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Resistance and Pain, 2003.
An analysis of the notion of resistance in light of the way chronic pain sufferers use narrative and objectification to resist pain and how chronic pain in turns resists political economic pressures.
2,745 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper uses Foucault?s work on biopower and governmentality to analyse chronic pain as a resistance to power/knowledge formations that express themselves in terms of control over the body. It attempts to analyse chronic pain by using three different notions of resistance. It looks at how chronic pain causes a contraction of the social world especially in situations of biomedical practice when the moral decision ?it?s all in your head? can often be made by doctors. It examines how this process resists speech (and thus resocialisation) by analysing the dialectical tension this resistance has with the stress, rage and the impulse that drives us to unsettle or confound the fixed order of things. It then explores the resistance that people have to the pain that they feel followed by rage for order.
From the Paper
"Chronic pain confounds many of the concepts and methods used for its analysis, in part because of the privileging of certain spheres of analysis. This is noticeable in a set of assumptions that are part of both biomedical and western philosophical theory. This set of assumptions assumes a divide between mind and body; it assumes that diseases are universal biological or pyschophysiological entities resulting from somatic lesions and dysfunctions. These can produce signs of symptoms, and one must decode the cultural elements of patients systems in terms of their underlying somatic referents. If the symptoms do not fit this mould, then one is denied illness in the biomedical model."
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Dental Pain, Neuroanatomy and Control, 2005.
A discussion regarding dental pain and the possible applications of pain relief.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses pain mechanisms pertaining to dental pain. It focuses on the most recent and relevant advances in pain research, specifically the neuroanatomical, neurochemical and genetic aspects of pain modulation mechanisms. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor is used to illustrate the model's plasticity and the ways in which pain modulation works. This paper also discusses other mechanisms relevant to dental pain.
From the Paper
"With the present volume of research that has accrued, pain control may have to veer away from the "killing two birds with one stone" approach that is still in use today. The mere number of modulating mechanisms at work at the genetic, intracellular and neuroanatomical level suggests a shift towards more individualized and effective pain treatment using these mechanisms is in order. Pain control generally attempts to inhibit the propagation of nerve impulses. The mechanisms are numerous, from directly or indirectly inhibiting the firing of neurons propagating pain impulses, stopping the inflammatory cascade at discrete steps in the process to disabling neurons from firing altogether. These include anesthetics, as well as analgesics such as the opioids, non-opioids, some antidepressants, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants among others (Dewar 343). The targets receptors of the opioid analgesics mainly lie along the periaqueductal grey and substantia gelatinosa."
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Alternative Pain Management, 2009.
This essay explores massage therapy and deep breathing in the management of pain and chronic disease.
3,938 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the types of pain that include chronic pain, acute pain and breakthrough pain. The paper looks at the methods to make an effective diagnosis of pain and provides an understanding of how pain occurs. The paper then explores alternative therapies for pain and focuses on massage therapy and deep breathing. The paper concludes that there is enough evidence that unconventional and alternative strategies for treatment can have beneficial effects.
Outline:
Introduction
Mechanism of Pain
Kinds of Pain
Alternative Therapies for Pain Management
Massage Therapy
Use of Massage Therapy
Deep Breathing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is a journal that is dedicated to the subject of pain--Pain. Pain is an important aspect of life because it is the mechanism by which the body protects itself. The capacity to monitor the integrity of our bodies and to be made immediately aware of injury through the experience of pain is critical for our survival. Individuals who are born without this capacity frequently die at relatively young ages from injuries or illnesses that they never realized they had. There are different therapeutic modalities to treat pain. Of these, massage therapy or deep breathing are two. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "... an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage."(Merskey, 1979) Margaret McCaffrey, a social scientist and registered nurse was quoted in cancer-pain.org as saying: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, and exists whenever he says it does." (McCaffrey, 1972)"
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The Most Effective Pain Assessment Methods, 2008.
An analysis of the most effective pain assessment methods to use with infants as compared with the Wong-Baker Pain Scale.
1,863 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes the best pain assessment method for infants in the neonatal ward of a hospital. The paper assumes that the Wong-Baker standard is the comparator, and evaluates several techniques as addressed in a number of clinical studies performed over the past few years. The paper points out that the lack of ability of nurses to consistently judge infant pain can lead to inconsistent application of anti-pain medications, and variability in the amount of pain caused to an infant during necessary procedures. The paper also explains that diagnosis generally precedes therapy in medicine. Good, consistent diagnosis of situations that cause pain can lead to novel methods to reduce that pain. The writer believes that nurses do not intend to be either inaccurate or to judge differently than their fellow nurses.
Outline:
Introduction
The Wong-Baker Pain Scale
Measuring Neonatal Pain is More Difficult
The Need for More Objective Infant Pain Measurement
PIPP: The Most Comprehensive and Complicated Method
Analysis of the PIPP for the Neonatal Ward
CRIES Method to Assess Pain
High Variability Questions Accuracy of PIPP
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There was an interesting mid-level 'pain' measurement included in the Kritjansen study: movement which should not have caused pain. It was interesting to note that the PIPP score was significantly higher than the resting state, and lower than during the time that the infants should have felt pain. This suggests that the PIPP is measuring more than pain, or conversely that activities like changing diapers cause pain to the baby (probably less likely). Two other limitations of the study should be covered when evaluating PIPP as an indicator of pain: the difficulty of measuring all seven elements in a busy neonatal ward, and the variability between nurses."
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Managing Infant Pain, 2004.
An analysis of different nursing practices in managing infant pain.
3,367 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that because infants cannot report their pain, they are often vulnerable to under treatment. The paper explains how infants must rely on caregivers to interpret cues of pain and to manage the pain accordingly. The paper claims that nurses are therefore an important advocate for the interpretation and control of pain. The paper outlines the many pain inventories that help the staff assess the infants' pain level and contends that due to this, there are conflicts as to the best method to assess pain. The paper examines the lack of standardized pain assessment and the best method for pain management, citing that this creates a risk for ineffective pain relief for this vulnerable population.
From the Paper
"The nurse is a vital advocate for the infant undergoing any painful procedure. Assessing infant pain is a complex phenomenon that continues to challenge nurses daily. Identifying behaviors may be the key in developing newborn pain assessment efforts. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage" (McCaffery & Pasero, 1999). The IASP recently added to their original definition that states that the inability to communicate in no way negates the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain relieving treatment (Gibbins, Stevens, Hodnett, Pinelli, Ohlsson, Arne, & Darlington, 2002). The IASP revision incorporates persons who cannot communicate their pain, such as neonates, must rely on others to make inferences from behavioral and physiological indices for the assessment and management of pain (Gibbins et al., 2002). "
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Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain, 2007.
This paper looks at the reduction of non-specific low back pain, through a modified program of Pilates.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that chronic non-specific low back pain is defined as back pain that continues for more than 12 weeks often without a specific source or triggering factor. The writer notes that at present, chronic low back pain is considered by doctors to be the most expensive benign disease in industrialized countries because it significantly limits the number of physical and non-physical activities that a person might do. The writer points out that due to the rising cost to the economy because of back pain, it becomes very important to find cheaper alternative treatments and management strategies to prevent it from occurring and to lessen the pain associated with it. The writer concentrates on Pilates exercises. The writer concludes that Pilates exercises not only focus on the core muscles associated with low back pain, but have confirmed pain management effects.
Outline:
Introduction
Using Pilates to Improve Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Results of the Pilates Intervention Program
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the cheaper alternative treatments that have been found for chronic non-specific low back pain is exercise therapy. Exercise therapy for back pain focuses on the key areas of the back so that the person suffering from it can slowly become more confident to use their spine and become less afraid of the physical pain associated with using it. As exercise therapy progresses, the back muscles are strengthened and the individual will experience less pain with physical activity. Exercise therapy is also cheaper than traditional physiotherapy since it can be performed in groups with only a single instructor while physiotherapy mandates expensive one-on-one session with a physical therapist."
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Nurses and Pain Management, 2004.
Examines the pain management strategies that could be employed by nurses towards alleviating pain in a variety of patients.
2,578 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines the background and reviews the current literature regarding pain management. The next part then examines the key pain management issues and the pros and cons of establishing pain management standards.The paper then examines these proposed guidelines from a nursing viewpoint in line with the 2001 Code of Ethics, as well as the ANA's "Nursing's agenda for the future." Next, the paper addresses how a proposed set of pain management guidelines affects nursing practices and the practice of health care, in general. In the last section, the paper makes further recommendations on how pain management strategies could be tailored to facilitate the practice of nursing.
From the Paper
"Pain management takes a backseat in a variety of medical specialties. Tanabe and Buschmann (1999), for example, found that 78 percent of patients experience severe pain in the emergency room. Furthermore, clinicians often followed a standard pain treatment program that did not take into account the severity of an individual patient's pain. As a result, many patients did not receive adequate pain medication, despite the availability of pharmacologic solutions."
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Pain Perception, 2009.
An in-depth study of the cognitive and psychological aspects of pain perception.
3,293 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper studies attention redirection as it applies to altering both physical and psychological pain reactions. The paper focuses on two specific types of research, that which develops attention redirection and then tests the biological response to pain, as well as studies that attempt to explore psychological pain reaction. The paper shows how both types of research indicate strong support for highly cognitive attentional redirection effecting the physical and/or psychological affect of pain perception. The paper therefore concludes that the mind-body connection is an essential element with regard to pain perception, in both a psychological and physical sense.
Outline:
Introduction
Pain Perception and Attention
Examples of some Alternative Pain Treatments
Types of Research
Pain Perception and Attention Physical Cue Research
Psychological Pain Reaction with Attention Redirection or Cognitive Assessment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Pain is one of the most studied phenomena in research circles, psychological, sociological and medical alike. Each discipline has demonstrated an intense desire to understand pain as a way of treating it by both secondary and primary means, as it is one of the most common human conditions individuals seek help for and live with. Pain perception and attention is a particularly interesting area of psychological inquiry, as a result of the fact that the phenomena of reduced attention to pain stimulus may help reduce psychological and physical symptomology of pain and allow some to more easily cope with pain in an acute and chronic state. It is commonly understood that pain is perceived differently, and therefore responded to differently as a result of different attention processes."
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Acupuncture and Pain Relief, 2007.
This paper examines the experience of pain and the role of acupuncture as a pain reliever.
2,969 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper defines pain, illness and the process of sensitization. The paper discusses the use of acupuncture in treating chronic pain conditions. The paper relates how unlike conventional treatments using synthesized oral pills, tablets or syrups, acupuncture enlists the natural body forces and processes to produce the relief or control of pain. The paper points out acupuncture's effectiveness, virtual lack of side effects and its safety and so argues for its recognition as a legitimate pain control treatment mode.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Method
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Pain has been described as a jabbing, throbbing, burning or stinging sensation (Mayo Clinic Staff 2007). The uncomfortable experience is partly physical and partly influenced by psychological and cultural factors. Questions have remained as to what exactly happens when a part of the body or mind is affected and the time the person feels pain. Pain proceeds from a series of exchanges within the three major components of the nervous system, such as the peripheral nerves, the spinal cord and the brain. The peripheral nerves sense touch, pressure, vibration, cold and warmth."
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Thomas Paine as a Patriot, 2009.
A discussion of the importance of the writings of Thomas Paine and his role as a patriot.
2,831 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to educate the reader on the importance of Thomas Paine's writings and his passion for independence. It discuses Paine's influence on the common man and also his influence, if any, on men known to be "great men" in history such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. In addition, the paper discusses whether Thomas Paine was the first to advocate the emancipation of the Negro in America, support women's rights or was the first to propose a constitutional government in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Thomas Paine Background Information
Was Thomas Paine a Patriot?
The Passion Present in his Writings
Paine's Influence on Historic Figures
Thomas Paine- Influence on Common People
Thomas Paine--the Emancipation of Slaves and Women's Rights
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As it pertains to the other aims of the research, it is evident from the passages provided, that Thomas Paine had passionate feelings about America. He wrote many essays on various topics throughout his life. In some instances he wrote essays on the same topic over a number of years or months. He understood what the forefathers were trying to accomplish in the new world and he supported their endeavors. It is evident that Thomas Paine played a significant role in formulating the ideas and philosophies associated with the declaration of independence. Without the document and without the spirit behind that document America would not be the country that it is today. It still isn't a perfect union but it does have a pretty solid political structure in place."
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Pain Management, 2004.
An extensive analysis of the issue of home care and pain management for terminally ill patients.
2,647 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Pain management is an issue which has come a long way in the last few decades, especially when viewed in the setting of pain management in the terminally ill population. It is widely held that many effective pain management therapies are available, yet many patients still undergo severe pain at the end of life due to a lack of knowledge surrounding the effective use of pain control methods on the part of physicians and caregivers alike. Patients and caregivers in this study are provided with pain management education, both on what is to be expected and what can be done. Patients and caregivers are surveyed both before and after the education and the level of pain management is assessed to see if greater knowledge surrounding therapeutics and expected outcomes can improve patients' subjective perception of pain control and ultimately terminally ill patient comfort.
From the Paper
"In the last forty years, amazing progress has been made in the management of patients at the end of life. Patients who are at the end of life often rely on caregivers for support, both emotionally and literally, surrounding concerns about the process of dying. Caregivers are often left to make decisions on how to manage panoply of symptoms including things like breathlessness, physical and mental incapacity, and most of all the effective management of physical pain. The last four decades have shown the medical profession much about how to address these issues with appropriate palliative management, yet often times these issues are not adequately addressed by the caregiver, either because of lack of knowledge or lack of resources. When these issues remain unattended, they often lead to increased anxiety, depression and physical and mental stress, both for the ill patient and for the home care giver. What is the best practical approach to the management of pain in the home care of terminally ill patients? How can these patients be adequately assessed for current and future palliative needs? How are medications chosen? How is an adequate dose determined? And how can the home caregiver ensure all these criteria are met, and the patient made as comfortable as possible."
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A Nursing Assessment of Infant Pain, 2005.
A review of the assessment of pain in infants proving that infants experience pain more acutely than adults.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper is a literature review of a quantitative research study based on pain assessment of neonates and the corresponding practice of documenting findings of the pain assessment. The author's beliefs and findings were consistent with other research in the area that while the belief is strong in the need to follow recommended assessments and use prescribed assessments tools, the practice of documenting assessment findings is inconsistent - in other words, pain assessments may take place, but little documentation exists.
From the Paper
"Infants experience pain more acutely than do adults (Reyes, 2003). This is a concept that has radically changed since the time when the medical profession was of the belief that infants did not experience pain at all due to nerve fibers that were yet to develop myelinated sheaths. Also changing, has been technology and nursing practices related to neonatal pain assessment. This paper will analyze the October, 2003 article: Nursing Assessment of Pain, published in the Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing (Reyes, 2003). The analysis presentation will follow class report review guidelines, focusing on why this study is important to the field of nursing."
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Concept of Human Pain, 2003.
How human pain is understood and studied by today's medical community.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing an introduction to the concept. It then analyzes and reviews the sources of recent literature available on the subject. The writer follows by examining various definitions of pain and the mechanics of pain. It then looks at clinical/empirical examples of pain and the consequences of pain.
From the Paper
"Since the beginning of the 20th century, medical advances in the understanding of human pain as it relates to health have far exceeded the expectations of even the most optimistic clinician or physician. Yet despite all of the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pain, new medical challenges continue to rise, especially in such diseases as AIDS/HIV and related viral/bacterial infections throughout the world. In addition, pain is now associated with diseases that are brought about by personal choice, such as drug and alcohol abuse, dietary habits, and the stress and anxieties related to work habits and contemporary lifestyles. As Ronald Melzack points out, "the very technology which has done so much to prolong life has brought with it previously unimaginable ethical and medical dilemmas related to pain and pain management" (1983, 34). Furthermore, the rising cost of health care in the United States, due mostly to an aging population, has become a central concern to all those involved in pain diagnosis and prevention."
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Pain management, 2008.
An examination of the development of pain management in modern medicine.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In the paper, the writer examines the growing demand by patients suffering from chronic pain for pain management and relief treatments that will improve the quality of their lives. The writer contends that America's rapidly growing population of Seniors, coupled with increased longevity is the reason for this demand and examines some of the solutions that doctors are able to provide. The author then examines the growth of specialized care in pain management and the current system for subspecialty certification for physicians, before making his final conclusions and recommendations.
Outline:
Introduction
Specialized Pain Management Growth
Increased Opportunity For Care
Current Opportunity for Specialization in Pain Management/Proposed AA System
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The current system for subspecialty certification for physicians, in pain medicine comes in the form of an annual exam offered by the ABPM. The organization certifies about 2200 physicians per year in this specialty through the successful completion of the exam, which has about an 80% pass rate. (ABPM, 2008, NP) It would be conducive to structure the AA system in a similar manner with the inclusion of preparatory post grad fellowship continuing education opportunities. Individual AA's who took the seminar style two semester prep classes, and who were signed off by a governing anesthesiologist or their work institution as working within this field successfully for greater than one year would be eligible to sit for the exam and would then be certified in the subspecialty of pain medicine if success was achieved on the exam. All preparation would also qualify the individual for continuing education credits, toward their general licensure and facility requirements. Some legislation for a broadening of services offered might also be needed to alter the current state of allowable practical functions of an AA. The development of such legislative changes would likely be welcomed, as cost reduction seems to be the rule of the day with regard to medical care and spending, and this would likely improve the availability and reduce the cost of procedures significantly."
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Pain Research, 2006.
A review of the different pain thresholds in men and women.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the idea that the pain threshold is different for men than women, with the assumption being that women are better able to withstand pain then are man based primarily on the pain associated with childbirth. The paper further notes that some more recent research suggests that the situation may actually be reversed and that women may feel pain more acutely than do men, with research showing as well that women feel pain more often in the course of a lifetime, that they experience pain in more parts of the body, and that they may feel pain for a longer duration than do men.
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