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The Norwegian Forest, 2007.
This paper discuses Norway's vast natural resources contained in its forestry industry.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Norway boasts some of the most ecologically diverse forest areas in the world and that the diversity of the topography creates prime locations for some of the most sensitive ecosystems. The author reviews Norway's five forest areas, which have been identified as being in need of management and conservation protection: Western Pine forests, Coastal rain forests, the Canyon and Humid Spruce forests, Northern Pine forests, and the Hemi-deciduous forests. The paper relates that, even though Norway has one of poorest records for ecological conservation of all the major forestry producing countries, it is not without protective legislation, for these resources such as The Forestry and Forest Protection Act, The Nature Conservation Act, and the Building and Planning Act.
Table of Contents
Review of Norway's Forests
Percentage of Land Coverage
Economic Impact of Norway's Forestry Industry
Economic Value
Exports
Primary Forestry
Secondary Forestry
Bio-Energy
Transportation
Norwegian Forestry Policies and Protection
The Forestry and Forest Protection Act
The Building and Planning Act
Norwegian Forest Restoration and Sustainability Plans
From the Paper
"The forestry industry in Norway is second only to the Norwegian fishing industry. Excluding petroleum exports, forestry products comprise 11 percent of the total exported value. In 1995, 6,180 people were employed by the lumber industry, 5,000 in forestry and another 9,000 in pulp and paper industries. These numbers would increase even more if transportation and other ancillary functions related to the timber industry were included in the employment statistics. The high degree, to which Norway relies on forestry and forestry related industries, opens the country up to vast amounts of international competition."
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?The Forest People? by Colin Turnbull, 2005.
This paper discusses "The Forest People," by author ColinTurnbull in which he analyzes the BaMbuti, 'people of the forest', located in Congo, Africa, specifically in Ituri Forest.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "The Forest People" by Colin Turnbull uses a personal narrative and ethnographic analysis to describe an anthropological experience which took place in the mid 1900s. The author points out that the author's ethnographic account differs from other studies of this type because he puts BaMbuti life in the context of the rapid industrialization taking over the region. The paper concludes that modernization has no place in the lives of most Africans because they have learned to survive and live despite the inconveniences forest life.
From the Paper
"Indeed, many social scientists like Turnbull had attempted to depict an accurate and objective picture of what life in Eastern and Middle Eastern nations is, determined through scientific methods. By scientific method, this means that the procedures in which anthropological accounts were recounted were through systematic and objective thinking and analysis on the part of the researcher/anthropologist. Thus, during Turnbull's time, qualitative studies have become prevalent because the qualitative paradigm offered more avenues and opportunities for new discoveries to be generated in exploratory studies conducted in nations and societies in the African and Asian regions, among others."
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Forest Management on NIPF Lands, 2006.
This paper examines the implications for the future of forest management on non-industrial private forest (NIPF) lands as well as the dwindling timber supply on these parcels of land.
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal pattern of Alabama's forested landscape as well as the implications for the future of forest management on NIPF lands. This paper defines forested land as a parcel of land that is producing or capable of producing more than 20 cubic feet/acre/year of industrial wood and is land not withdrawn from timber production. Much of this land is held by private landowners not involved directly in the timber industry. Extensive studies have been conducted in the southern states concerning the motivation behind usage of NIPF land, its impact on the regional economy and environmental factors. The counties chosen for this particular study are those which had the highest reported income from forest products. The six counties chosen were Clarke, Marengo, Pickens, Monroe, Hale and Wilcox. These counties are located in highly forested areas and have a high amount of NIPF land. According to several surveys, the areas of greatest softwood shortage are those located near large paper and pulp mills. This paper discusses the impending shortage in economic timber that the U.S. will be facing by the year 2020. The writer of this paper examines the various strategies available to halt the dwindling timber supply which include changing the manner in which NIPF lands are managed as well as stricter government regulations which would deter the conversion of native grasslands and wetlands into croplands.
From the Paper
"To determine if timber production is likely to be able to meet future needs, the ratio of growth to removal is measured. Timber inventories give an indication of how much timber is currently available. Using this model, it was found that only one state had a positive ratio, North Carolina at 1.15. Alabama's ratio was 0.91. Softwood removal rates consistently exceed growth rates. Hardwood removal ratios faired slightly better at above 1.3. Timber inventories increased from the 1960s through the 1970s, but leveled off in the 1990s. According to SERTS, softwood supplies are expected to decrease 30% by the year 2020. According to an FIA survey, the areas of greatest softwood shortage are located near large paper and pulp mills (Cubbage and Abt, 1998a). According to the SERTS model the southern US will be facing an economic timber shortage by the year 2020."
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Logging the Ancient Forests, 2006.
An overview of the effects of logging in the ancient forests.
3,815 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that development is threatening the ancient forests and that timber companies would like to log the few remaining 1,000 year old, 300 foot trees in the Pacific Northwest. The writer explains that the destruction of the forests destroys vital ecosystems, contributes to global warming and helps create climate changes. The paper explains the effects of timber operations and discusses the forest health in the Pacific Northwest. The paper explains that the United States Forest Service is the steward of America's national forests. It explains that this agency has received much criticism and explains why. The writer states that the national forest timber sales program operated at a net loss to taxpayers and details the reasons for this. In conclusion, the writer argues that government dumping of cheap timber makes the market unpredictable for private sector commodity suppliers. The writer feels that the United States Forest Service should abandon its role as a producer of commodities as commodity production is best left to the private sector.
Table of Contents:
Effects of Timber Operations
Forest Health in the Pacific Northwest
Forest Service
Water Supply
Facts About Timber Sales
Jobs and Economy
Timber Supply
Private Lands
Figures
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The revised Plan fails to protect wildlife, recommends no new wilderness areas, overestimates allowable logging levels, fails to analyze grazing impacts, and largely ignores public comments. Although the Plan refers to "late succession landscapes" (i.e., mature and old growth forests) as "an important feature of a healthy forest ecosystem," only 9% of the entire forest would be restored to this condition under the new Plan -- a retreat from a projected 21% under the 1983 Plan. While the Black Hills are home to the Black Elk Wilderness, one of the most popular wild areas in the region, the new Plan calls for no more designated wilderness areas than the one percent in the old Plan. The new Plan allows grazing on all eight of the Black Hill's biologically rich "Special Botanical Areas," with no analysis of whether they are suitable for grazing. And, although the Plan praises the "scenic beauty" of the Black Hills, less than 1% of the forest is to be managed for "very high" scenic integrity. Only 12.1 percent is slated for "high" and a whopping 44.4 percent for "low."
"This is not the stewardship the American people expect. The Forest Service received 997 letters from the public in favor of preserving biological diversity in the Black Hills -- but dismissed them in less than one page of response.
"The Forest Service's shameful handling of these forests illustrates the enormity of the problem. The incentives, financing, and culture of the agency continue to be stacked against our National Forest's non-timber values."
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Destroying the Rain Forests, 2002.
Examines the results of cutting down rain forest, focusing on the Amazon rain forest in South America.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Cutting the rain forest threatens biodiversity. Cutting the rain forest destroys a valuable carbon sink to protect against greenhouse gases. Cutting down the rain forest threatens the indigenous people in the rain forest. Finally, attempts to repair the damage have failed.
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Alabama's Forests, 2006.
A look at implications for the future of forest management on NIPF (Non-Industrial Private Forest) lands.
2,193 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issues surrounding the shortages of timber that have been caused and are continuing to happen from NIPF (Non- Industrial Private Forest) lands. The author looks at studies that indicate the demand for timber will overtake supply sometime before 2020, highlighting the areas of the study in different counties in Alabama. The paper centers on the NIPF land owners mismanagement of forests causing shortages of timber. In conclusion, the author states that NIPF landowners could contribute significantly to help alleviate the predicted timber shortages but based on the studies mentioned in the paper, it is unlikely that they will be motivated to use their land for timber production despite incentive programs that have been successful in establishing a replanting program. In the author's opinion, the NIPF landowners prefer to decide themselves how to use their lands and financial gain is not always the leading factor.
From the Paper
"Royer conducted many studies on the decision process used by owners of NIPF land. He stated that "Conventional wisdom in forestry holds that landowner behavior, if left unfettered or unencouraged, can and will lead to shortages of timber or increases in the relative prices of stumpage," (Royer, 1979a, in Cubbage and Snider, p. 2). The US forestry service projects that from 1991 to 2010, pulp production will increase by 16%. However, the production of stock panels will increase 33%, nearly twice that rate (Cubbage, 1997). In addition, hardwood removals are expected to increase by 59% in the same time period. Estimates using the Southern Regional Timber Supply model (SERTS) predicts increases of timber removals to increase 39% for hardwoods and 24% for softwoods (Cubbage, 1997). Using this same model, without adjusting for inflation, prices for softwoods are projected to experience 200% increases and Hardwood prices are expected top increase 343% between 1990 and 2020."
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Canadian Forest Management, 2006.
This paper discusses how forest managers can save Canadian forests despite economic pressures.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 151.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer mentions that as metropolitan communities grow and as government budgets grow tighter the challenges of forestry management in Ontario have become enormous. The following paper discusses this matter by focusing explicitly upon the economic factors which make protecting Ontario natural forestland so daunting. To begin with, the paper reviews the domestic economic factors - new locations for urban businesses and the rise of mass production farming, to name but two - which are threatening the indigenous forests even as this paper is being written.
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Forest Management and Timber Supply, 2002.
A discussion of the implications for the future of forest management on NIPF (Non-Industrial Private Forest) lands.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issues surrounding timber supply in Southern U.S.A. The paper illustrates factors which contribute to timber supply, such as environmental constraints, demographic trends, public opinion, land owner objectives, slope, water availability, lack of access roads, urbanization, urban sprawl, and stands which are too small to harvest in an economically profitable manner. The paper brings another factor to be considered, that being that many municipalities have restrictions that do not allow timber harvest within their boundaries.
From the Paper
"The subject of NIPF land has received much attention from both the academic world and the United States Government. Recent studies indicate that the demand for timber will overtake that supply sometime before 2020. Extensive studies have been conducted in the southern states concerning the motivation behind usage of NIPF land, its impact on the regional economy and environmental factors. The counties chosen for this study are the counties, which had the highest reported income from forest products in 2000. (Mix, 2000). The six counties chosen were Clarke, Marengo, Pickens, Monroe, Hale and Wilcox. These counties located in highly forested areas and have a high amount of NIPF land. "
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Administration of the National Forests, 1994.
Examines the goals & policies of the U.S. Forest Service & how they fulfill their mandate to maintain the national forests for multiple uses.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"For millions of Americans, the National Forests are vacation destinations, recreation areas, environmental preserves, or homes for Bambi. Yet many Americans have little idea how the forests are constituted and administered or how decisions are made as to their use. The National Forests in the United States are administered by the U.S. Forest Service under a mandate instituted in 1905 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Under this order, the Service has the responsibility for managing these lands for "multiple use." The meaning of this term has changed over the years in keeping with changes in the political and social environment of the country. A re-examination and a re-ordering of priorities has been the result, and as changes are made, a good deal of conflict has been developed among different organizations with different ideas about what the priorities should.."
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Forest Inventory Methods, 2007.
This paper is a case study of forest inventory methods in New Jersey.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explain that New Jersey is a unique forestry case study because the rapid urbanization of the state resulted in not as much comprehensive information about inventories and methodology being done as in larger states with more forests. The author points out that the state uses interpretation of aerial photos of the entire state to estimate the number, size and species of trees and compare re-photographed and re-measured plots periodically. The paper relates that a major component of New Jersey's forests is the urban forest, one of the most neglected fields in terms of resource management due to budget austerity, poor planning and non-efficient management.
From the Paper
"A piece of knowledge that is useful about the Pine Barrens of New Jersey is the need to calculate fuel load in order to understand fire and how much it can affect the forest. This requires the extensive use of machinery. A Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) device was utilized in conjunction with FIA and other types of data to quantify the fuel lodes of the forest. The LIDAR was recorded at 400 Hz over three areas of 1 square kilometer with transects spaced at 200 meters and along 64 transects also spaced 1 square kilometer apart."
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Forest Thinning and Restoration, 2004.
This paper discusses that President Bush?s forest thinning and restoration plan needs to be supported because it will result in safer communities, an increase in jobs, and healthier forests.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 83 percent of all firefighters identified ?fuels reduction? (fuels being dried brush and dead trees) as the single most important factor for improving safety from wildfires. The author points out that the plan proposes the utilization of dead underbrush as a new source of energy. The paper stresses that environmentalist groups opposed to President Bush?s plan are ?tree-huggers? that are trying to protect the very trees they use each day for various things.
From the Paper
"?With our current drought situation, insect infestations, and disease in our forest, we have accumulated years of natural fuels that can produce environmentally destructive fires?. This statement from the article ?The 2003 Fire Season? is a warning that if we do not remove these dead trees and brush that the effects can be damaging in other ways. Some environmentalists suggest that the long term effects of this type of program have not been completely researched. Many of them also suggest that this program is an opportunity to allow logging companies onto federal land for the sole purpose of attaining free lumber as a byproduct of the project for profit. They have also claimed that it will not reduce the risk of fires. It is hard to rationalize that removing the very things that a fire feeds on such as, dead trees and brush, will not reduce the risk of fire."
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Cattle Ranchers and the Amazon Rain Forest, 2004.
Explores the destruction of the Amazon rain forest from the perspective of the commercial beef growers ,as well as from the perspective of the ecological advocates.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
As the world becomes more crowded, it is becoming evident that decisions have to be made regarding resources available to mankind. One of the points of controversy in today's battle between saving our natural resources and providing for man's future is the battle over the Amazon rain forest. The paper shows that the Amazon rain forest is currently providing areas for cattle to graze, which, of course, provides food for immediate need. However, the rain forest also has a large potential impact on the survival of mankind in the future, as long as it is not destroyed today. The paper describes the tug of war that exists between the cattle ranchers, who are clearing the land now, and the ecologists, who are trying to stop the destruction of the forest. Sociological and ecological themes conflict as the arguments and competition continue.
From the Paper
"According to ecological research there is already 16 percent of the forest gone through destruction., This is equal to 1.6 million square miles of forest. The ecologists believe that the destruction has sped up the global warming process which in turn is speeding up other future problems for the world. The argument between the cattle ranchers and the ecologists is centered on this and other consequences of the ranchers efforts(Brazil, 2003)."
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Forest Conservation, 2007.
A study proposal to determine the benefits of educating the public about the importance of forest conservation.
2,170 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how forests around the world provide habitats for animals, oxygen for the air that is breathed and wood for needed building supplies. The paper asserts that the forest loss is already having a significant negative impact on the global environmental, social and economic issues. The paper shows the importance of researching and designing a forest conservation program that will reverse the current downward spiral of the future of the world's trees. This proposal hypothesizes that with education of the general public, forest conservation can be dramatically increased.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Limitations
Conclusion
Timeline
From the Paper
"To date an estimated 50 percent of the world's forests no longer exist. Each year mankind loses another 40 million acres to use, progress, fires and disease. The forest loss is already having a significant negative impact on the global issues surrounding environmental, social and economic issues."
""Until recently most forest loss occurred in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and temperate North America; between 1960 and 1990 one-fifth of all tropical forest cover was lost(Falconer, 1998).""
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Disability in the Workplace and "Forest Gump", 2006.
An analysis of the film, "Forest Gump" and the uplifting message it holds regarding people with disabilities.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The film "Forest Gump" portrays a man with an IQ of 75, reminiscing on his life story as he sits at a bus stop. With such a low IQ, the protagonist, Forest Gump, was judged to be too unintelligent to go to school with normal children. He is in fact what many unkind people might refer to as retarded. However, the movie is uplifting, in the sense that it portrays Forest having a very successful and intensely interesting life. This paper summarizes the film "Forest Gump" and analyzes its message about people with disabilities. The paper contends that the movies makes a very positive statement about the potential for people with disabilities in the workplace.
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The Dark Forest of Fairy Tales, 2004.
Examines the symbolism of dark forests in classic children's literature.
1,984 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Fairy tales are rightly seen by many authors and critics, from Jung to Bruno Bettelheim, as repositories for archetypes and for vital social messages. Additionally, they must be seen as a literary genre by themselves, and elements, which may be seen archetypically, must also be taken in terms of their literary function. In this light, the paper studies the role of the forest in fairy tales, both as a reference to the archetype of the dark forest and as a social reference to the land outside civilization. The paper points out how the forest operates as a literary device to isolate the characters quickly from their familiar world by placing them into another realm. The paper examines various symbols of the forest in children's literature, including death and rebirth, subconscious and gender issues.
From the Paper
"Entering the dark forest might be associated with entering puberty, or the coming knowledge of sexuality. One could most certainly make a reading of Little Red Cap in this way, where the wolf?s predations take on a sexual nature. Likewise, stories such as the Frog Prince, in which the little princess ?put on her bonnet and clogs, and went out to take a walk by herself in a wood; and when she came to a cool spring of water, that rose in the midst of it, she sat herself down to rest a while,? (Grimm) could be read to imply an illicit transgression into the realm of adult sexuality. This is heightened by the way that the Princess drops her ball down a long hole and sends a little frog climbing down it after promising the feed him and sleep in a bed with him."
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