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Organ Transplants: An Ethical Analysis, 2005.
This paper addresses ethical questions surrounding the issue of organ transplants, which face the medical profession today.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the following two questions. Should a significantly health-compromised patient be granted a second set of organs if there is a significant and statistically abnormal chance of death during or following surgery? And should the fact that a gross medical error during transplantation is the cause of the patient?s compromised condition be an influencing factor in regard to the aggressiveness with which an assignment of future organs is pursued?
From the Paper
"The first issue at hand, namely if a health compromised patients, at significantly greater risk for an unsuccessful outcome be granted transplant organs is an old one. Of course, it is based on the fact that there are simply not enough organs to go around. In fact, according to current estimates, it is estimated that among the 80,000 patients awaiting transplants, an average of seventeen die every day in the United States alone simply because an organ never becomes available (IHI). Given this reality, many have proposed that the method by which transplant candidates are ranked on the national transplant lists depends not only on the severity of the need, but also on other factors relating to overall health, lifestyle, as well as age."
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Ethics Of Organ Transplantation, 1999.
Examines donor and family rights, organ supply, public policy, economics, risks and benefits, consent and time of death issues.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION & ETHICAL ISSUES
Introduction
Organ transplantation, one of the most sophisticated and expensive treatments in modern medicine, considers human values to be just as important as the treatment (Manzetti, Ankeny, & Miller, 1997, p. 389). This research paper investigates ethical issues involved in organ transplantation with a review of human rights, examples of specific issues, and recent ethical concerns.
Human Rights
Organ transplantation includes the rights of all the people involved. It involves the donation of organs and identifies the appropriate recipient; ethical issues are factors for patients, families, health care providers, legislators, and the public. Since the 1990s there has been an open forum for debate regarding..."
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Organ Transplants, 1990.
This paper discusses organ transplants: History, incidence, costs, availability, donors, ethics and outlook.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Modern medicine's successes and failures in the field of skin organ transplants are the product of historical trial and error. However, as society now deals with the ethical, socioeconomic and legal issues surrounding what many term a "miracle" of science, the ramifications of transplants, organ transplants in particular, have gone far beyond what was imagined. Each year, the lives of thousands of people in the United States are dependent on this surgical procedures causing scientists to push the boundaries of transplants even further. These unchartered waters are both exciting and frightening.
Though there were references to skin transplantations in the early Egyptian manuscripts dating from 2000 B.C., and the 1800s witnessed the success of such operations, it has been the advancements in the last four decades which have brought about ... "
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Transplanting Ethics, 2004.
An analysis of organ transplant ethics and procedures, including a case study of a transplant that went wrong.
2,677 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a young girl who died as a result of receiving mismatched organs. The paper describes the supposed safeguards of the system, which are imposed to ensure the proper blood typing of both donor and organ recipient to determine they are compatible. The paper presents the ethical considerations of the hospital ethics committee, which emerged as a result of this failed transplant.
From the Paper
"A good example of this fact occurs in the examination of an unfortunate case involving the botched heart/lung transplant of a 16 year old girl, much like the recent incident at Duke Hospital. In this case, a young girl died as a result of receiving miss-matched organs. Unfortunately, in this case, all of the supposed safeguards of the system, imposed to assure that proper blood typing of both donor and organ recipient are compatible failed. As a result, the young girl was not only transplanted with incompatible organs, but, due the significant downturn in her health following the procedure, doctors failed to obtain another set of matched organs with the speed necessary to possibly save her life."
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Organ Transplants, 2006.
A review of Dr. William Beschorner ideas regarding organ transplantation.
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Dr. William Beschorner and his belief that organ farming is a solution to the lack of organs readily available for donation and transplantation. According to the paper, specifics of his research deals with how to get the human body to adopt an animal organ, as it is the natural response of our bodies to reject anything alien.
From the Paper
"The core concept behind his revolutionary research is that by injecting cells from a potential donor into the host, the host will be able to accept transplants later on. This technique was successfully used between sheep and pigs. Beschorner used this technique to inject bone marrow from sheep into fetal pigs. As a result, the pigs were born with a tolerance to sheep cells. The pigs that were produced ultimately are transgenic, which means that they have genetic material from two different species within their body. Using the same strategy, he was able to transplant the aorta of these pigs into sheep with strong acceptance rates. He has found that "the tolerance goes both directions, the pig become tolerant to the sheep cells, and the sheep cells in the pig are programmed to become tolerant to pig cells" (NPG). This revolutionary technique is what Beschorner wishes to adapt to the next stage of his experiment. In one experiment, Beschorner grafted pig hearts onto the necks of the sheep. As a result, the sheep's blood would flow through the heart but it didn't replace the sheep's own heart. Such experiments demonstrated that only seven of the thirty five within the test actually experienced vascular rejection, whereas all of the sheep receiving hearts from unmodified pigs exhibited vascular rejection."
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Organ Transplantation and Legislation, 2006.
A look at how the present system of organ acquisition for needed transplants is failing.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems in the US with the present system for organ acquisition for needed transplants and one state's response to these problems. In particular, the paper explains how California's Proposition 71 is supposed to address the problem of organ acquisition and the implications this proposition may have for patients.
From the Paper
"In a prepared witness testimony assessing initiatives to increase organ donations, Medical University of South Carolina professor of surgery William Sade says this of the dismal state of affairs of solid-organ transplantation in the US: "Annually, approximately 6,000 patients with end-stage organ failure - the equivalent of 16 per day - die because of the lack of available organs. Successes of solid-organ transplantation have greatly increased the need for organ donors...Unrealized potential accounts for much of the donation gap, with studies suggesting that each year only 35-50% of potential donors consent to donation (2003, p. 1)." The implication of this statement is simple: the present system for organ acquisition for needed transplants is failing. One state's response was aptly aggressive."
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Implications of a Market-Based Approach for Transplant Organs, 2002.
This paper considers the moral and economic implications of the concept of allocating organs to transplant patients on a market-based approach, contrasting it to the current waiting list approach.
2,977 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that there are economically sound justifications for considering some form of free market approach for transplant organs. It is clear that transplant organs are scarce; nature does not freely provide as many organs as transplant patients want. Moreover, from an economic point of view, there certainly is an organ shortage; the going rate for a liver is below the equilibrium or market-clearing price and so more organs are demanded than could possibly be supplied at current price levels. The paper shows that allowing an organ market to better allocate these products to as many needy patients as possible seems like an improvement upon the current system. However, the proper method of organ allocation cannot be determined without considering the ethical implications of a market-based approach. The paper, therefore, first addresses the ethical issues involved in this matter. Following this is an analysis of the economic, political and social aspects of a free market for organs.
From the Paper
"The current method of allocating transplant organs in the Unites States, under a system administered by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), involves a waiting list. In general, the sickest patients on this list will receive their organs the soonest. However, because the list is so long, most of the patients will die waiting. This situation has led to the advocacy of allowing a free market to develop for allocating transplant organs. The primary objective of this plan is to let supply and demand mechanisms determine who gets organs (and when), as a substitute for the current need-based approach. Throughout this discussion, the central characteristic of a successful alternative allocation method is considered to be a greater number of organs being made available to people in need, compared to the current waiting list approach."
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The Ethics of Organ Donation, 2003.
A study of the ethics of paying for organs for transplantation.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the pros and cons of paying for organs for transplantation. The paper begins by exploring the lack of available organs and the circumstances that would drive someone to attempt to buy an organ. The paper then defines the current anonymous donation system as one based exclusively on altruism, and asks what the legal, medical and ethical concerns are of such a system. The paper then discusses the gap between supply and demand for organs. Finally, the paper offers a number of problems -- ethical and otherwise -- in offering financial incentive for organ donation.
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Ethical Egoism and Ethical Relativism, 2002.
Examines the positions of ethical egoism and relativism about morality of individual action and their validity in the contemporary discourse of philosophy.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that ethical egoism underlies a fundamental assumption of self-interest and happiness whereas ethical relativism holds that morality is relative to the norms of society.
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Ethics and Environmental Ethics, 2006.
An investigation into ethics and how they apply to natural resource management.
4,455 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper defines ethics and explains some of the different viewpoints on ethics that exist. The paper then gives a critical view of ethics. Next, it discusses Aldo Leopold's land ethic. The paper concludes that there are many different opposing viewpoints in ethics and every person must make up their own ethics by which to live.
Table of Contents:
How do we Define Ethics?
A complicated System of Groups
Ethical Theories
Deontological Versus Teleological Theories
Every Situation is Different
The Critical View of Ethics
The Never Ending Story
Ethics as a Limiting Factor
Ethics as Propaganda
Ethics and the Environment
Aldo Leopold's Ethics
Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic
Conclusion
In the Literature
The Rose Theory
From the Paper
"In order to discuss ethics, one must first attempt to understand the intricacies involved in this discipline. First, a distinction must be made between ethics and morality. "Ethical wisdom consists in knowing how to frame the ideal, and moral sagacity consists in knowing how to put the ideal to work and realize it in practice" (Rader 1964). In other words, ethics may be thought of as the theory by which morality is practiced. Although separate ideas, neither morality nor ethics can exist without the other. Once this distinction is made, the question must be asked, is ethics a science? Researchers have long tried to answer this question, and many have come to the following conclusion. It is believed that ethics is a "normative science: concerned with norms and standards not empirical facts" (Rader 1964)."
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Gender Inequities among Transplants, 2002.
This paper discusses the organ transplant system and the organ donation system with reference to gender equality.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The statistics show quite clearly that in some cases, men are receiving almost twice as many transplants as women. This paper discusses some of the possible reasons for this inequity. This paper gives a brief history of the transplant system and a very brief overview of the patient selection process as well.
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Organ Allocation and the Substance Abuser, 2004.
An overview of the organ transplant process for substance abuse patients.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how between 10,000 and 12,000 people die annually who are considered medically suitable for organ donation and how only an estimated 6000 people donate. It discusses how, faced with the demand greatly exceeding the supply, we are faced with the moral and ethical decision of how to allocate these organs. In particular, it focuses on liver transplants and the ethics of giving patients who failed to seek treatment for their alcoholism a lower priority for organs over patients who are in need of a transplant through no fault of their own.
From the Paper
"Individuals with a reversible disease such as alcoholism should seek help before it progresses into the stage where transplantation is necessary. Alcoholism is a chronic disease, for which treatment is available and effective. Alcoholics should be held responsible for seeking and obtaining treatment that could prevent the development of late-stage complications such as the development of late-stage complications such as ARESLD. This view is consistent with that of Alcoholics Anonymous in the belief that alcoholics are responsible for undertaking a program of recovery that will keep their disease of alcoholism in remission. One comprehensive review concluded that more than two thirds of patients who accept therapy improve (Steinbock, Arras, and London, 2003)."
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Organs for Sale, 2004.
This paper discusses the sale of human organs for transplant.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the cultural comparison, political economy of health and healthcare and ethno-medical practices relating to the sale of human organs for transplant. The author stresses the ethical questions relating to this practice. The paper analyzes issues of supply and demand.
From the Paper
"The need for human organs suitable for transplant greatly exceeds the supply. According to Robyn Shapiro writing in "Human Rights Journal of the Section of Individual Rights Responsibilities", more than ... Americans are on waiting lists and more than a dozen die each day because a needed organ is not available for transplantation. Shapiro explains that the sale of organs is prohibited in the United States under The National Organ Transplant Act. This Act makes it a federal crime to knowingly acquire receive or otherwise transfer any ..."
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The Ethical Environment, 2006.
A look at ethical communication within the ethical environment.
5,949 words (approx. 23.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define what an ethicist really is and their contribution to the business environment, through an analysis the ethical perspectives of the available literature.
Outline
What Is An Ethicist?
Character Development/Education
Technical Communication Ethics
Writing, Communication and Ethics
Ethics in Corporate Values Statements
Ethics of Top Employees of the Public Sector
Ethics of Communication of the Construction Sector
Ethical Dilemmas in Managing Human Assets
Ethics of Truth and Deception in Advertising
Changing Social Expectations of Major Corporations
Ethics of Communication in the Apparel Industry
From the Paper
"Philosophy has provided us with many ethical theories. Those of Kant, Mill and Aristotle seem to have won the ethical popularity contest, but they constitute only a fraction of the diversity that is evident in the history of the discipline. The Macmillan and Free Press "Encyclopedia of Philosophy," 4th Edition, categorizes and impressive variety of theories, beginning with ethical cognitive and non-cognitive and splintering into naturalism, non-naturalism, and multiple instantiations of each approach. As investigators of The Ethical Environment of Communications in Organizations we can construe most moral perspectives within the framework of one of these approaches, but not all of these approaches are equally compelling. According to many philosophical critics, some of them have implications that are borderline on the unethical, face serious counter-examples, or are incapable of adequately solving dilemmas."
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The Denial of Liver Transplants to Alcoholics, 2007.
A discussion of whether it is ethical to deny liver transplants to alcoholics.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the criteria used to determine who may receive a liver transplant and, in particular, whether alcoholics should be allotted livers for transplant. Alcoholics tend to be given low priority status on liver transplant waiting lists or are even taken off such lists because they are considered responsible for their organ's diseased condition. The paper questions whether the denial of transplants based on this moral criteria is justified. It concludes by arguing that alcoholics should be given the same priority level as non-alcoholics on the same transplant waiting lists.
From the Paper
"Deciding who should receive organs is not based solely on medical need, but also on moral criteria. Initially, patients must display a genuine medical need for a new organ, meaning that they will indeed die unless they receive a transplant. Then they are eligible to be placed on a waiting list. Patients on the list are then chosen one-by-one as organs become available (Kilner 5). However, it is most certainly always the case that the available organ could potentially be given to more than one person on the list. In this situation, a single recipient must be chosen. A team of physicians and a psychologist determine which patient will be given a new chance at life through the transplantation of a new organ ... but how exactly do they decide?"
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