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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 2002.
A proposal of an empirical research design to investigate why the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) failed to be ratified by the U.S> in 1999.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
Proposes an empirical research design to investigate why the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) failed to be ratified by the U.S. in 1999. Discusses worldwide attempts to stop nuclear arms proliferation. Resistance of other countries. Major role of U.S. politics in Congressional vote; partisanship in the Senate. Large public support for the treaty. Implications for further study.
From the Paper
"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Failure: Research Design
Introduction
An empirical research design is proposed to investigate why the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) failed the ratification vote in the United States on 13 October 1999 (Raum, 1999). For all those people who have been in a coma for the past several years, the CTBT is a broad-based treaty that was aggressively negotiated by the United States. The treaty is designed to halt nuclear weapons development by preventing the testing of nuclear explosive devices. The CTBT, thus, represents a companion strategy to attempts to stop nuclear weapons proliferation to those countries that have not already developed a nuclear weapons capacity.
A few important countries, notably among them China, have failed..."
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Comprehensive Test Ban Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1996.
History & 1995 permanent international ratification, negotiations, nuclear & non-nuclear states, principles & provisions, review conferences, U.S. public opinion, unresolved problems.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 14 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was made permanent in May, 25 years after it entered into force and nearly 50 years after the United States wrought devastation on Hiroshima. The four-week NPT Review and Extension Conference, held in New York April 17 to May 12, was the largest arms control conference ever held, with 175 of the treaty's 178 parties participating ("How to," 1995, p. 28). No state got all it wanted, although the weapon states had more reason to be satisfied than the non-weapon states.
The United States, Russia, Britain, and France wanted the treaty extended indefinitely and unconditionally. Only the first part of their..."
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Mexico And Nuclear Testing, 2002.
Shows Mexico's objections to nuclear testing by its sentiments towards France when the French went against the 2001 Test-Ban Treaty.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Mexico's viewpoint on nuclear test banning can be seen in the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty signed in November 2001. Mexico expressed negative feelings toward France when they decided to break the treaty. Mexico does not want nuclear testing.
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Proposal on the Ban of Animal Testing, 2002.
This paper discusses the abuse of animals and ways to ban animal testing.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how animal testing is still alive and well in many parts of the United States. It discusses which animals are tested on more frequently and in what forms. The paper comes up with concrete suggestions for better implementation of the Animal Welfare Act which could stop much of the testing.
From the Paper
"Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since non-animal alternatives exist, it?s hard to understand why some companies still continue to conduct these tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year to try to make a profit. According to the companies that perform these tests, they are done to establish the safety of a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and Drug Administration which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing (Peta)."
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Nuclear Treaties, 1996.
Examines treaties in effect in early 1996. Purposes, goals, signatory nations, legality, testing, focusing on Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research reviews major nuclear treaties in effect or negotiated and awaiting ratification in early-1996 with respect to treaty purposes, goals, and signatory nations. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the legality under these treaties of either the hostile use of nuclear weapons or the testing of such weapons.
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) became effective in March 1970 for a 25-year period following ratification by 178 nations. The NPT was re-negotiated and renewed at a conference attended by 175 nations of the original 178 nations in 1995. The NPT was extended indefinitely on 11 May 1995."
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Leadership of John F Kennedy, 1997.
President's personal & political strengths in civil rights, social programs, working with Congress, Test Ban Treaty and Cuban Missile Crisis.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the qualities of leadership demonstrated by President John F. Kennedy. The study will focus on both personal and political strengths which allowed Kennedy to effectively and imaginatively exercise leadership in domestic and foreign affairs.
It has often been said that Kennedy was more style than substance, and that, in any case, his brief thousand days in office prevented him from doing anything substantial in either the economic or the foreign realm while in office. Some analysts grant that he averted nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but he is just as often criticized for his handling of that event. He is almost universally criticized, on the other hand, for the fiasco known as the Bay of Pigs. While he is given credit for advancing the cause of civil rights, he is also criticized.."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 2006.
This paper discusses the diplomatic history of the Treaty of Versailles.
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even though the Treaty of Versailles ultimately failed, it changed diplomatic history. The author not only examines Woodrow Wilson's impossible plan for the treaty and the League of Nations but also addresses the motivations of France, Great Britain, Italy and Japan and what they hoped to gain. The paper relates that the German people also felt that they were being treated unfairly and were betrayed by their government; therefore, the problems, which they had with the government and with the allied forces, distressed the German people.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Woodrow Wilson
The Long and Devastating War
The Spoils of War
Political Pressure and the Punishment of Germany
France
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Great Britain
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Italy
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
Japan
Desires Going into the War
Hardships That the Country Faced
Personal Goals of the Treaty
How the Country's Diplomat Changed Wilson's Plan for the Treaty
United States Politics
German Response to the Treaty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This idea that Congress had regarding whether it would be more difficult to declare war was very important, as it also related to the spoils of war. The Treaty, had it been ratified, would have helped out many nations, but would have also made it more difficult for countries that did war with one another to collect items and take them home to their country. Because of this, the spoils of war that were generally collected would no longer be available, and many of the larger nations did not agree with this idea."
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Privacy and Drug Testing, 2002.
A paper which discusses drug testing and the reasons why it should be banned in the work force.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This persuasive essay argues why drug testing should be banned in the workplace, citing as its main reason the court case, Baron vs. City of Hollywood. Other reasons explored are lack of evidence that it results in higher rates of worker productivity unreliability of the tests and the high costs.
From the Paper
"Imagine that you are hired as a temporary accountant through an agency for three months. Your duties range from preparing bank reconciliations of all accounts and preparing a database of all lease agreements with the city. After three months of hard work, you received praise for the quality of your work performance from the City?s accounting managers and you were even hired as part of the city?s accounting pool. However, shortly after being hired the city drops a bombshell saying that they are requiring all new city employees to undergo urine screening for drugs. This is the case of Thomas Baron, who refused to submit to the City?s drug test due to principle. As a result of Baron?s refusal, the city revoked its decision to hire him. Baron took the City of Hollywood to court and on April 13, 2000 the court declared that the City of Hollywood policy was unconstitutional. Judge Ryskamp stated that the decision from the federal court confirmed that highly personal and humiliating urine tests of employees, without suspicion that those employees were using drugs, was unconstitutional. Since drug testing was declared unconstitutional, I believe it is obvious that all drug testing in the work force should be banned except when there is suspicion of drug use. Drug testing should also be banned because lack of proof in effectiveness, inaccurate and ineffective drug testing programs, and the cost."
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Maastricht Treaty, 2001.
A look at the Maastricht Treaty, the beginning of the formation of the European Union and the ramifications of this treaty on member nations' national identities.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
An in-depth look at the Maastricht Treaty and an examination of the provisions and impact.This paper examines some of the issues involved in trying to balance the national sovereignty and identity of member nations with the level of integration required to ensure that the union itself is strong. It also provides an historical look at the formation of the Union.
From the Paper
"In its most basic form, the Maastricht was an international agreement approved by the heads of government of the states of the European Community in the Dutch city of Maastricht 10 years ago, in December of 1991. It came into effect Nov. 1, 1993, at which time everyone with citizenship in any of the union's members also acquired Union citizenship. Perhaps even more importantly, the treaty also set in motion the establishment of a central banking system and a common currency for the entire continent. The treaty had as its purpose -- and in many ways the effect -- of providing for a common foreign and security policy for the continent."
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The Treaty of Versailles, 2002.
A summary and analysis of the impact of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 on European history 1919-1939.
3,189 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effect of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 on European history during the interwar period. It looks at how the territorial, financial and security framework and arrangements created by and under the treaty ultimately (by the late 1930s) failed to keep the peace in Europe. It evaluates how the terms of the treaty and the manner it was imposed on Germany contributed to the continuing instability of Central and Eastern Europe and to revanchist sentiment in Germany.
Outline
Basic Facts
Treaty Terms: Motivations and Consequences
Impact of the Treaty's Economic Provisions
Overall Assessment of the Treaty's Impact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The reparations clause of the Treaty helped to undermine the political and economic stability of Germany and other nations in Central and Eastern Europe. The original amount of reparations demanded by the Allies ($200 billion by France) and ($120 billion by Britain) far exceeded postwar Germany's capacity to pay (Bailey 245). The combined burden of the initial reparations payments exacted from Germany in the early 1920s ($5 billion in gold), the dislocation to the German economy caused by the revolutionary situation at home and the adverse effects of the French occupation of the Ruhr led to a devastating devaluation of the German mark and hyperinflation."
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 2003.
A discussion on the signing of the 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the its legacy in world affairs.
2,704 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1917 closed the Eastern theater of World War I some two years before the Western armistice. Although the Treaty of Versailles traditionally overshadows that of Brest-Litovsk, the legacy of Russia's and Germany's separate peace treaty is arguably more important than Versailles's. This paper explores the personalities of the Russian leaders involved with the treaty, the internal political struggle behind the Soviet's foreign policy, and the legacy the treaty had in European affairs and Soviet policy.
From the Paper
"The terms of the final Treaty signed at Brest-Litovsk were harsher than the ones dictated to Russia a month earlier. The Germans, who had also desired peace initially, had been insulted by Trotsky and the Bolsheviks to such a degree that they no would no longer act fairly towards Russia. Russia lost huge quantities of its natural resources, arable land, population and territory. For Lenin, the challenge now became getting the Congress of Bolsheviks to ratify such an embarrassing treaty."
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Treaty of Versailles, 1990.
Analysis of the Treaty of Versailles, its provisions and its impact on all the signatories. Examines the contention that if the treaty had been less punitive, the Germans would have been less likely to respond as strongly in favor of Hitler.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
The Treaty of Versailles
Introduction:
"The intent in the following pages is to examine the origins of the Treaty of Versailles, its provisions, and its impact on all the signatories. A number of theorists consider the Treaty of Versailles and its harshness against Germany as the foundation of the German depression, the rise of Hitler, and the inception of World War II. If the Treaty of Versailles had been less punitive, they contend, Germany would not have experienced such deep humiliation and suffering, and would not have been as likely to respond to Hitler.
The Treaty of Versailles itself was developed from the pre.Armistice agreement between the Allies which was established on November 3, 1918."
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Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe, 2008.
An analysis of transnational organizations within post-Westphalia treaty Europe.
11,750 words (approx. 47.0 pages), 54 sources, APA, $ 228.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the concept of national sovereignty established by the Treaty of Westphalia has slowly but surely been replaced with one of supra-national organizations of various types, assuming both the authority and the responsibility for many tasks that were jealously guarded by the nations of Europe in the past. It examines the Treaty of Westphalia in light of these recent trends and illustrates how the actions of transnational organizations are Machiavellian in their very nature. The paper suggests that this represents a source of future conflict within Europe wherein only a supra-national body can apply effective governance.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Review of the Literature
Treaty of Westphalia
Post-Modern Europe
Trans-Nationalism
Transnational Organisations
Essay
Introduction
Part One
Current European Political Climate
Pre-Westphalia Treaty Europe
European Spatial Development Perspective and the Issue of Polycentricism
Part Two
Three Types of Transnational Organizations
Transnational criminal/terrorist organizations
International non-governmental organizations
Part Three
Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe and Transnational Organisations
Summary
From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 represented a demarcation point in European history wherein the concept of national sovereignty was established only to be replaced over time by a number of historical transformations in international law that have profound implications for the European Union of the 21st century. Based on the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the actions of TNOs are Machiavellian in their very nature and this represents a fundamental source of future conflict within Europe and creates an environment in which only supra-national bodies can apply and sustain effective governance."
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 2004.
An analysis of Lenin's intentions regarding the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
3,089 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, arguably one of the most important milestones in modern history. The paper determines why a peace treaty so unfavorable to Russia was ratified by the Soviet government. The personal intentions of Lenin are examined and the paper explains how they differ or parallel to those of the socialist revolution. The paper presents an evaluation of the extent of the German assistance to the Bolsheviks prior to the revolution and describes how Lenin attempted to fulfill the promises given to the Germans in exchange for their help. The paper traces the method by which the peace treaty was ratified on the VII Party Congress despite wide spread opposition.
Outline
Introduction
Lenin's Intentions
German Assistance to the Bolsheviks
Promises Fulfilling
Growth of Domestic Opposition
The VII Party Congress of March 1918 and the Ratification of the Treaty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Peace of Brest-Litovsk is one of the most important milestones in modern history, for with its signature begins a chain of events which led directly to the outbreak of the Second World War. This treaty not only signified the apparent and complete victory of German arms in the East and the greatest diplomatic and military humiliation which Russia had ever sustained, but, with the exception of the Treaty of Versailles, it had consequences far greater than any other peace settlement since the Congress of Vienna. It was the course of negotiations at Brest-Litovsk which prompted President Wilson to formulate his famous Fourteen Points in an attempt to keep the Russians from signing a separate peace. The rapacity of the Germans in the terms imposed on Russia disclosed to the rest of the world the extent of the Supreme Command's domination and the impossibility of arriving at peace with Germany in the hands of such rulers. This realization produced the final unity among the Western powers, thereby assuring the ultimate defeat of Germany."
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Laeken Declaration and the Constitutional Treaty, 2008.
An examination of the extent to which the Constitutional Treaty met the objectives set for it by the Laeken Declaration.
2,970 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Laeken Declaration and the background for the creation of the Constitutional Treaty. The author discusses the content of the Treaty and the reasons for its rejection, and explains how it failed to provide solutions for two specific problems that were raised at Laeken. The author concludes that although the European States may not yet be ready to adopt a formal Constitution, the document has been ratified by more than half of the member states and the debate it has sparked is still ongoing.
Outline:
I. The Content of the Laeken Declaration and the Reasons for the Creation of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe' more Generally.
II. Critical Judgment on the Content of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe'.
From the Paper
"If the answer to the questions 'do we want a Constitution?' and 'do we need a Constitution?', or a formalisation of the existing functional, unwritten Constitution is yes, then the next logical questions are 'do we want this Constitution?' or 'do we need this Constitution?'. Apparently, the answer is no according to the French and Dutch people, but let us examine in more detail why two countries that have played a fundamental role in the development of the Union since its creation have rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe."
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