonizing Total Well-Being
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Energy Medicine is based on the concept that there is an energy system that operates within the human body. It is believed that the manipulation of this energy system can assist in the area of physical health. Supporters of energy medicine hold that energy and matter is the same thing; and if energy and matter are the same thing than every part of the body is connected to the other parts of the body. Energy medicine dictates that the mind, body and spirit are interconnected and thus if one part is effected all the parts are effected. This is very different from traditional medicine, which believes that the body is a collection of parts and that the mind and body are separate. "
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Natural Medicine, 2005.
This paper discusses natural medicine including an extensive compilation of various natural therapies.
34,390 words (approx. 137.6 pages), 94 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the more common personal health care style is a collective health care process, called alternative medicine or complementary medicine, which includes elements of allopathic practice, non-natural medicine and surgery and of natural medicine. The author points out the idea that natural medicine is actually traditional medicine and should be looked at as such, with benefits and drawbacks, just as allopathic medicine is consider by many people. As an example of the presented natural health therapies; the paper relates that the Alexander technique, both a natural health practice and a restorative natural medical treatment, is a technique used to reduce repetitive motion injury by retraining the body to move in a different, more natural way.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Natural Health
Hydrotherapy
Herbalism
Eclectic Medicine
Natural Hygiene
Natural Philosophy
Natural Healing
Natural Medicine
Fingernail and Tongue Analysis
Iridology
Hair Analysis
Live Blood Analysis (Darkfield Microscopy) and Dry Blood Analysis
Antibody (IgE, IgG) Test for Food Allergies
Acid-Alkaline Balance (Ph Testing)
Alternative Therapies
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Air Supply Personal Air Purifier
Alexander Technique.
Aromatherapy
Astropulse
Ayurveda
Bathing Therapy
Biomagnetics (Magnetic Field Energy Therapy)
Electro-Dermal Screening
Chelation Therapy
Chi Lel
Chiropractic Treatment
Colloidal Silver Therapy
Colonic Therapy (Colon Lavage, Colon Hydrotherapy)
Color Therapy (Chromotherapy)
Crystal Healing
Dental Amalgam Mercury Removal
Detoxification Therapy
Reflexology
Shiatsu
Rolfing
Fasting
Feng Shui Balance
Flower Essence Therapy
Food Detoxification
Flotation Tank
Glandular Therapy
Prayer
Guided Imagery (Visualization)
Herbal Medicine
Homeopathy
Hydrotherapy
Hypnotherapy
Hydrogen Peroxide Therapy
Juicing
Kinesiology
Laughter (Play) Therapy
Light Beam Generator Therapy
Light Therapy (Solar Therapy)
Lymphatic Therapy
Macrobiotics Diet
Massage Therapy
Moxibustion
Music and Sound Therapy
Naturopathy
Osteopathy
Oxygen Therapy
Radionics (Radiesthesia Dowsing), Reflexology
Reiki (Therapeutic Touch)
Infrared Heat Therapy
Vitamin C Therapy
Yoga
Holistic Nutrition
Food Safety
Exercise
Conventional Medicine
Maintaining Health
From the Paper
"In the time surrounding the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), in America, medicine was often seen as a part-time practice, conducted by laywomen and men who had a vocation for the healing arts or who inherited the knowledge from ancestral teachers. These healers who took care of their friends and families illnesses, injuries and births performed most medicine, outside the major centers of population. "Of course, these natural healing practices varied from locality to locality with major cities, like Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City having hospitals and other medical practices approaching those found in Europe.""
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2004.
A look at how complementary and alternative medicine are being integrated with conventional medicine.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how some of the techniques and therapies used in alternative medicine are being integrated into the practice of conventional medicine. The paper explains that the combined use of alternative medicine with conventional medicine is known as Integrative Medicine.
From the Paper
"Today people are often questioning the methods of traditional medicine but are not quite ready to abandon them in favor of alternative or complementary treatments. Some doctors and hospitals are delving into the benefits of alternative and complementary medicine, combining some of the techniques used with traditional therapies. They are creating a field called integrative medicine or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Integrative medicine combines the best of traditional medicine with alternative medicine to maximize benefits for the patient."
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Genetic Engineering: Benefits Toward Society, 2001.
A persuasive paper describing the popular uneasiness revolving around genetic engineering. The paper provides counter examples to argue that genetic engineering causes more good than harm and that genetic engineering will lead society into the future.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 59.95
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Alternative and Conventional Medicine, 2006.
An analysis of the uses of alternative medicine and the differences between it and conventional medicine.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper clarifies the differences between conventional and alternative medicine. The paper first discusses why people in certain cultures opt to use alternative medicine rather then conventional, and then looks at the advantages of alternative medicine and what we can learn from it. Additionally, the paper looks at why a majority of practitioners are now utilizing what can be called contemporary medicine.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
From the Paper
"The method used by Astin (1998) for testing were mail surveys that gathered information on use of alternative health care, perceived benefits and risks of these therapies, health beliefs and attitudes, views toward and experiences with conventional medicine, political beliefs, and worldview. The results were that relief of symptoms is the main benefit reported a central finding is that users of alternative health care are no more dissatisfied with or distrustful of conventional care than nonusers are (Astin, 1998). Second, the results can help identify and clarify prevailing cultural conceptions about and attitudes toward health and illness and examine the degree to which the growing interest in alternative medicine may represent a type of cultural paradigm shift regarding health beliefs and practices."
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The Genetic Research Debate, 2008.
A presentation of the genetic research debate with a focus on the positive aspects of genetic research.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of genetic research in the United States. It discusses the debate over the morality and ethics involved in genetic research and presents both sides of the argument. The paper specifically focuses on the benefits of genetic research and concludes that science should be free to pursue genetic research, which could have enormous benefits to humanity.
From the Paper
"Genetic research shows promise in other areas, as well. Genetic testing is a new form of medicine that uses genetics to look for defects and propensity for certain diseases even before a baby is born. If the baby is found to suffer from some kind of terminal illness or disease, the baby can be aborted before it is born, alleviating needless suffering in both child and parent. In addition, these genetic tests can tell if a person shares harmful genes that could lead to diseases such as cancer, and in some cases, early diagnoses of these diseases can lead to early treatment and a much better chance of recovery. There are also tests available that a person can send to a lab for analysis, but most doctors do not believe these tests are in the patient's best interest, because they could get the results, jump to the wrong conclusions, and make poor or even harmful decisions. A doctor notes, "[M]edical geneticists and genetic counselors must be available both to advise patients and to educate other health professionals about the value and interpretation of genetic tests" (Kahn). Genetic testing can make a difference in the lives of many people, and it can help diagnose diseases today that may be treatable tomorrow. Genetic testing is just another example of why genetic research is vital to this country and the world, and why science should be free to perform genetic research at all levels of scientific discovery."
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Genetic Testing: Forensic, Predictive and Carrier, 2008.
An examination of the goals and potential benefits of genetic testing in the areas of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This work seeks to examine genetic testing in the light of the potential contribution of genetic testing specifically in the area of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing. The paper first defines genetic testing and then discusses its goals. The paper then looks at the potential benefits that can be gained from using genetic testing.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use Of Genetic Screening
Guidelines For Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic Testing
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"Genetic testing applications offer great potential in today's society from early detection of disease, to exonerating the wrongfully accused, to identifying criminals that otherwise would have gone on to other commission of crimes, to paternity testing and the new possibility of correction of genetic abnormalities and this is only to list a few. Genetic testing has opened doors for scientific, medical health and prevention, and social advances in quality of life as well as water and food quality measures. Genetic testing is greatly beneficial in today's society."
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