| Papers [1-15] of 61 :: [Page 1 of 5] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 —> | Search results on "OXYGEN RADON LEAD": |
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Oxygen, Radon, and Lead, 2002.
An examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead.
2,972 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scholarly examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead, including who discovered them and when, how they are isolated from the environment, and some of their commercial applications. An analysis of what the impact of the loss of these elements on life and society is also provided.
From the Paper
"Dmitri Mendeleyev's discovery of the Periodic System can be traced to when he first began his scientific work in 1855. At this time, the central axiomatic assumption of chemistry was the notion of a chemical ?element.? Tennebaum says that this notion was associated with the idea that researchers cannot differentiate or divide substance down indefinitely, without encountering some kind of a limit, boundary or, ?singularity? (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 3). In the specific practice of chemistry up to the time of Mendeleyev, the exploration of this area took the form mainly of what are called chemical separation methods as distillation, precipitation, electrolysis, centrifugation, and so forth (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 4). It was through this type of exploration that chemists that chemists had discovered about 64 elements at the time of Mendeleyev?s initial research. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, on the other hand, adopted the view that these chemical elements are ?singularities? (moments of change, in a search not for ultimate building blocks, but for what he called the ?principles'' of matter."
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Oxygen Cascade and Disease, 2008.
This paper describes the lungs and how it functions, especially oxygen cascade, and its relationship to disease.
3,380 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the main organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs, are efficient not only in their anatomic and histological structure but also are physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The author points out that the oxygen cascade, essentially described as the "diminishing returns" phenomenon, represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian and human cellular respiration. The paper concludes that, from uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, at the different steps, oxygen tension decreases pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion and are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.
Table of Contents:
Lung Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen Cascade
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Regional Distribution of Oxygen Delivery
Diffusion from Capillary to Cell
Cellular Use of Oxygen
Lung Pathophysiology
Oxygen Cascade Pathophysiology and Relevant Disease States
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Delivery of oxygen to the tissues is heavily dependent on the heart and the vascular system associated with it. This branching, closed-circuit system perfuses all organ systems. In normal individuals, global delivery of oxygen (Do2) is often more than adequate to ensure that all tissues receive enough oxygen to meet their aerobic respiratory needs (Vo2). Do2 is the product of cardiac output (Qt) and oxygen content of blood (Cao2). Cao2 is similarly the product of oxygen saturation (Sao2), hemoglobin content (Hgb), and a constant K (the coefficient for hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity)."
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Hemoglobin, Oxygen Transport and Nitric Oxide, 2001.
This paper presents electron paramagnetic resonance and oxygen binding studies of -nitrosyl hemoglobin - a novel oxygen carrier having NO (Nitric Oxide) assisted allosteric functions.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that Nitric Oxide (NO) is a very popular compound to investigate in the scientific community today. It is physiologically ubiquitous as a potent vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and immuno-active agent at low concentrations and it is produced and recycled in the respiratory tract to regulate the airway. This paper discusses in detail the mechanism behind oxygen binding and release by hemoglobin as it relates NO bound to the Hemoglobin. The oxygen affinity dynamics of native Hemoglobin and nitrosylated Hb are compared. The research also reveals that although NO has a much higher affinity than oxygen or carbon monoxide for Hemoglobin, NO behaves differently than these other ligands and is not as toxic to normal Hb oxygen binding as previously assumed.
From the Paper
"Small, unicellular aerobic organisms can obtain oxygen required for metabolism by simple diffusion from the environment. Most multicellular organisms have too great a surface area and many cells not in contact with the environment. They require circulatory systems that transport oxygen from gas-exchange organs to other tissues. In vertebrates, oxygen is bound to molecules of Hemoglobin (Hb) or transport in Red Blood Cells. Mammalian Hemoglobin is a tetramer, consisting of four polypeptide chains; two a and two b. Six ligands are coordinated to the ferrous iron, with the ligands in octahedral geometry around the metal cation (figure 1). In aqueous solution, free heme does not does not reversibly bind oxygen. Instead the Fe(II) is rapidly oxidized to Fe(III) when it gives up an electron to oxygen. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin prevents formal transfer of an electron and allows it to reversibly bind O2. Positively charged amino acid residues stabilize to negatively charged diatomic oxygen without an ionic bond. Hemoglobin unbound to oxygen is called deoxyhemoglobin and has a low affinity for oxygen. Once one oxygen molecule binds to the Fe, the proximal Histadine (figure 1) moves closer to the porphyrin ring because the Fe is now bound to six ligands instead of five. This disrupts the stabilizing ions that interact with Hb. The remaining Heme groups have an increased affinity for Oxygen. In addition to this positive cooperatively of binding, allosteric interactions regulate the binding and release of oxygen by Hb (Horton, 1996)."
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Radon, 2007.
A discussion of the biological effects of radon.
809 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the biological risks of radon exposure, the most serious being lung cancer. The paper traces the history of concern over radon, including residential radon exposure. Several research studies, including those where underground miners were the subjects, validate the hazards of radon. The paper concludes by stating that researchers have placed increasing attention towards models that may provide accurate estimations of health risks of radon.
From the Paper
" Since radon is a widely known and established carcinogen, researchers have found it important to investigate the biological risks associated with exposure. Catelinois et al. (2006) sought to assess the lung cancer risk in France due to the inhalation of radon. In particular, these researchers examined exposure-response results of both studies involving miners as well as case control studies, and furthermore investigated the interaction between radon and tobacco. The results of this study indicated that the estimated number of deaths due to lung cancer that could be attributed to radon exposure ranged from 543 to 3108 with a 90% uncertainty level. The specific number of deaths was dependent on the particular model being adhered to. From this number, the researchers suggested that 2.2% to 12.4% of these lung cancer deaths may actually be due to indoor radon exposure (Catelinois et al. 2006)."
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Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Endurance.
This paper discusses maximum oxygen uptake, the best way to find out how aerobically fit a person is, and athletic endurance.
2,240 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the act of actually measuring how effectively the VO.sub.2 absorbs into the blood and then into the muscles is not always an easy task. The author points out that, although exercise testing is considered a safe procedure, there are reports of acute myocardial infarctions and deaths while testing maximum oxygen uptake. The paper relates one reason that athletes are able to reach the level of world-class performances is because exercise and sports scientists use good training strategies to get the most out of performance by getting the most oxygen to the muscles.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Terms
The Bassett/Howley Piece: The Impact of A.V. Hill's Research and Theories
Santo & Golding's Modified YMCA 3-Minute Step Test
Tests of Cycling Performance
The American Heart Association (AHA)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Blow Flow and Oxygen-carrying capacity relates to when athletes cheat and use "blood doping" to increase their performance. On 74, BH note that blood-doping is the practice "of artificially increasing a person's volume of total red blood cells through removal, storage, and subsequent reinfusion." So, the reinfusion of 900-1,350 milliliters of blood elevates oxygen carrying capacity, and puts more power into the muscle because more oxygen than normal is racing there to help the athlete ride his bike up over that mountain ahead."
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Harrow Oxygen Bar - A Strategic Analysis, 2006.
This paper analyzes a start-up enterprise called the Harrow Oxygen Bar.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in a start-up enterprise where the intended organization does not have a body of operational experience to rely upon or a seasoned management team that has established a unique culture in the new organization, the skills and abilities of the proposed management team are doubly critical. Management itself relies on a robust body of knowledge in how to conduct enterprise in a competitive market beyond the mundane in a fashion that characterizes an organization's leadership as strategic.
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Medicine, 1995.
Describes its use, process, effectiveness and problems of oxygen treatment on patients with burns and decompression sickness.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Hyperbaric Medicine
Hyperbaric medicine has been often misunderstood. It is sometimes considered a parascientific treatment. Such views may result from the diversity of uses to which oxygen has been applied. Hyperbaric medicine generally involves all of the physiological phenomena associated with barometric pressures higher than those found at sea level. At such pressures, high doses of oxygen can be delivered to body tissues. Hyperbaric oxygen's use as a therapeutic modality for decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and burns has been well established. In addition, the treatments may also be applied to infections, ischemic tissue, and problem wounds.
One definition of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is as follows: "a mode of medical treatment in which the patient is ..."
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Oxygenation And Ventilation, 2004.
A case study of a man suffering from emphysema.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper first looks at the case of a man with emphysema and what treatment he should receive. It then lists some symptoms of partial airway obstruction. The third part of the paper compares and contrasts Tb and pneumonia.
From the Paper
"This patient is in respiratory acidosis because of his emphysema. The patient needs oxygen therapy to counteract his low pO level and IV bicarbonate to restore the buffering capacity of the blood and raise the blood pH. The patient should be placed on a sound nutritious diet with vitamin supplements, particularly vitamin A and antioxidants Pulmozyme may be prescribed to help break up the mucus in the lungs. If possible he should get regular exercise. The patient should be assessed to see if he is..."
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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 1995.
Examines the means, effectiveness and problems of artificial blood gas exchange for respiratory or cardiac patients.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) involves artificial blood gas exchange. It is primarily administered to patients suffering from severe respiratory or cardiac failure. These cardiopulmonary bypass techniques may be used both during surgery and outside the operating room. Although the introduction of neonatal ECMO once spawned considerable controversy, the methods have become well established. In fact, with portable equipment and percutaneous techniques, ECMO can even be administered during emergency resuscitation subsequent to cardiac arrest. In the future, it is very probably that ECMO will become a regular component of critical care.
The development of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be traced back to the early heart-lung machines. During the ..."
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Basic Oxygen Steelmaking, 1994.
Development & process, materials, benefits, technology and problems.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
Abstract
Steel is a heterogenous material which consists primarily of iron. The steelmaking process involves removing carbon and other impurities from pig iron and scrap. During the nineteenth century, Henry Bessemer noted that this could be achieved by blowing air through the molten metal. It wasn't until the mid-twentieth century though, that metallurgists began using oxygen instead of air. Top-blown basic oxygen converters eventually gave way to combination top- and bottom-blown furnaces. The introduction of this technology created concern about the effects of oxygen on finished steel products. Various studies have clearly demonstrated how oxide inclusions can adversely alter the physical properties of metal. Fortunately, basic oxygen.."
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Fetal Hypoxia, 2002.
A discussion of the physiological mechanisms which come into play when a fetus is deprived of sufficient oxygen.
747 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the condition of fetal hypoxia, the lack of oxygen to the fetus which can result in stillbirths or fetal depression and how the fetus has built-in compensatory mechanisms to protect it from transient hypoxia. It looks at how experiments in animals have shown that the compensatory mechanisms at play during fetal hypoxia are redistribution of blood flow favoring vital organs, including the heart, brain, adrenal glands and the placenta; a decrease in total oxygen consumption and the dependence of some vascular beds on anaerobic metabolism. It looks at how these compensatory can allow the fetus to survive for moderately long periods of hypoxia (up to 30 minutes) without any decompensation to the vital organs, especially the heart and brain.
From the Paper
"Due to the obvious difficulty of looking at fetal hypoxia in humans, animal models have been employed, but it is believed that they are applicable to the human condition. Experiments in animals have shown that the compensatory mechanisms at play during fetal hypoxia are: redistribution of blood flow favoring vital organs, including the heart, brain, adrenal glands, and the placenta; a decrease in total oxygen consumption; and the dependence of some vascular beds on anaerobic metabolism (Parer, 1997, p. 37). A study by Newman, Peebles, Harding, Springett and Hanson (2000) confirmed that the fetal blood supply redistribution in response to hypoxia functions to protect the vital organs."
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Critical Thinking, 2005.
This article studies examines the advantages and disadvantages of Project Oxygen.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the pros and cons of Project Oxygen. The writer explains that this is a program being developed at MIT which would eliminate the need for cell phones, hand-held computers and other personal information systems, in lieu of a global system. The writer discusses that this system could be accessed anywhere by anyone from any access device (cell phone, computer etc.), by tapping into a central database which would use video and audio recognition technology to identify the user and access their personal data base.
From the Paper
"Project Oxygen is a proposed global Super-Internet which is based on a complex network of undersea fiber optic cables linking countries at landing points. The idea of the project is to make computers human-centered and responsive to human needs, rather than having people catering to expensive machines as happens now. In the plan, no-one would need their own personal devices such as cell phones and hand-held computers because these devices would be available everywhere for anyone to use. They would all be connected to a ... "
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Altitude & Athletes, 1997.
Effects of high altitude on athletic performance. Looks at how it effects their training needs, oxygen use & availability, endurance and the dangers involved.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
" Altitude and its effects on athletic performance will be discussed with regard to the following subtopics: adaptations the body makes as a person goes from sea level to a high altitude; changes brought about by aerobic compared to anaerobic exercises at high altitude; and the effects, positive or negative, of training at altitude. A drastic case study will be cited to demonstrate the magnitude of the effect of altitude change on physiology.
At altitudes of over 5,000 feet, the ability to perform physical work is affected--the higher the altitude, the more severe the effects. In general, one can expect a reduction in endurance capacity as measured by the maximal oxygen consumption of 3 to 3.5 percent for every 1,000 feet ascended above 5,000 feet. Work performance and maximum oxygen consumption are..."
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Hyperbaric Medicine, 2001.
A look at Hyperbaric Oxygen Medicine.
1,028 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the concept of hyperbaric medicine and the various conditions that it is used to treat. Also studied is the relation the respiratory therapist has to the administering of the treatment.
From the Paper
"Hyperbaric medicine was initially used as a treatment for decompression sickness and other diving accidents, however now as the therapy has been researched and current trends studied, it has been seen that hyperbaric oxygen therapy has proven highly effective for a number of medical and surgical conditions. This treatment is now available at many leading medical centers, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Medicare, and is recognized by the American Medical Association."
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Hypoxia, 1997.
Causes & effects of deficiency of oxygen in blood and the brain.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"HYPOXIA
Introduction
Reports describe various biochemical events associated with hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions demonstrate effects on erythrocyte production by bone marrow, cerebral injury, tumors, vascular cells (vascular tone, endothelial permeability and growth factors, coagulant functions), and free radical production.
Bone Marrow Oxygen & Erythropoiesis
The delivery of oxygen to the cells of tissues is a function of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, oxygen content of the red cells, extraction of oxygen by the tissues, and metabolism by intervening cells (10). Erythropoiesis is a process involving cell divisions followed by a loss of nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes. An important aspect of this process is protein..."
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