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Black Gold: Oil and OPEC as a Counter-Hegemonic Movement, 2001.
This paper examines OPEC and its effects on the Western World.
5,305 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the OPEC organization in the 1970s, and its effects, which are examined through a neo-realist framework, and therefore show how the examination of utility-maximizing states both explains and provides meaning to the OPEC issue. OPEC's actions are presented as an example of a counter-hegemonic movement, which, rather than undermining the hegemonic control of the West, was unsuccessful and resulted in OPEC's incorporation into the global economic system.
From the Paper
"Starting in the 1970s, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel managed to achieve an unprecedented level of control over the economies of the developed Western world, extracting billions of dollars of wealth and damaging the macro-economies of these nations."
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Analysis of OPEC, 2002.
Examines the effectiveness of the organization as an international regime and its impact on oil prices throughout the world through its policies.
6,417 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
The effectiveness of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as an oil cartel is subjected to critical analysis and assessment during the period of 1973-1999. Issues addressed in this analysis and assessment include the identification and assessment of the political factors that influenced the determination of the (1) political dynamics of the organization, (2) the economic dynamics of OPEC, (3) the international role of the organization, and (4) structural changes in OPEC, with consideration for (a) why and how these changes occurred, (b) the effects of these changes on OPEC?s functioning as a cartel, and (c) the source, internal or international, of these changes.
Introduction
OPEC: Formation, Purpose, Objectives, and Policies
Effects of OPEC Policies in the 1970s and 1980s
Crucial Factors Affecting Decisions by OPEC Member States to Disregard OPEC Production and Price Stabilization Policies
Actions by Non-OPEC Oil Exporters
Discovery of New Energy Reserves
Assessment of OPEC?s Effectiveness OPEC As An International Regime
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In its first dozen years, OPEC concentrated on gaining control by its member states of their petroleum resources from the multinational oil companies. As this goal was pursued, crude oil prices were raised gradually and at moderate levels. In 1973, however, OPEC imposed its first crude oil boycott, one result of which was a tripling of crude oil prices from 1970 price levels. Following this show of power, crude oil price increases again slowed for several years. Then, in 1979, OPEC instigated a second crude oil price/supply crisis, which resulted in, among other things, a doubling of crude oil prices from 1974 levels."
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The Future of OPEC, 2002.
A complete and in-depth study about the current state of OPEC, the contribution of its member states and the future direction it will be taking.
8,125 words (approx. 32.5 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough look OPEC and examines factors such as whether the internal problems that beset OPEC will continue to reduce the effectiveness of the cartel?s price-setting objectives for crude oil and lead to the self-liquidation of the cartel. It also asks if the development of alternative crude oil sources, the development of alternative fuels, technological innovations that reduce the demand for energy consumption, and political developments such as the creation of the WTO, would lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of the cartel?s price-setting objectives for crude oil. The paper finally addresses whether these factors will lead to the self-liquidation of the cartel.
The study assesses the likelihood that OPEC will be able to function efficiently as a cartel in the future, as well as the likelihood that the cartel will continue to exist through the next decade. It explains that both the effectiveness of OPEC as a price-setting export cartel and the continued existence of the cartel are significant for not only the member states of OPEC but also for all crude oil importing states.
From the Paper
"The Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC) was founded in Iraq in 1960. The founder members of the organization were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. The purpose of the organization was (1) to unify and coordinate the petroleum policies of the member states, and (2) safeguard the general interests of the member states. Eventually, 13 countries joined OPEC. The eight additional member states are Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (Hunter, 1999).
OPEC functions as a cartel. Conflicting objectives among member states of the organizations, rivalries among these states, and changing global economic conditions, however, frequently have led to the inefficient functioning of the OPEC cartel (Crainer, 1996). These same conditions frequently have led to strains within the OPEC cartel that have threatened the both the organization?s continued effectiveness and its very existence (Amuzegar, 1997)."
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OPEC and the United States, 2004.
An analysis of America's dependence on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Specifically, it examines how the United States deals with OPEC and oil prices. The paper also explores how the United States has failed to create a viable energy policy that will allow the country not to depend on OPEC's control of the oil market. The paper contends that the United States heavily depends on oil from the OPEC nations, which is one reason that the country's oil prices have risen so dramatically in the past year or so.
From the Paper
"OPEC was formed in 1960 by the oil-producing countries primarily in the Middle East as a reaction to fluctuating oil prices by oil manufacturers, which were predominantly owned and operated by American and British firms. The first group of nations to initiate and form the consortium were Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran (Reuda). Forming OPEC was a reaction to foreign oil interests, and they felt they would have more control over the development and management of their own oil reserves. As time went on, membership grew to include Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. However, Ecuador and Gabon suspended their memberships; Ecuador in 1992 and Gabon in 1994. Headquartered in Vienna, Austria, the group has historically been dominated by Saudi Arabia, because it has the largest oil reserves of any of the member nations. OPEC has dominated world oil prices almost since its inception, and has caused inflation in oil-importing countries like the United States."
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Critical Analysis and Assessment of OPEC Effectiveness: 1973-1999, 2002.
This paper discusses the political dynamics of OPEC in order to establish its effectiveness.
8,321 words (approx. 33.3 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 177.95
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Abstract
The paper carefully examines the dynamics of OPEC including identification and assessment of the factors that influenced the determination of the (1) political dynamics of the organization, (2) the economic dynamics of OPEC, (3) the international role of the organization and (4) structural changes in OPEC.
From the Paper
"Gilpin stated that control through the distribution of power has, throughout history, been characterized by: (1) hegemony or imperialism, in which a single powerful state "dominates the lesser states in the system"; (2) bipolarity, in which "two powerful states control ? interactions within and between their respective spheres of influence"; and "a balance of power in which three or more states control one another?s actions through diplomatic maneuver, shifting alliances, and open conflict." Keohane, however, tended to discount the dominant capacity and willingness to exercise such capacity accorded to power states in Gilpin?s assessment of international control. In this context, Keohane stated that claims "for the general validity of the theory of hegemonic stability are often exaggerated. The dominance of a single great power may contribute to order in world politics, in particular circumstances, but it is not a sufficient condition ?." Keohane added that hegemony "and cooperation are not alternatives; on the contrary, they are often found in symbiotic relationships with one another." Gilpin recognized a greater power for the hegemonic state."
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OPEC, 2005.
This paper is a micro-economics assessment of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the future of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) as an export cartel. The author indicates the significance of OPEC as a price setting export cartel. The paper discusses the importance of OPEC to non-oil producing countries.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to assess the likelihood that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC will be able to function efficiently as a cartel in the future."
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OPEC, 2004.
This paper offers a review of OPEC pricing and production policies and how it affects the U.S. economy.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews OPEC pricing and production policies and explains how it affects the economy of the United States and world economies. The paper discusses reasons for the OPEC policy of cutting production to keep oil prices from falling.
From the Paper
"The pricing policies and production targets of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have a profound impact on the American and world economies. The economic clout that OPEC has stems from the basic forces of supply and demand; they have the oil and we need it. Since September, OPEC has been pursuing a policy of cutting production in order to keep oil prices from falling. (Hoyos Morrison p)"
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The OPEC Crisis, 2002.
An overview of the impact of the OPEC crisis that began in 1999.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the current OPEC crisis began in 1999, when OPEC cut production, leading to a tripling in oil prices over the last year -- the highest level since the Gulf War. This sent prices of US gasoline soaring, and lead some experts to suggest that a shortage might occur this summer as Western took to the roads.
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The History of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 2002.
Examines OPEC's mission, organizational and political structure and its policies and their outcomes from its inception to the present.
1,684 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 as an intergovernmental organization with five oil producing and exporting member states. The essay examines the states' reasons for forming the organization and the common interests that directed the organizations policies. The political structure is also discussed, stressing the shifts in power from one member state to the next. Important policy changes through to the present have led to the strength of the organization as an oil cartel, because production levels and sales quotas are monitored closely and distributed equally among the member states.
From the Paper
"The five founding members of OPEC, therefore, found themselves in a classical dependency relationship with the powerful multinational oil companies that held a virtual stranglehold on the crude oil resources in the five countries. The catalyst for the five countries to form OPEC was a decision by the seven multinational oil companies in 1960 to lower the so-called posted price for crude oil. The posted price was the price that each of the seven oil companies would pay the host nations for the crude oil extracted from their resources. The five nations had no say in establishing this price. In effect, the "Seven Sisters" themselves acted as a cartel. By establishing their own cartel, the founding five OPEC nations were demonstrating their resolve to gain control over their own crude oil resource."
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OPEC Use of Oil as a Weapon, 2003.
Investigates whether OPEC nations would curtail crude oil exports.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 14 sources, $ 103.95
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Abstract
Discusses possible reasons for the use of the oil weapon, including the foreign policy of the U.S. toward Middle East countries and treatment of people of Middle Eastern heritage in the U.S. after 9/11.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this study was to assess the probability that Middle East member countries of OPEC would use the oil weapon against the United States. The posited motivation for use of the oil weapon was dissatisfaction with the foreign policy of..."
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OPEC and Oil Buyers, 1995.
This paper discusses the evolution of mutual dependence between oil exporters OPEC and the industrialized nations: Oil crisis, politics, supply and demand and future.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Different epochs of human history have been designated by the key material in use at the time. The stone age, the age of bronze, the age of iron all come readily to mind. In the same spirit, our time could be called the age of oil. Petroleum products and petroleum-produced energy are essential to virtually every aspect of our daily life, from workers' commute to the fabrics and cosmetics that adorn the persons in every city of the world. Although the share of the other parts of the world is projected to increase in the near future, the major oil markets in the world remain the industrialized nations of Western Europe, East Asia, and North America.1 However, the major, readily accessible oil reserves are for the most part located in the undeveloped parts of the world.2 The largest oil reserves are in the Middle East.3 This relationship between the undeveloped ... "
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The Role Of Saudi Arabia In OPEC, 1991.
This paper discusses the role of Saudi Arabia in OPEC and the organization's impact on US and world economics and politics.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Saudi Arabia is one of the world's major oil-producing countries and is a key force in the organization known as OPEC, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. This organization has become more vital in world affairs in the last two decades and in the lives of Americans ever since the oil crisis of the early 1970s when OPEC limited exports and raised prices. Developing the oil sector has been a vital element in the economic well-being of Saudi Arabia, and this effort has been of vital interest to the West as well. Protection of the oil fields must be seen as one of the key elements in the Gulf War, for instance, as U.S. and other troops worked to protect Saudi Arabia from any incursion from Iraq and to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait, another oil-producing nation. An examination of the role ... "
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OPEC, 2001.
Examines the Oganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Basic purpose, functions, policy- making, structure, role of divisions; power of Saudi Arabia. Two Charts.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"OPEC: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 as an intergovernmental organisation with five member states. Membership in the organization was and remains voluntary, in that a member state may leave the organization at any time. Joining the organization, however, requires the approval of other member states. In early 2000, OPEC has 11 member states.
The essential purpose of the organization has not changed since it was founded. That purpose is to (1) unify and co-ordinates the petroleum policies of the member states, and (2) safeguard the general interests of the member states.
Knowledge of the enduring purpose of the organization does not address the underlying issue of why the five original member states of OPEC .."
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Is OPEC A Cartel?, 1991.
This paper examines the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) to determine if its actions constitute cartel-like activity.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, was formed in 1960, when a buyer's market existed for oil, and before member governments came to own and control their respective production.1 Indeed, in the 1960s, the price of oil had steadily declined despite the oligopoly of the dominant international companies, called the "seven sisters." A number of factors were behind this drop in price, the first being the beginning of Soviet petroleum exports to the non-Communist world, whose price generally undercut that of the major oil firms. Secondly, the 1960s saw the emergence of state-owned companies in the producing countries, which often entered into joint ventures with the international firms in order to lessen dependence on them."
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U.S. Policies Concerning OPEC, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the role of economic sanctions in U.S. foreign policy.
10,420 words (approx. 41.7 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 208.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how U.S. foreign policy has developed as the result of American efforts to influence the price and supply of oil in OPEC countries. Also examined are the impact of variations in the supply and price of oil on the U.S. economy, the 1970 oil crisis, the impact of the Persian Gulf War, and the current unrest in the Middle East in this context. A summary of the research is presented in the conclusion.
Outline
Major Players and Events Influencing U.S. Foreign Policy
Overview of Issues Related to Economic Sanctions
Overview of the Persian Gulf
Impact of the Persian Gulf War of U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
From the Paper
"Since the 1973 OPEC oil embargo, U.S. dependence on oil imports has risen to record levels, from 28 percent in 1973 to 48 percent in 1997 (?The 1973 Oil Embargo: What Have We Learned In the Last 25 Years?,? n. pag.). Through 1972, Americans had become accustomed to expanding energy consumption with minimal concerns about the constancy of supply or sharp price escalations. In 1973, however, expectations about energy supply changed dramatically. The turmoil started early in 1973, as customers experienced the first symptoms of something being wrong with electricity brown outs and rapidly rising prices for fuels and other necessities. Price controls and allocation systems not only failed to resolve these problems, they seemed to aggravate them. Most memorably, October brought an oil embargo by members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, cutting further into the supply of oil and elevating prices to levels previously thought impossible. Customers experienced lines and sometimes no fuel at gasoline stations. A year of bad news was punctuated in December, when the President announced that because of the energy crisis the lights on the national Christmas tree would not be turned on. Throughout the year, energy stayed at the forefront of public attention. Interruptions in energy supplies were also closely related to other issues of national importance-a weakening of the economy and a reassessment of America's strategic position in the world. From 1973 to the mid-1980's, prices continued at very high levels, in part because of a second oil shock in 1979-80. During this period, rapid progress was made in raising American oil production, reducing dependence on oil imports, and improving end-use efficiency. After the oil price collapse of the mid-1980's, however, prices retreated to more moderate levels, the pace of efficiency gains slowed, American oil production fell, and the share of imports rose. Other, more violent events in the Middle East, however, would soon create a new political situation in which the U.S. was to be forced to create foreign policy directly as a result of America?s need for oil."
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