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Parkinson's Disease, 2004.
This paper discusses Parkinson's disease, a degenerative neurological disorder, which affects muscular movement, creates tremor, and increases posture rigidity.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the exact cause for the onset of Parkinson's disease has not yet been clearly established, though a combination of factors, such as accelerated aging, oxidative stress, environmental toxins and neurotoxins, and genetic predisposition, may be responsible. The author points out that the medical treatment of Parkinson's disease is broadly divided under two main categories, namely, stereotactic surgical techniques such as thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and deep brain stimulation, and pharmacological treatments using anticholinergic drugs. This paper states that skilled nursing plays an indispensable role in delivering good, symptomatic management in a long-term patient-care setting.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
Etiology
Symptoms and Complications
Medical Treatment
Patient Education and Care (Nursing Intervention)
From the Paper
"The debilitating effects of Parkinson's disease, requires efficient nursing care. Nurses play an important part in educating the patient about the long-term effects of the disease, the possible complications, and side effects of the continuous use of medicines and in assisting them to successfully manage the symptoms. The positive therapeutic effects of a loving and supportive nursing care cannot be understated. Especially for very old people who require long-term care, nurses play a vital role in overseeing the nutritional interventions, studying the functional status and the daily progress and in effectively managing other complications (like Orthostatic hypotension, Dysphagia) which are common in advanced stages."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2002.
This paper discusses the medical disorder, Parkinson's disease, a slowly progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system, characterized by tremors, slowness of voluntary movements, and increased muscle rigidity.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is related to the degeneration of brain cells in the area of the substantia nigra; damage to this area leads to the cluster of symptoms known as Parkinsonism. The author points out that symptoms of Parkinson's disease vary greatly between one patient and another, but the classic tremor associated with PD is referred to as "pill-rolling tremor" in which the movement resembles rolling a pill between the thumb and forefinger. The paper concludes that the prognosis for Parkinson's disease, for which there is no cure despite medical treatment, is not very encouraging because symptoms only worsen over time and become less responsive to drug therapies.
From the Paper
"The substantia nigra, or "black substance," is one of the principal movement control centers in the brain. The dopamine released by nerve cells of the substantia nigra stimulates another brain region, the corpus striatum. Without sufficient amounts of dopamine, the corpus striatum cannot control its targets, and so on down the line. Ultimately, the movement patterns of walking, writing, reaching for objects, and other basic programs cannot operate properly, and the symptoms of parkinsonism are the result."
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Parkinson's Disease & Stem Cell Research, 2005.
A discussion regarding Parkinson's Disease and the use of stem cell transplants.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Parkinson's Disease. It examines what causes Parkinson's Disease, the symptoms associated with it, and the possible treatments for the illness. The paper further discusses embryonic and fetal stem cell transplants in relation to the disease and whether or not these types of treatments should be considered for patients.
From the Paper
"In modern society there are a variety of diseases that prevent individuals from functioning in their daily lives, and that create, for many, a lifetime of suffering. Parkinson's Disease is one such affliction that has begun to be viewed by science, not merely as a disease, but an illness that may find a cure through stem cell research. For those with Parkinson's Disease today this concept offers hope for a future without illness - a slim chance that one day they will not have to arrange their lives to accommodate the slow disintegration of their physical abilities. However, it is apparent that the reality of the disease, as well as the progress that has been made in stem cell research should be viewed prior to making assessments regarding the validity of those dreams."
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Parkinson's Disease and Dementia, 2002.
A general overview of the effects of Parkinson's disease and dementia.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Parkinson's disease, a chronic, progressive, neuro-degenerative movement disorder. Some of the primary symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease include tremors, rigidity, slow movement, poor balance, and difficulty with walking. In particular, it looks at how many Parkinson's patients suffer from dementia, the loss of intellectual functioning, which is characterized by loss of memory, cognitive functions, and judgment.
From the Paper
"Patients suffering from Parkinson's dementia may be confused and disoriented, and are usually unable to be left alone. In addition, they may be agitated, delusional, moody, and disinhibited. They have problems sleeping at night, and often sleep during the day. In many cases, they have little control over urine and stool. The prevalence of dementia in Parkinson disease, including the number of all Parkinson patients with dementia, was analyzed in a series of eight reports from neurology journals, each of which examined at least 100 patients over a thirty-year span (Lieberman, 2002)."
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Children of Parents with Parkinson's Disease, 2006.
A review of the effects on a child of a parent suffering from Parkinson's disease.
2,029 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of sociology and the effect of disease on family members. Specifically, the paper discusses the effects on children with a parent suffering from Parkinson's disease.
From the Paper
"There are things parents can do to help children who have a parent suffering from Parkinson's disease. They can make sure the children understand the disease and how it affects the parent. They can build a support network of friends and relatives to help out when necessary and to nurture the children when they need it. One man, married to a wife with Parkinson's writes, "Strong wrote her book at a time when the plight of 'well spouses' was ignored by doctors, the government, and even friends, who tended to be concerned only with the ill spouse. 'The rest of the world shies away or just plain flees,' she wrote. 'Few people know who we are and what we need'" (Kondracke, 2001, p. 166). Instead of "fleeing," well relatives need to offer help, support, and concern to the family, and worry about the children, too."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2002.
A look at the condition known as Parkinson's Disease - its symptoms, treatments and possible cures.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Parkinson's Disease and explains how it affects the brain and progressively destroys that part of the brain critical to coordinated motion. It provides a brief explanation how the disease affects the patients and looks at possible treatment to the condition. It discusses the various therapy methods and a history of their development.
From the Paper
"In addition to the neuromotor symptoms, nonmotor symptoms may also appear, including excessive sweating or other disturbances of the involuntary nervous system. There may be psychological problems such as depression, or even dementia in later stages. Most of the problems are subtle at first and worsen over time. The motor symptoms derive from the destruction of certain nerve centers in the brain, those that communicate and control a region underlying the cortex. The affected neurons are darkly pigmented ones found in the brain stem's substantia nigra and extending projections into the domain called the striatum. As the neurons die, the resulting decline in dopamine signaling disrupts the smooth functioning of the overall motor network and so compromises the activity of the sufferer."
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Parkinson's Disease (PD), 2006.
An overview of Parkinson's disease (PD), a slowly progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the immediate cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is related to the degeneration of brain cells in the area known as the substantia nigra, one of the movement control centers of the
brain, which results in the cluster of symptoms known as Parkinsonism. The author points out that, although a great deal of research has been conducted to identify the cause of PD, no underlying culprit has been found. The paper discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and new possibilities related to PD.
From the Paper
"Despite the physical and mental characteristics of Parkinson's disease, those who are afflicted with this disease have come up with some inspirational techniques that help them to lead somewhat ordinary lives. With the assistance of new medications and extensive research, the number of Americans living with PD, now estimated to be over one million, can look forward to a higher quality of life than those that came before them as long as they maintain a healthy perspective towards their disease."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2006.
A general discussion and personal perspective on Parkinson's Disease.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's, its causes and explores who is prone to the disease. The paper also examines modern and controversial treatment. The author of the paper expands on the personal aspect of the disease, explaining the emotional impact of the illness.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Who's At Risk
Causes
New And Controversial Avenues of Treatment
Emotional Impact of Parkinson's
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"At this times researchers believe that decreasing amounts of dopamine in the brain may contribute to Parkinson's disease. Studies suggest that dopamine works in synergy with a chemical called acetylcholine in the body to transmit important messages from nerve cells to the muscles and brain (PDS, 2005). When these chemical "messengers" are imbalanced people have difficulty coordinating muscle movements (PDS, 2005). Other factors researchers suggest may contribute to the disease include environmental factors, viruses and possibly genetics (PDS, 2005; Gao, Hong & Liu, 2003). More research is necessary in this area to identify the specific causes of the disease. "
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Parkinson's Disease, 2004.
An understanding of the molecular pathology of Parkinson's disease.
2,391 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper covers the current understanding regarding the molecular events that culminate to cause dopamenergic neuronal cell death in Parkinsons. It draws on a number of excellent reviews and focuses particularly on the role of alpha-synuclein and the lewy body, while exploring the ubiquitination pathway that is also implicated. It also explains much of the underlying science behind many treatments previously and currently used.
From the Paper
"Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of the dopamine neurons in the pars compacta. This leads to over activation of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia and development of the Parkinsonian symptoms. The molecular pathology responsible for the dopamenergic neuron degradation is a highly investigated and controversial area. Immunohistochemical studies have revealed the presence of intracellular inclusions in these neurons called Lewy bodies. These lewy bodies have a high level of alpha synuclein, which is also found on the presynaptic terminals in neurons and has unknown function in humans. Studies in songbirds have hinted at a role in synaptic plasticity."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2004.
An analysis of the progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, Parkinson's.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and defines the prevalence and severity of Parkinson's disease and discusses the history, development and focus of the Magnet Hospital Recognition Program of Excellence. The paper also examines the findings of a 'gaps' analysis using the standards from the Magnet Hospital Program of Excellence as compared to the standards of the Department of Veterans Affairs Hospitals regarding the care of patients with Parkinson's.
From the Paper
"In the past decades, Parkinson's disease has emerged as a significant concern in healthcare, affecting policy makers, government and healthcare administrators alike. It is a serious health problem in the United States, affecting about 1.5 million Americans who are diagnosed with the disease (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001). Research indicates approximately 50,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and while treatments exist, there is no cure for this debilitating disease (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001). Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, with physical symptoms of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia (Mitchell et. al., 1996)."
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Bill Harshaw's "My Second Life", 2005.
This paper reviews Bill Harshaw's book"My Second Life: Living with Parkinson's Disease".
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Bill Harshaw's "My Second Life: Living with Parkinson's Disease" is an analysis of the personal trajectory of this condition. The author discusses the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's, the course of the disease and its crises. The paper relates issues such as stigma, social isolation, body image and social support.
From the Paper
"Harshaw wrote of his experience with Parkinson's disease, which is a chronic neurological condition. The overall impact of this particular chronic disease consists of numerous overwhelming problems, all of which interact. This paper l explores the signs and symptoms and the full impact of this condition, as well as the family's sources of social support. The issues of stigma, social isolation, body image, altered mobility and fatigue are essential in understanding the trajectory of the illness. Harshaw was able to cope effectively with the condition because of social support, his own inner resources, and his willingness to attempt experimental treatments."
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SINEMET, 2005.
Examines the drug SINEMET and its role in treating Parkinson's disease.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the drug SINEMET and its role in treating Parkinson's disease. It looks at the cause of Parkinson's disease, the role of dopamine, how SINEMET is used to treat the disease, its mode of action, its contraindications and side effects, and the dosages used.
From the Paper
"Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the extra pyramidal nervous system which affects mobility and control of the muscular system ..."
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Bill Harshaw's "My Second Life", 2005.
This paper is a book review of Bill Harshaw's "My Second Life" about living with Parkinson's disease for 20 years.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the book "My Second Life" including the author's thesis,. The author discusses the symptoms of Parkinson's as Harshaw had them and analyzes chronic disease such as Parkinson's. The paper includes developmental tasks for the family members and issues such as stigma.
From the Paper
"Bill Harshaw has lived with Parkinson's disease for 20 years. He was diagnosed at midlife during the stage which Erikson terms generativity, "the need to be useful as a human being, partner and mentor to another generation" (CFAM, p. 111). The overall objective of this paper is to show that he lost his usefulness entirely, and also lost all control over his life. He was in the same position as the frail elderly. However, he recovered his sense of self and his usefulness. What he could not regain, he came to accept."
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Hereditary Parkinsonism: Study Towards Designing a Cure, 2001.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the genetic model developed at Harvard to study this type of Hereditary Parkinsonism and proposes methods to design experiments, which can be performed towards finding a possible cure.
From the Paper
"Alpha-synuclein is a 15-20KD protein, which has been shown in the cytosolic aggregates of Lewy body and dopamine positive cells in a rare dominant form of familial Parkinsons disease. The gene responsible is found to localize on human chromosome 4q21-q23.
Though this form of parkinsonism is DOPA treatment responsive, the work by the authors is a step in search of a complete cure and of a preventive measure if it can be designed using the transgenic fly. The usage of genetic fly can be of paramount importance in delineating the basic pathogenetic mechanism underlying the disease."
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Parkinson's Disease, 1999.
Examines the methods and effectiveness of various treatments for this degenerative neurologic disorder.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative neurologic disorder that currently affects more than one half million American patients (2). While there is no known medical treatment that halts or clearly reverses the degeneration of dompanimergic neurons resulting in symptoms, a variety of techniques are available and under current experimental investigation.
From the Paper
"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative neurologic disorder that currently affects more than one half million American patients (2). While there is no known medical treatment that halts or clearly reverses the degeneration of dompanimergic neurons resulting in symptoms, a variety of techniques are available and under current experimental investigation.
Ulm (10) suggests that simple physical measures as adjuvant therapy in PD have received too little notice, and provides a list of currently available techniques. This author notes that breathing and relaxation exercises can significantly improve well-being but physiologic effects seem limited to the duration of therapy administration. Laser acupuncture, which yields slight improvement in comprehensibility, is also unfortunately short-term. While massage works best only in already supple cases,..."
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