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Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), 2006.
An examination of the technology and uses of organic light emitting diodes.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the development of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), one of the major technological breakthroughs since the invention of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in providing digital lighting and display. The paper examines how these components display brighter colors, produce faster refresh rates, consume less power, and cost less to manufacture. The paper further discusses how OLEDs are being used in consumer electronics such as cellular phones, personal digital organizers (PDAs), and flat-screen televisions. The paper examines how these can be used in virtual reality, heads-up display (HUDs), and in the military. The paper concludes that the technology looks very promising, and may provide us with a cheaper and better alternative to current LCDs and LEDs in displaying bright and crisp digital images.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction to Topic
History / Background
Current Technology/Implementations/Understandings
A. OLED Structure
B. OLED Operation
C. Advantages
D. Disadvantages
Analysis of Existing Knowledge
Summary of Topic
Short Term Outlook
Recommendations and/or Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"When electricity is applied to the OLED (around 2 to 10 volts), the electrical current is received by the cathode and gives electrons to the emissive layer. At the same time the anode also receives an electric current and it sucks electrons from the conductive layer. This creates "electron holes" between the emissive and conductive layers, which are then filled up. This is the step which creates light. To create brighter light, it is only necessary to increate the electrical current. To create colors, several OLED layers are used which contain color components for red, green, and blue (Freudenrich, n.d.)."
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The Solid State Physics of the Light Emitting Diode, 2002.
How LEDs work and their future.
2,006 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how light emitting diodes (LEDs) work, materials used to make them, their significance in everyday appliances, and what they may be used for in the future by employing new technologies. The full utility of these devices has not yet been realized; they are highly efficient and have many applications in illumination and storage technology. This paper "sheds some light" on the many uses for this seemingly simple device.
From the Paper
"Before discussing semiconductors and semiconductor devices we should first cover the basics of conduction. Conductivity of a material is dependent on three factors. First is the number of charge carriers per unit volume or carrier density. Charge carriers can be electrons, holes or ions or any combination thereof. The second factor is the charge per carrier. This is typically measured in Coulombs so it is the elementary charge in the case of electrons and holes or is the charge of the ion in that case. The third factor is the charge mobility. This factor is a little more complicated and will be covered in more depth later. It is dependent, however, on acceleration of the carrier, dependent on electric field strength, and the average time between collisions, which is dependent on temperature and defect concentration. The conductivity is then the product of these three terms."
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Bud Light and Coors Light, 2002.
A comparison of the international markets for the beer products Bud Light and Coors Light.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
Light beers have become a viable product in the last few years showing a certain ambiguous health consciousness on the part of the public, at least in America, so that people continue to drink beer but try to reduce their caloric intake at the same time. This paper compares the international markets for the products Bud Light (Anheuser-Busch International, Inc) and Coors Light (Coors Brewing Company).
The paper shows that taste may be a consideration in deciding which beer to purchase, but the success or failure of a lite beer in the international marketplace will depend as much on the marketing and distribution apparatus and skills of the companies that produce these beers, thus raising the issue of whether Anheuser-Busch or Coors will be better able to deliver the product to the consumer. The paper concludes that by this criterion in particular, Bud Light is in a better position than Coors Light.
From the Paper
"Coors has been making progress in the international marketplace as well, but it has also encountered some problems. Canada is a major market for beer, as noted, and Coors had an agreement with Canada's biggest brewer, Molson Breweries, for licensing rights to Coors' top-selling beers in Canada. A dispute arose in 1996 leading to an agreement that Molson would continue to brew and sell Coors Light, Canada's dominant light beer, and Original Coors through June 30, 1997, with doubts about what would happen after that. A court ruling had found that Molson had breached its licensing deal by allowing Miller Brewing Co., a unit of Philip Morris Cos. Inc., to buy a 20 percent stake without Coors' consent in 1993. Molson Breweries is also owned 40 percent each by Toronto-based Molson Cos. Ltd. and Australia's Foster's Brewing Group Ltd. Molson had to pay Coors damages in the millions of dollars (Schuettler, "Coors/Molson Agree"). Coors Light is the dominant light beer in Canada, commanding a 5 to 5.5 percent share of the beer market, and Coors can ill-afford to ignore this market (Schuettler, "Molson Shares Dive")."
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Waves Versus Particles: Scientific Theories of Light, 2000.
A look at the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle as opposed to the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the two competing theories of light. The first part of the paper details the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle, including both the most prominent scientists and the most conclusive mathematical data (Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, etc.); the second part lists the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light, including prominent supporters and the most concrete scientific evidence (Young's double-slit experiment, Clark Maxwell's mathematical equations). The paper concludes by detailing the newest theory to encompass both the particle and wave theories.
Particle Theory
Einstein
Isaac Newton
Scientific Evidence
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Effect
Wave Theory
Huygens
Scientific Evidence
Young's Double-slit Experiment
Maxwell Clark's Mathematical Equations
The Dual Nature of Light
From the Paper
"If it is part of the material world, it is certainly, by dint of its surpassing subtlety, the part that is closest to the spirit, said Johannes Kepler in his description of light (Holt, 1). As elusive and mystical as the Almighty, light has been a companion, rivaled only by oxygen, to mankind since men first trod upon the earth, an eternal, comforting friend. It terrified and was deified by the men and women of religion; it fascinated and frustrated the theorists, the scientists, and countless cracks; and yet for both it offered an enigma to be solved, a question worthy of an answer. Thus, from the foothills of Classical Greece to the stone castles of Italy and Germany, humanity found itself hounded by a question seemingly so basic: What is light? This question remains only marginally answered at the end of this century, three millennia after the Greeks first hypothesized about the subject. Although centuries upon centuries of labor and experiments have led to millions of dusty binders and folders, only two camps ever gained the blessings of science in a quest for a solution: those who believed light to be a particle and those who believed it to be a wave. "
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Divine Light, 2007.
An analysis of the history and evolution of the concept of divine light, particularly within architecture.
3,601 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of divine light. It investigates the origin of the concept and how it is integrated with social values and ideals of various times throughout history. The paper discusses the history of divine light and suggests that in these modern times, the concept of the divine has stretched and evolved to include a variety of principles, religions and lifestyles. The paper gives examples of its use and particularly focuses on the concept of divine light in architecture.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Divine Light
Divine Light in Architecture
Greek Temples
Early Christian Architecture
Medieval Christian Churches
Baroque churches
Modern Churches
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Instead, Tadao Ando asserts that a universal spirituality is possible through the use of natural forces. This in turn is reminiscent of the enclosures around Greek Temples, where natural elements were used to connect the human spirit to the divine. Ando recognizes that the divine, if architecture is going to be truly universal, is largely undefined by the paradigms of modern society. We live in an integrated world. Ando therefore uses natural elements that appeal universally to the human spirit. This provides for a "divine light" that is flexible: human beings can use its effect to connect to any form of the divine that pleases them. In this integrated approach, Ando emphasizes the creative force, once assumed to be from exterior or supernatural forces, that comes from within the spirit. As such, his work is a true integration of modern social values."
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The Houston Light Rail, 2006.
A look at the light rail system implemented by the city of Houston, Texas in an effort to alleviate some of the traffic congestion.
1,096 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper overviews light rail technology and, specifically, Houston's light rail system. It also investigates whether or not the light rail has been a partial solution to Houston's crowded streets. Also, the costs of the system are discussed as well as future expansion plans.
Table of Contents
Light Rail Technology Overview
The Houston Light Rail System
Has the Houston Light Rail Been a Partial Solution
to Traffic Congestion in Houston
Costs of Building and Operating the Houston Light Rail
System and Future Expansion Plans
Opportunity Costs
MetroRail Accidents
From the Paper
"Light rail systems typically are operated by electricity that is delivered through overhead lines. Occasionally, they use a third rail for its electrical power, whether they are standard or special third rail systems that only transmit power when the train is on that segment of the track. A few use diesel powered trains; however, this is often used as an interim measure until funding is available for the installation of electric power."
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Characteristics and Properties of Sources of Light, 2002.
Comparison between the light source that come from the metal filament lamp and the light source that comes from the arc lamp.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Sources of light have different characteristics and properties. In this paper, we will study the metal filament lamp and the arc lamp in order to determine some of these differences.
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The Green Light in "The Great Gatsby", 2007.
An analysis of the meaning of the green light that Nick, the narrator, describes in "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the symbolism of the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby." The paper discusses how Nick, the narrator, describes the green light in the novel, but never clearly states its meaning. The paper attempts to understand the meaning of the green light by focusing on what the green light means to Gatsby, what he learns about the green light and the commentary that Nick provides as narrator.
From the Paper
"The final statement about the green light is made in the novel's closing line. At this point, Nick is remembering how Gatsby once reached for the green light. Nick states that Gatsby's dream must have seemed so close, but that it was already behind him. This makes a strong statement about Gatsby's dream being unattainable. It is not only saying that Gatsby did not achieve his dream, but that it was always impossible for him to reach. In effect, he failed before he even started. At this point, Nick understands Gatsby dream because Nick has just realized that his own dreams were also unattainable. Just like Gatsby, Nick came to West Egg seeking something from his life, and just like Gatsby, Nick is disappointed with what he has found. It is at this point that Nick realizes that every person has their own personal dreams and hopes that will turn out to be futile."
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Black Lights, 2002.
An explanation of how a black light works.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the uses, price, size and techniques involved in the workings of a black light. Black lights are UV rays that fascinate the young due to their fluorescent qualities and mystic effect.
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Security Lighting, 2006.
A discussion regarding crime and the private security industry's use of light to combat this crime.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the private security industry as a whole tends to benefit in times of social unrest and tension, such as during periods of concern about crime, or when other fears spur the public to seek ways to reduce the likelihood of becoming a victim.This paper further discusses security lighting, emphasizing that one of the best approaches to security is to illuminate the vicinity in order to increase one's sense of security, drive away intruders, reduce the likelihood of accidents, and at the same time create a more pleasing look for a building, a yard, or a parking lot. Lighting is required for many types of security system. For some, the lights themselves are a deterrent and constitute the primary security element. In other cases, lighting serves a secondary purpose as well.
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Lighting Techniques in "My Darling Clementine", 2002.
A review of the 1946 film "My Darling Clementine" with an emphasis on lighting techniques.
1,073 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines John Ford's Western "My Darling Clementine" (1946) and how in particular the lighting adds to the gritty and harsh nature of the landscape, the town and the characters. It looks at how Ford and his cinematographer actually use lighting and other elements to create a film that falls between the myth and the reality. The lighting suggests a harsh and realistic West, while the isolation of Wyatt Earp in scene after scene sets him apart as a laconic and yet powerful figure.
From the Paper
"The opening sequences show the use of filters to bring out the sky and the clouds over Monument Valley as the Earps bring their cattle across the valley floor. The lighting through most of this opening sequence evokes the documentary which uses only natural sunlight as a source, adding to the realism of the scene and contributing to the grittiness and harsh look of the landscape. This is not a Western that prettifies the West and its denizens. Instead, Ford approaches the West here as a hard place to live and as a place peopled by hard people. Those who seem to "belong" to this landscape will be contrasted with Clementine, who clearly does not belong, especially in the eyes of Wyatt Earp. "
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Red Light Cameras, 2002.
A discussion of the effectiveness of red light cameras at intersections.
2,787 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the effectiveness of red light cameras at intersections. It explains how their purpose is to photograph errant drivers breaking the laws of the road so that the offender can be ticketed through the mail. It provides various statistics on the use of these cameras in different States and on accidents that are primarily caused by running a red light. It reviews various pieces of literaure on the topic and proposes a study to determine whether there is a direct correlation between the use of red light cameras and the reduction of incidences of major injury collisions at intersections.
From the Paper
"Currently red light runners are on the increase. Recently the characteristics of a driver who will run a red light have been determined. Statistically they are younger in age than those who do not run red lights and they have a higher incidence of poor driver incidences. In addition the drivers who are prone to running red lights are more often than their non red light peers have a history of alcohol abuse in the past. Drivers who run red lights cause 260,000 crashes a year."
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Homeric Uses of Light and Dark, 2005.
A discussion on the uses of light and dark in Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey".
6,570 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the Homeric uses of simple light and dark terms to develop possible symbolic meanings in the Lattimore translations of the epics "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey". It first explores references to light then dark uses in both epics and then explores individual uses in each epic. The order of explanation develops the point that in "The Iliad" light and dark references mostly describe war, while in "The Odyssey" the terms develop a wide array of objects and situations because there is no major war.
From the Paper
"First, light seems to appear in both epics when referencing gods, weapons, and other general descriptions. Through reading both epics, one can discover that Homer has utilized light to develop the love and admiration for gods and goddesses, much like other ancient Greek writers. Such descriptions can be seen in The Iliad. In the text Apollo is referred to as: "lord of the silver bow" (Book I, 37) . Throughout the text Homer's descriptions also portray Hera as the goddess with the white arms. Also, when in Olympos the gods and goddesses are said to drink in golden cups. In The Odyssey goddesses are especially referenced through bright terms."
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The Light Bulb, 2004.
A discussion of the invention of the light bulb and ways it changed the world.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the myriad of changes brought about by the invention of the light bulb. The paper presents issues of safety of light bulbs as opposed to candles. The paper also claims that the light bulb has changed the face of travel, enabling safe passage whether by car, boat, airplane or walking. It has also greatly increased productivity worldwide by allowing longer hours of work.
From the Paper
"The light bulb was perhaps the most significant invention since fire; although fire was never truly invented. Nevertheless, the light bulb has impacted our lives on a scale similar to that of when our ancestors first harnessed the flame: it has altered the way people live their lives so drastically that it is difficult to even imagine life in its absence. Thanks to its invention, the night is open to far more activities than the candle or even the lantern could ever have provided. Its likelihood as a fire starter is much less than its predecessors, thus increasing the safety of people and their property. The light bulb has changed the face of travel. It has also greatly increased productivity worldwide."
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Lighting and Solar Energy, 2000.
This essay discusses the invention of the light bulb and solar power.
2,639 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two distinct inventions: light bulbs and solar energy. First it discusses the incandescent light bulb and its inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, and explore the differences between incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs. Then the long history and increasing importance of solar power and its modern applications are discussed.
From the Paper
"On December 31st, 1879, after years of work and many experiments, Thomas Alva Edison gave the first demonstration of the incandescent light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was assisted in his invention by Francis Upton, a Princeton Graduate who supplied the mathematical and theoretical expertise that Edison lacked. This invention established Edison's reputation as the world's greatest inventor. Before his invention, electric arc lighting was used to produce light. In this lighting system, lights were connected in a series circuit, so if one failed, the rest of the bulbs on the circuit also failed. (First Public Demonstration...)
Edison was able to spend so much time and money on the invention of the light bulb because of his reputation as an inventor. He had the support of financiers such as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. They established the Edison Light Company and loaned Edison $30,000 for research and development. (First Public Demonstration...)"
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