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Parkinson's Disease & Stem Cell Research, 2005.
A discussion regarding Parkinson's Disease and the use of stem cell transplants.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Parkinson's Disease. It examines what causes Parkinson's Disease, the symptoms associated with it, and the possible treatments for the illness. The paper further discusses embryonic and fetal stem cell transplants in relation to the disease and whether or not these types of treatments should be considered for patients.
From the Paper
"In modern society there are a variety of diseases that prevent individuals from functioning in their daily lives, and that create, for many, a lifetime of suffering. Parkinson's Disease is one such affliction that has begun to be viewed by science, not merely as a disease, but an illness that may find a cure through stem cell research. For those with Parkinson's Disease today this concept offers hope for a future without illness - a slim chance that one day they will not have to arrange their lives to accommodate the slow disintegration of their physical abilities. However, it is apparent that the reality of the disease, as well as the progress that has been made in stem cell research should be viewed prior to making assessments regarding the validity of those dreams."
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Stem Cells, 2006.
An overview of the nature of stem cells, stem cell research, and the controversy surrounding the use of stem cells from human embryos.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The different types of stem cell research involve the use of human eggs - and embryos - as intermediates and are at the center of controversy as to whether it should be considered human life. Recent advances are attempting to produce non-embryonic stem cells as well as address the said issue. This paper discusses the nature of stem cells, what they are, how they are produced and the issues surrounding them.
From the Paper
"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop and proliferate into more specialized cells such as neurons or skin cells. These specialized somatic cells comprise the different tissues and organs of the human body. The cloning process currently in use involves the use of the cellular machinery of an egg cell and the genetic material encoded in the nucleus of a somatic cell called somatic cell nuclear transplant (SCNT). First, the egg cell is secured to stabilize it. A needle is inserted into the egg to extract the nucleus and DNA."
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Stem Cell Research in the United States, 2004.
This paper explores the legal and moral issues of the stem cell research debate. It also explores the uses of adult stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper first briefly defines stem cell research in all its forms (embryonic, adult, umbilical). It next explores whether the young fetus should actually be considered a 'life-form'. The political portion of the paper revolves around President Bush's policies and California's Proposition 71. Finally, the argument is made that alternatives to embryonic stem cells represent the only moral choice, especially at this early stage of research.
From the Paper
"There are too many unanswered questions and unknowns when it comes to stem cell research, embryonic or not. There is promising research being made on adult stem cells and umbilical cells as we speak. Shouldn?t these avenues be completely explored before we even discuss destroying another embryo in the name of science? I would think so. The greatness of humankind can be measured by its accomplishments, but accomplishments made without regard to morals can destroy us. This is the course we must avoid. We must not sacrifice life with blind hopes of scientific advancement. We must not sacrifice one life to cure another."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
This paper discusses stem cell research and issues that such research raises.
2,278 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the controversy surrounding stem cell research and cloning that has caused a great amount of debate and concern throughout the world. The writer notes that stem cell research offers the possibility of renewing body parts and curing life-threatening and debilitating ailments such as Parkinson's disease. At the same time, stem cell research is a problem that confronts human society on many levels - including religious, ethical, psychological and sociological areas.
The writer concludes that the debate about stem cell research seems to fluctuate between two extreme viewpoints. Notwithstanding the various scientific objections, those who object to stem cell research make an important point in that this form of research may have a profound impact on social morals and norms and therefore should not be entered into lightly and without considerable debate. On the other hand, the advances that have been made with regard to stem cell research and the possibilities that it offers for sufferers of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, also offer a telling argument for the cautious advancement of this form of medical research.
From the Paper
"One of the most serious assertions against stem cell research and cloning in general is that it threatens the disruption and even the destruction of human institutions such as the family and parenting. On another related level, cloning is sometimes viewed as a threat to religious perceptions and challenges the very meaning of what it is to be a human being. Stem cell research therefore presents two main areas for debate. The first is the medical argument that it holds the real possibility of curing serious diseases and ailments. On the other hand as part of the larger cloning debate it raises numerous ethical, moral and social questions."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2002.
This paper discusses the medical disorder, Parkinson's disease, a slowly progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system, characterized by tremors, slowness of voluntary movements, and increased muscle rigidity.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is related to the degeneration of brain cells in the area of the substantia nigra; damage to this area leads to the cluster of symptoms known as Parkinsonism. The author points out that symptoms of Parkinson's disease vary greatly between one patient and another, but the classic tremor associated with PD is referred to as "pill-rolling tremor" in which the movement resembles rolling a pill between the thumb and forefinger. The paper concludes that the prognosis for Parkinson's disease, for which there is no cure despite medical treatment, is not very encouraging because symptoms only worsen over time and become less responsive to drug therapies.
From the Paper
"The substantia nigra, or "black substance," is one of the principal movement control centers in the brain. The dopamine released by nerve cells of the substantia nigra stimulates another brain region, the corpus striatum. Without sufficient amounts of dopamine, the corpus striatum cannot control its targets, and so on down the line. Ultimately, the movement patterns of walking, writing, reaching for objects, and other basic programs cannot operate properly, and the symptoms of parkinsonism are the result."
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Stem Cells, 2004.
This paper discusses stem cell research, one of the most truly revolutionary medical science developments.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the potential benefits of stem cells result from the fact that they can transform themselves into literally any cell in the body, thus replacing the injured or damaged organs, which will render today's medicines obsolete. The author points out that there are formidable challenges to be overcome; the most serious is the 'ethical' opposition to stem cell research led by pro-life advocates who consider the use of embryos for creating stem cell lines as the killing of potential human beings. This has resulted in restriction of federal funding for stem cell research. The paper states that there are several formidable scientific barriers, such as the tendency of the immune systems to attack transplanted cells, which have to be crossed; therefore, the author believes that stem cell research deserves full support.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Types of Stem Cells
How Are Stem Cell Lines Created?
Sources of Stem Cells for Research Purposes
Fertility Clinics
Aborted Fetuses
Cloning
Made to Order
The Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Arguments Against Stem Cell Research Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Other Ethical Concerns
Issue of Federal Funding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most dramatic breakthroughs in the history of biological research occurred in November 1998, when two independent teams of American researchers managed to isolate and grow a special kind of human cell called the stem cell. Until then, scientists had struggled long and hard to isolate the elusive cells but capturing them had proved difficult. One reason for this difficulty was that most stem cells only exist in their original form for a short time before turning into the various specialized cells of the body; the other was that the cells need a highly specialized environment to keep them alive outside the body. Other scientists had previously succeeded in culturing stem cells for only short periods; the 'breakthrough' accomplishment was that the pioneering scientists successfully created conditions under which the stem cells could replicate over time without specializing."
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Parkinson?s Disease, 2004.
This paper discusses Parkinson?s disease, a degenerative neurological disorder, which affects muscular movement, creates tremor, and increases posture rigidity.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the exact cause for the onset of Parkinson?s disease has not yet been clearly established, though a combination of factors, such as accelerated aging, oxidative stress, environmental toxins and neurotoxins, and genetic predisposition, may be responsible. The author points out that the medical treatment of Parkinson?s disease is broadly divided under two main categories, namely, stereotactic surgical techniques such as thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and deep brain stimulation, and pharmacological treatments using anticholinergic drugs. This paper states that skilled nursing plays an indispensable role in delivering good, symptomatic management in a long-term patient-care setting.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Parkinson?s Disease
Etiology
Symptoms and Complications
Medical Treatment
Patient Education and Care (Nursing Intervention)
From the Paper
"The debilitating effects of Parkinson?s disease, requires efficient nursing care. Nurses play an important part in educating the patient about the long-term effects of the disease, the possible complications, and side effects of the continuous use of medicines and in assisting them to successfully manage the symptoms. The positive therapeutic effects of a loving and supportive nursing care cannot be understated. Especially for very old people who require long-term care, nurses play a vital role in overseeing the nutritional interventions, studying the functional status and the daily progress and in effectively managing other complications (like Orthostatic hypotension, Dysphagia) which are common in advanced stages."
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Parkinson?s Disease and Dementia, 2002.
A general overview of the effects of Parkinson?s disease and dementia.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Parkinson?s disease, a chronic, progressive, neuro-degenerative movement disorder. Some of the primary symptoms associated with Parkinson?s disease include tremors, rigidity, slow movement, poor balance, and difficulty with walking. In particular, it looks at how many Parkinson?s patients suffer from dementia, the loss of intellectual functioning, which is characterized by loss of memory, cognitive functions, and judgment.
From the Paper
"Patients suffering from Parkinson?s dementia may be confused and disoriented, and are usually unable to be left alone. In addition, they may be agitated, delusional, moody, and disinhibited. They have problems sleeping at night, and often sleep during the day. In many cases, they have little control over urine and stool. The prevalence of dementia in Parkinson disease, including the number of all Parkinson patients with dementia, was analyzed in a series of eight reports from neurology journals, each of which examined at least 100 patients over a thirty-year span (Lieberman, 2002)."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2008.
A description of the symptoms and treatment of Parkinson's Disease.
3,255 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Parkinson's Disease, providing details of the symptoms that are associated with this progressive illness and some of the therapies that are used in its management.
Outline:
Management of Parkinson's Disease
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative, movement disorders. There are approximately one million Americans suffering from this disease (Hamai and Lozano, 2003). In the United Kingdom, PD has a prevalence rate of about 1.6 per 1,000. It has been reported to affect 1 in 750 people worldwide. It is less frequent among the Chinese, Japanese, as well as in the black population. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching a peak in the seventh decade. Before the age of 40 years, more men are inflicted with this disease than women. However, by the 7th and 8th decades, 645 to 830 per 100,000 women suffer from PD; on the other hand, only 465 to 736 per 100,000 men develop this disease (Armstrong, 2008). Mortality rate is about 1.6 times more than individuals of the same age. Patients with PD may die secondary to pneumonia or other unrelated disease. Mostly, people with PD die due to direct effects of PD such as decreased mobility, aspiration, or increased falling with subsequent physical injury (Fahn, 2003)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2008.
An analysis of the uses of stem cells in the treatment of disease and the pressure that has been placed on legislators regarding stem cell research.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses stem cell research. It discusses the function of stem cells within the body and the ways that they can be manipulated to function in different parts of the body. The paper then looks at the current uses of stem cells in the treatment of various diseases. Finally, the paper discusses the pressure that has been placed on legislators regarding stem cell research.
From the Paper
"It is evident from the research that the issue of stem cell research continues to be a concern throughout society. With states now taking the initiative to ensure that funding exists for embryonic stem cell research, the likelihood that diseases that have caused reduced functioning and death of people will someday be a concern of the past exists. Diseases such as hear disease, Parkinson's disease and diabetes are all believed to have the possibility of being eliminated from the lives of sufferers and being treated effectively for those in the future that develop these life threatening illnesses. It is clear, therefore, that continued research will allow for a healthier future for all people if the research is supported throughout society."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
A look at the controversy surrounding the issue of stem cell research as well as an argument in favor of advancing the technology.
5,591 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This is a position paper arguing that stem cell research should continue because of the promise it holds for people afflicted with certain diseases. The paper presents a brief overview of the arguments presented by those opposed to stem cell research and then counters with arguments in support of the research by first clearing up misconceptions and misunderstandings about stem cell research and by identifying the tremendous promise this medical technology holds for the future. The paper also responds to the two primary arguments against stem cell research, which contend that stem cell research is the same as playing God and that the use of stem cells, even at the earliest stages, equates to destroying human life.
Stem Cell Research Background and History
The Medical Potential of Stem Cell Research
The Debate over Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stem cells are those cells within the human body which are capable of developing into any sort of human cell, whether that be a neuron or a heart-muscle cell or any other specialized cell. They are most often found in the very earliest stages of human embryonic development, for at the blastocyst stage and before the embryo?s body is composed entirely of such non-differentiated cells, which will eventually specialize into various cell types. Scientist today hope that the ability of these cells to be guided into developing as any sort of human tissue may enable them to be used in progressive cures for a host of illnesses, particularly those involving widespread and otherwise irreversible damage to cells which are not thereafter reproductive. (Disease of the brain and spinal cord, such as Alzheimer?s, are a prime example of such illnesses)"
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses an article about stem cell research entitled, "The Stem Cell Challenge," by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza, June 2004.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper
"In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
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Parkinson's Disease (PD), 2006.
An overview of Parkinson's disease (PD), a slowly progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the immediate cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is related to the degeneration of brain cells in the area known as the substantia nigra, one of the movement control centers of the
brain, which results in the cluster of symptoms known as Parkinsonism. The author points out that, although a great deal of research has been conducted to identify the cause of PD, no underlying culprit has been found. The paper discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and new possibilities related to PD.
From the Paper
"Despite the physical and mental characteristics of Parkinson's disease, those who are afflicted with this disease have come up with some inspirational techniques that help them to lead somewhat ordinary lives. With the assistance of new medications and extensive research, the number of Americans living with PD, now estimated to be over one million, can look forward to a higher quality of life than those that came before them as long as they maintain a healthy perspective towards their disease."
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Children of Parents with Parkinson's Disease, 2006.
A review of the effects on a child of a parent suffering from Parkinson's disease.
2,029 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of sociology and the effect of disease on family members. Specifically, the paper discusses the effects on children with a parent suffering from Parkinson's disease.
From the Paper
"There are things parents can do to help children who have a parent suffering from Parkinson's disease. They can make sure the children understand the disease and how it affects the parent. They can build a support network of friends and relatives to help out when necessary and to nurture the children when they need it. One man, married to a wife with Parkinson's writes, "Strong wrote her book at a time when the plight of 'well spouses' was ignored by doctors, the government, and even friends, who tended to be concerned only with the ill spouse. 'The rest of the world shies away or just plain flees,' she wrote. 'Few people know who we are and what we need'" (Kondracke, 2001, p. 166). Instead of "fleeing," well relatives need to offer help, support, and concern to the family, and worry about the children, too."
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