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Parts of Speech, 2002.
An essay looking at the classification of words into parts of speech and the possible reasoning behind them.
2,106 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This essay evaluates the definitions and problems of the major word classes; nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs and also touches on the minor classes; pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries and conjunctions. It discusses the reasonings and logic behind these parts of speech.
From the Paper
"English does have parts of speech for a start. The need for differentiating a similar word in different context for a clearer understanding led to classifying words into word classes, otherwise known as parts of speech. Crystal (1999) defines word class as groups of words that behave in a similar manner syntactically and morphologically. The word order of a sentence in modern English is quite fixed and therefore it is important to know the classification of words before they can be arranged in a sentence. For example, I girl am a would be grammatically anomalous. Changes in the word tenses or aspect can be predicted morphologically if word classification were to be done. In order to be grammatical, he was ill is definitely preferred over he illed or any other variations. In addition, the presence of word class tells us that in a context like he made a killing from killing birds, where killing is used in two different ways differentiated by categorizing the first killing as a noun and the second one as a verb. Clearly, there are more word classes than the two mentioned above in order to facilitate the differentiating words in a sentence. Traditionally, there are eight parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections (Burridge & Mulder, 1998:148) although the list gets longer periodically. This essay would discuss some problems in defining major word classes like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs which are of an open class where new lexemes are constantly added, and the minor classes such as pronouns, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries and conjunctions that are known to be closed classes; new lexemes are rare. However, concepts that are discussed are by no means exhaustive."
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Hate Speeches: The Right to Freedom of Speech, 2001.
A look at freedom of speech with respect to 'hate' speeches' and whether or not these speeches are protected under the First Amendment.
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author argues that ?hate speeches?, however abhorrent, should be protected by the U.S. Constitution, that in the interest of free speech, they should be allowed. He suggests that this is synonymous with American freedom and refers to some specific examples in order to assess whether hate speeches should be protected under the First Amendment. The author contends that as long as we are free to judge the importance of what is being said for ourselves, then words should never be banned.
From the paper:
?Words are serious, not because they have any direct effect in their own right, but because words, and the ideas they express, are what we use to weigh up our own decisions, their likely effects, and our responsibilities. Words have consequences only if we choose to give them consequences.?
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Gay Speech, not Hate Speech, 2008.
A discussion on the use of word forms specifically constructed for recognition by gay and lesbian groups.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how language serves a purpose to the gay and lesbian community to assist them in recognizing themselves as a group in a world of opposition and ridicule of their status. The paper quotes several words and descriptively explains how the word is utilized in gay society. The paper then summarizes the situation with examples on how language has been used negatively with the resultant necessity for this group to formulate their own vocabulary.
From the Paper
"This usage appears to have grown out of political activism. The need to combat homophobic oppression - including internalized homophobia - was perceived, and a concrete way of doing this was to hold a public parade in which pride in one's alternative sexual orientation was expressed. Out of this activity, the word "pride" acquired a whole new meaning - a meaning that is useful for this community in overcoming the societal prejudices it has to deal with."
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Boundaries of Free Speech, 2004.
A look at whether campus speech codes are the right way to address the problem of hate speech, or if such speech codes violate free speech to such a degree that they should not be adopted.
2,510 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts campus speech codes are the wrong way to address the problem of hate speech, especially because they exist in a academic setting where freedom of speech should be better understood. The paper concludes that curbing the speech of those who would curb our speech is never the answer. The only way to transform minds is to challenge the ideas behind the hate speech directly through dialogue.
From the Paper
"Americans value the freedom of speech assured them in the U.S. Constitution, but they also seem to accept that there are some boundaries to freedom of speech, though what those boundaries are is controversial and may shift over time. One issue of free speech today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups to enforce some form of speech code in order to control speech and ban any term or phrase that might be considered demeaning to any group in society, so-called "hate speech." One of the problems with these efforts is the vagueness of the terms used to define it--what is "demeaning," and how is it to be decided when a given phrase is demeaning or not? In his chapter, "Hate Speech, Free Speech, and the Unspoken," from the anthology Signs of Life, Richard Goldstein writes, The perception of crisis is why hate speech has become a divisive issue among progressives. The distressing force of the current backlash against hard-won minority rights creates a fundamental conflict between our commitment to free expression and our desire to protect and preserve the victims of abuse. The result is an aching uncertainty about where to draw the line. (412) The question, then, is whether campus speech codes are the right way to address the problem of hate speech, or if such speech codes violate free speech to such a degree that they should not be adopted."
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Hate Speech, 2004.
A look at interpretations of the First Amendment and how they affect the ongoing debate about free speech and hate speech.
3,987 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the legal debate surrounding the issue of free speech and hate speech and how the First Amendment's implications regarding this topic lack clarity and, therefore, are subject to numerous interpretations. The paper also looks at how college campuses have attempted to handle the problem of hate speech, examines some Supreme Court rulings on hate speech and hate symbols, and includes an overview of arguments for and against the use of hate speech laws and codes.
Constitutionality of Hate-Speech Laws and Legislation
College Campus Hate-Speech Codes
Fighting Words; Hate Symbols
State Interest in Regulating Hate-Speech
Arguments for and Against Such Laws and Codes
First Amendment Protection of Unpopular or Offensive Speech
Sentence Enhancement for Bias Motivated Crimes
Supreme Court Handling of Hate-Speech and Hate Crime Issues
From the Paper
"Interpretations of the First Amendment are at the center of the legal debates about free speech and hate speech. Like many articles in the Constitution, the exact meaning of the first amendment and the implications it had for the founding fathers are unclear. It provides a general orientation for federal action, but just how it is to be made operational is open to discussion. The conclusion reached will depend on the overall interpretive framework one uses. These frameworks, in turn, will merge into one's political and social philosophy. For example, at the time of its adoption, many thoughtful people believed that government should not prohibit the publication of one's views but could and should punish some writers for the harmful effects of such publication. This view, while plausible, is not the dominant interpretation at the present time."
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Hate Speech on Campus, 2004.
A discussion of hate speech on campus and whether it is protected by the Constitution.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines arguments stating that hate speech deserves Constitutional protection. The next part then examines how hate speech hurts victims and destroys tolerance. In the conclusion, this paper argues that the First Amendment protects even hate speech. Thus, campus speech codes and other restrictions on freedom of expression violate the Constitution.
Contents
Hate speech is free speech
Hate speech should be restricted
Position: Hate Speech must be protected
References
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of this country, groups have fought to restrict unpopular and offensive speech. In the 1920s, for example, Margaret Sanger was jailed on obscenity charges after she distributed pamphlets on birth control. In the 1930s, efforts were made to ban representatives of Jehovah?s Witnesses from excessive proselytizing. More recently, American citizens who questioned the Bush administration?s ?war on terror? campaign have been characterized as traitors."
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Freedom of Speech, 2001.
History of First Amendment free speech clause. Free speech prior to 1st Amendment; Bill of Rights; U.S. Supreme Court rulings & interpretaitons of political speech, obscenity. Internet & free speech.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 25 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech." And although the First Amendment specifically mentions only Congress, the provision now applies to protect the free speech rights of each individual from all governmental intrusion, including local, state and federal. In many ways, the evolution of the right to free speech in the United States illustrates the social and political history of the nation. Begun as a contested amendment to the Constitution, the right to freedom of speech has become one of the central tenets of American democracy."
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Speech Pathology and the Nervous System, 2008.
This paper discusses speech and language in adults with diseases of the central nervous system.
3,848 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that speech and language difficulties accompany a number of diseases of the central nervous system in adults. The writer points out that sometimes the speech difficulty might be the reason for seeking medical help, or it might be one of many factors that cause a person to seek medical attention. Speech difficulties might arise simultaneously with other symptoms, or they might arise at a different time. A myriad of problems fall under the category of speech and language difficulties. The writer discusses symptoms that range from slurred speech, slow speech and other problems that make it difficult to be understood to more serious difficulties, including a total loss of ability to speak at all. The writer looks at related causes, treatment and therapies. The writer maintains that regardless of the severity of the speech or language difficulty, or its cause, these problems make life difficult for patients and their caregivers.
Outline:
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Speech and Language Therapy in CNS Diseases
Role of the Speech Pathologist
Treatment
From the Paper
"Parkinson's Disease is a dysfunction of the neurotransmitters between the nerve cells. Parkinson's disease destroys brain cells, resulting in a shortage of dopamine. The first signs of Parkinson's are typically subtle, such as softer or slower speech. As the disease progresses, tremors begin, which eventually worsen until hey cause considerable difficulty performing everyday tasks. Treatments to replace dopamine can help to slow the disease.
"Brain injuries are typically not listed under the category of disease. However, they are included in this research because they can cause certain forms of neurological dysfunction that can have an effect of speech and language."
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Hate Speech, 2002.
This paper discusses the problem of controlling hate speech and yet protecting both free speech and equality.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper relates the clash, between the First Amendment, which protects free speech and the Fourteenth Amendment which protects equality, in relationship to hate speech. This paper refers to hate speech codes which have been developed as a response to hate speech especially on American campuses. The author explains Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire as the benchmark case for "fighting words" and "offensive speech."
Table of Contents
Introduction
Hate Speech Codes
The First Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There seems to be a clash between the First and Fourteenth Amendments; a person has the right to free speech, but a person also has the right to be equal. When free speech becomes hate speech, this can violate the victim?s constitutional rights to be equal. This argument is used to protect hate speech ordinances. Cleary, the idea of ?fighting words? was introduced to address this problem; a person has the freedom to say as they wish as long as it does not infringe on the rights of others."
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Freedom of Speech Boundaries, 2001.
Focus on speech codes on college campuses to control speech demeaning to any group. Discusses legal history, pro & con arguments. Concludes codes to control "hate speech" not a good idea.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Americans value the freedom of speech assured them in the U.S. Constitution, but they also seem to accept that there are some boundaries to freedom of speech, though what those boundaries are is controversial and may shift over time. One issue of free speech today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups, primarily those on the left, to enforce some form of speech code in order to control speech to ban any term or phrase that might be considered demeaning to any group in society, so-called "hate speech." One of the problems with these efforts is the vagueness of the terms used to define it--what is "demeaning," and how is it to be decided when a given phrase is demeaning or not? Richard Goldstein writes ..."
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Free Speech, 2007.
An analysis of the differences in the laws of free speech for individuals versus businesses, as presented in the case of a law suit filed against Nike Inc.
1,261 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses commercial versus non-commercial free speech. The paper presents a case study involving a suit filed against Nike, Inc., claiming that Nike violated state laws which prohibited false advertising and unfair competition when the corporation made false statements about the employment of overseas workers in sweatshops, via press releases. The paper discusses all the issues related to free speech for individuals versus businesses.
Table of Contents:
Part One - Kasky v. Nike, Inc et al
Part Two
Commercial Free Speech
Workplace Privacy Issues
Constitutional Issues-Product Liability
Religious Liberty and the Free Exercise Clause
From the Paper
"Recent years have seen high profile product liability issues that place the rights of the individual to be safe in their person against the rights of businesses to pursue profits through the offering of a product. In the recent Vioxx liability cases, the argument has been made that the manufacturer of these products should be brought to justice because the product has allegedly brought much harm to those who bought the product in the hopes of improving their quality of life. On the other hand, the manufacturer has an argument in that the product was thought to be safe and was launched to the public in the hopes of helping them."
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The Constitution and Speech Inciting Lawlessness, 1999.
This paper examines how the Supreme Court would decide whether speech is constitutionally protected if it imminently advocates illegal activity.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of freedom of expression, which has required legal interpretation of our constitutional rights and reexamination of the First Amendment in our courts. The writer notes that there are three types of speech: 1) constitutionally protected speech, 2) speech given intermediate protection and 3) fully protected speech, and cites some Supreme Court cases such as Brandenburg v. Ohio (395 U.S. 444 (1969)) which drew the line where free speech ends and unprotected speech begins. Movies that depict violence have already been shown to incite viewers to illegal acts. Rap and heavy metal music are still afforded protection under the First Amendment, but are now under scrutiny as to whether they merit that protection, and the writer quotes several song lyrics which contain words that spur children and adults to lawless acts. The writer concludes that research shows that courts will decide that any speech directly advocating a particular audience to act upon some illegal activity will not be protected under the First Amendment.
From the Paper
"The first instances in our country's history of challenges to the First Amendment came in the year 1798, when we were on the verge of war with France and during the early days of the abolition movement. In fact, colonial America did not particularly cherish the concept of freedom of expression. According to Leonard Levy in Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History, "The American people did not understand that freedom of thought and expression means equal freedom for the other fellow, especially the one with hated ideas." In this respect, the more things change, the more they stay the same. For even now, most controversy over freedom of speech occurs when people differ over which things are considered worthy of being protected."
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Hate Speech, 2001.
An examination of how to deal with the concept of hate speech in our society.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of how to deal with the issue of hate speech. The author looks at the Constitution, specifically at the contradictions between the 14th Amendment and the concept of freedom of speech. The author looks at some of the commentary written by Jon Locke, or Jon Stuart Mill, and even Aristotle, on the problem of freedom of speech. The author presents historical and modern-day examples of some of the conflicts that have occurred in trying to determine the parameters of freedom of speech, and hate speech in our society.
From the Paper
"John Locke would probably have weighed in on the importance of limiting the speech before it gets to the point where person feels that he or she is endangered. His empirical system of philosophy emphasized the importance of the experience of the senses in pursuit of knowledge rather than intuitive speculation or deduction. Having come into this world with our minds entirely free of innate conceptions, Locke argued that all human thought is based upon experience. And it is the experiences of minorities within American culture that makes them fear the consequences of hate speech; they have learned through their experiences in the world that bigoted speech easily and often turns into bigoted action (Dunn 48). Another essential part of Locke?s philosophy was that all persons are born equal, which would no doubt incline him to value the equal protection of each person under the rule of law (Dunn 121)."
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Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont, 2008.
This paper analyzes Pope Urban II's eleventh century speech at Clermont by reviewing four writings, which provide very different perspectives on this speech.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there is no direct accounts of Pope Urban II's speech at Clermont, which called for a crusade, but there are four main accounts written by churchmen. The paper further explains that at least three of these churchmen may have been present at Clermont. The first account was written by Fulcher of Chartres in 1101, the second account by Robert Monk in 1107, the third by Baldric of Dol in 1108-1110, and the last by Guibert of Nogent in 1109. The paper reviews each account and the author's personal views regarding the Crusades and Urban's proclamation. The author underscores that the variations and fragmentation of these different accountings of Urban's speech has made it difficult to identify exactly what the Pope said and his true motives for calling the Crusade.The paper contends that possibly Urban's motivation was to recapture Jerusalem, discontinue the wars between Christians in Western Europe and strengthen the relations between Eastern and Western Christian empires.
From the Paper
"In the third account, Baldric of Dol puts a heavy emphasis on the state of Jerusalem and the suffering endured by the Christians there. He describes how Christians were forced to become beggars or even enslaved in the Holy Land. Even going into hiding did not help the Christians as Muslims sought them out constantly. He also describes how once great Christians churches have now become stables for animals and how "base and bastard Turks hold sway over our brothers." He claims that Jerusalem has been "reduced to the pollution of paganism." "
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Freedom of Speech, 2005.
This paper discusses Constitutional law cases relating to freedom of speech especially "Virginia vs. Black".
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that not all forms of speech are entitled to protection under the First Amendment's Freedom of Speech. The author points out that the Virginia vs. Black court cases determined that the Va. Code Ann. 18.2-423, which attempted to criminalize the burning of a cross, was unconstitutional not because burning crosses, which are intended to intimidate are entitled to Constitutional protection, but because this Virginia statute permitted an illegal presumption that a burned cross was prima facie evidence of intent to intimidate. The paper stresses that, nonetheless, in this case, the U.S. Supreme Court made it clear that it will no longer permit hate groups to hide behind the First Amendment when using speech or symbolic speech to threaten and intimidate.
From the Paper
"The circumstances behind the charges against Elliot and O'Mara were different. Unlike Black, Elliot and O'Mara attempted to burn a cross on another's property. Prior to the cross-burning incident, Elliot had been heard by the victim shooting firearms in the backyard. Elliot and O'Mara were not affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan. O'Mara pleaded guilty and Elliot was convicted at trial. All three defendants challenged the constitutionality of Va. Code Ann. ?18.2-423, and it eventually came before the U.S. Supreme Court."
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