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The Northern Expedition, 2007.
This paper discusses the Northern Expedition and looks at the role played by the National Revolutionary Army leader Chiang Kai-shek.
1,159 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the Northern Expedition, a military campaign launched by the Kuamintang in July 1926 to defeat the warlords controlling northern China. The writer notes that this is considered to be an important event in modern Chinese history as it served to unify the country after decades of instability and fragmentation. Further, the writer points out that it also helped Chiang Kai-shek, the commander of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) who led the campaign, to emerge as a strong national leader. In this paper, besides describing the background and events of the Northern Expedition, the writer discusses the role played by Chiang Kai-shek in the campaign and looks at the reasons for his success.
Outline:
Background
The Northern Expedition & Chiang Kai-shek's Role in the Campaign
Reasons for Chiang Kai-shek's Success in the Northern Expedition
References
From the Paper
"Chiang Kai-shek, however, was by no means finished. He was still commander of the Canton garrison and on the lookout to get back into prominence. He soon got his chance when, for reasons still unclear, a gunboat, commanded by a Communist officer, suddenly appeared before dawn off Whampoa Island on March 20, 1926. Using the incident as an excuse , Chiang placed Canton under martial law, arrested several Soviet advisors in the city and closed down Communist newspapers. In the crisis that followed, Wang Jingwei resigned and went into exile; Chiang took over as the head of the Military Affairs Council (MAC) and the commander of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). He asked Comintern and the Soviets to support a northern military campaign, besides putting up a number of demands that would tone down the Communists' influence in KMT affairs. The Soviets agreed to Chiang's demands as Stalin was engaged in a critical domestic power struggle and could not afford a blow to his prestige that a complete eviction of Soviet advisors from China would signal."
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T. R.Berger's "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland", 2007.
This paper applies the critical-emancipatory paradigm and the constructivist-interpretive paradigm to T. R.Berger's 1988 book "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland: The Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry".
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the critical paradigm recognizes that reality is the product of history and analyzes it accordingly through social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic and gender values developed over time. The author states that, when applying the critical-emancipatory approach to T. R. Berger's "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland", the observer understands that the whole issue surrounding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry involves a strong reaction to historical reality issues especially the importance of the First Nation people and the environmental supporters in deciding against the pipeline project. The paper relates that the constructivist-interpretive paradigm assumes that to understand the world and its meaning, one must interpret it. The author underscores that the constructivist-interpretive paradigm can be applied to Berger's work in that his assessment of the Mackenzie Valley pipeline is heavily subjective and based upon interpretation of multiple realities.
Table of Contents
The Strengths and Weakness of the Critical Paradigm
Application of the Critical-Emancipatory Approach to "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland"
The Strength and Weakness of the Constructivist-Interpretive Paradigm
Application of the Critical Constructivist- Interpretive Paradigm to "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland"
From the Paper
"It is easy to analyze the Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland document in terms of the critical-emancipatory approach. Indeed, the whole issue surrounding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry involves a strong reaction of social, political, cultural, economic and ethnic issues derived from processes over history. The writer, Berger, has assessed the contentious issue of the pipeline development firstly in terms of economic issues: that is, that it will be good for the Canadian economy, particularly the northern Canadians who will be brought now into the "mainstream of the Canadian economy" (Berger, 1988, p. 3). Ultimately, however, Berger has acknowledged the role of ethnicity in appraising the pipeline project and assessing its worth. His final position assumes the First Nation Canadians are correct; environmentally-speaking, the project should not go on). The role of acknowledging the importance of the First Nation people and the environment in deciding against the pipeline project display evidence of cultural, social, political and ethnic values in evaluating the situation.
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2004.
This paper discusses the relationship of the Native American tribes and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lewis and Clark managed to adhere to their objectives for the expedition handed out by Jefferson, including proclaiming American sovereignty in the West, advancing American trade, and promoting peace between Indian tribes, while attempting to establish a peaceful and profitable relationship with the Native American tribes. The author points out that, during their expedition, Lewis and Clark encountered nearly 50 Native American tribes, each with distinct and often characteristic responses to the white presence; some tribes provided the expedition with a great deal of assistance, others hindering the expedition. The paper relates that the expedition's plans to bring peace between the Indian tribes meant that the Americans would provide guns to the Nez Perces and the Shoshones; the Blackfoot opposed this plan, fearing that it would hurt their power in the region; therefore. the Blackfoot warriors tried to steal the expedition's guns.
From the Paper
"Promoting peace between the Native American tribes was a complex process for which Lewis and Clark were little prepared. The Lewis and Clark expedition came upon the American Natives long after complex and lengthy histories of intertribal warfare had developed, making any intervention by the expedition temporary at best, and futile, at worst. The intricate trade network systems among the native tribes played an enormous role in the relative successes and failures of Lewis and Clark's inroads into Native American culture. Lewis and Clark knew little of the complexities of trade among the tribes, including the demanding and complex trade alliances between the Assiniboine and Manda/Hidata, and the trade between the Arikara and Teon Sioux."
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2005.
This paper discusses Lewis and Clark expedition in the early 1800s, a symbol of the expansion of America
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lewis and Clark were not the first explorers to cross North America by land, but the Lewis and Clark expedition was monumental because President Thomas Jefferson arranged the journey, the expectations of the expedition, the members of the Corps of Discovery and the overall achievements. The author points out that some of the major achievements were knowledge gained about the Western lands through the maps of rivers, mountains and terrain, the discovery of almost 400 new species of plants and animals and the strengthening of the American claims on the territories of the West. The paper relates that not only are the names of Lewis and Clark famous from this expedition but also the names of York, a black slave, and Sacagawea, an Indian woman.
Outline
I. Why Jefferson wanted the West
A. It was a really long distance to travel
B. States allowed access to Louisiana
1. Louisiana obtained through Louisiana purchase
2. New Orleans had access to world through port
C. Land important status symbol
1. Jefferson and Washington both Virginia land owners
D. Vision of coast to coast land united
II. Preparing for the Expedition
A. Earlier explorer had made the journey
B. Congress made decision
1. Expedition would have twelve men
2. Would have budget of $2500
C. Group would need wide knowledge
1. Botany
2. Geology
3. Wildlife
4. Mapping terrain
III. Establishment of group
A. Dubbed "The Corp of Discovery"
B. Jefferson elected Captain Meriwether Lewis
C. Clark elected partner William Clark
D. Clark brought Black slave York
E. Joined later by Native American woman Sacagawea
F. Only member to die on trip was Sergeant Charles Floyd
IV. The Journey
A. Began May 14 from Camp Dubois
B. Followed Missouri River
C. Camped at Fort Mandan for first winter
D. Traveled west, crossed Rocky Mountains
E. Reached West coast in December 1805
F. Spent second winter at Fort Clatsop
G. Back home September 1806
V. Achievements
A. Knowledge of West
1. Rivers
2. Mountains
3. Terrain
B. New Species
1. Plants
2. Animals
C. Paved way for American expansion
1. Fur trade
2. Naive American contact
3. Claims on Western territories
D. Would guide Pioneers on part of Oregon Trail
E. Social Achievement through voting
1. Black slave
2. Native American woman
VI. Conclusion
From the Paper
"The expedition would eventually be called the Corps of Discovery, and would have between thirty and forty members in total. Jefferson himself selected the leader for the group, a captain named Meriwether Lewis. Lewis was allowed to select his own partner, and chose William Clark. An interesting fact about Clark is that although he was known by the other members of the expedition, as well as by many history books, as a captain, he was in fact only a Lieutenant, apparently because of delays in Army paperwork. Also on the mission was York, who was the Black slave of Clark. Later on the journey, they would be joined by a Native American woman names Sacagawea, who was of the Shoshone/Hidasta tribe."
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The Lewis and Clarke Expedition, 2002.
Discusses the objective and historical significance of the Lewis and Clarke expedition.
2,033 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly recounts the historic Lewis and Clarke expedition, provides a short biography of Lewis, Clarke, and Sacagawea, discusses the expedition's impact on native Indian culture and the scientific importance of the expedition.
From the Paper
"The Lewis and Clarke expedition was a phenomenal one that had a significant impact on the American nation in terms of both geographical expansion and the cultural influence. The exploration was the outcome of the long cherished dream and vision of President Jefferson. The project, which was envisioned by Jefferson, was led by Meriwether Lewis, a twenty eight-year-old army officer together with his friend William Clark a 32-year-old army man. The expedition was basically a commercial exploration that was planned to look into the possibility of using the Mississippi River as a communication route and increasing the trade with the native Indians. Jefferson organized a contingent to explore the hitherto uncharted territory and to discover a northwest route. Let us look into the details of this all important and interesting adventure, which had significant bearings on the whole of the American nation."
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Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2004.
A look at the impact of Thomas Jefferson's character on the Lewis and Clark expedition.
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the impact of Thomas Jefferson's character on the famous Lewis and Clark expedition. The paper explains how Jefferson's character influenced the objectives of the expedition itself as well as the personality of Meriwether Lewis thereby affecting the expedition-related tasks completed by both Lewis and William Clark.
From the Paper
"Thomas Jefferson is perhaps one of America's most admired early statesmen. He is often seen as a man of complex and exemplary character, who through his many efforts played a crucial role in the formation of the new American nation. Jefferson's character was indeed noteworthy, as he was both a known admirer of the natural world, a profound proponent of democracy, and a noted scholar with wide interests. As a child, Jefferson was schooled in a variety of subjects, including Latin and Greek, and he retained an appreciation for learning through his life. In speaking of his ability to read Greek and Latin authors in their original, he noted "I thank on my knees him who directed my early education for having put into my possession this rich source of delight" (Peterson, 7). He was both a diligent student, and developed a love of nature (Peterson)."
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Shackleton?s Expedition, 2005.
A description of the 1914-1916 transantarctic expedition led by British explorer, Ernest Shackleton.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
Antarctic expeditions became the symbol of ordeals, especially during the Heroic Age of Exploration when Ernest Shackleton capably led a pack of 27 officers, scientists and seamen for almost two years in a trapped, stranded and then crushed expedition ship named Endurance. The paper shows that polar explorers of the time were held up as heroes, often tragic ones, by the people for their unusual sacrifices. Shackleton earned the praise and recognition to a superior degree for the way he managed his team and the daring he exuded during the 1914-1916 British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The paper shows that these 27 men and millions will always remember how he placed his crew's total well-being above all other considerations in those most trying and nearly desperate times in the pack ice of the Weddell Sea. The paper presents a thorough look at Shackleton's leadership skills.
From the Paper
"Shackleton's objective was to cross the Antarctic content from coast to coast through the South Pole with a distance of approximately 1800 miles from the Weddell Sea, south of South America, a completely un-explored region of Antarctica. From there, he and his crew would proceed to the South Pole and into the Ross Sea south of New Zealand. They were on board a newly constructed ship intended for tourist cruises in the Arctic shipyard in Norway. Despite Shackleton's warning, applications from volunteers poured in. Funding even first became a problem and Shackleton desperately sought money while recruiting and preparing those he selected. Funding was finally secured by July 1914."
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2002.
This paper discusses the Lewis and Clark Expedition, one of the most important events in American history.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper stated that President Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark Expedition to do what other explores had failed. The paper describes in detail the actual journey. The paper discusses that Lewis and Clark succeeded in many areas: Opened the U.S. from the Missouri River north to the Pacific Ocean, mapped and described the areas in detail (invaluable to later settlers), discovered many previously unknown species of fauna and established contact the Indians.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Preparations
Up the Missouri
Toward the Pacific
The Return Trip
Importance of the Expedition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The group traveled in two canoes of a type called pirogues and a 55 foot keelboat, propelled by sail and oars. All summer, they traveled up the Missouri. The days were often hot and muggy and then freezing cold. Mosquitoes tormented them and rain squalls drenched the men and boats. Sand bars slowed their progress. Seldom did the expedition make more than fourteen miles a day. There were some disciplinary problems and two desertions. The only man to die on the expedition succumbed to appendicitis during this time. "
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Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1992.
A look at the early 19th century journey through the Western U.S. wilderness including background, planning, discoveries and significance.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"In 1801, shortly after being elected president, Thomas Jefferson invited Meriwether Lewis to serve as his private secretary. Lewis had a background as a naturalist and had also served in the U.S. Army. After hiring Lewis as his secretary, Jefferson revealed his plan to send a "Corps of Discovery" on an expedition through the unexplored western section of the American continent. Jefferson wanted this expedition to travel up the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains. From there, it was hoped that a trail could be forged to the Columbia River and thus to the Pacific Ocean (Ronda 256). One of the purposes of this trip was to study plant and animal life along the way. In addition, Jefferson wanted to map out a trade route through the western territories. Jefferson believed that it was important for the United States to expand its commercial interests. In order to..."
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Northern Ireland, 2005.
This paper is a literature review of social conflict and resolution theories as they apply to the conflict in Northern Ireland.
11,525 words (approx. 46.1 pages), 47 sources, $ 225.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the social identity theory, the identity theory, the self-determination theory, the human needs theory and especially focuses on the social movement analysis theory in the context of the social attitudes and the conflict in Northern Ireland. The author points out that this conflict exists because the people in the majority, the Protestants, have implemented a policy of sectarianism by oppressing the Catholic minority thus attempting to place this policy under the cloak of religion. The paper concludes that there will be lasting change in Northern Ireland; however, this change can only occur if all or most of the community is determined to create a society that is harmonious and abhors violence.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Social Identity Theory and Identity Theory
Self-Determination Theory
Human Needs Theory
Social Movement Analysis in Context of Northern Ireland Social Attitudes and Conflict
Conflict Resolution
Reconciliation
Liberation Education
Transformational Politics
Personal Participation in Politics
Transformational Conflict Resolution
Imagining a Shared Future
Integrating Potential of Middle-Range Leaders
Develop People and Promote Growth and Change
Spiritual Transformation
Recognizing the Transformational Process
Indications Northern Ireland is Changing
A Changed Government
An Agenda that embraces Equality
Advancement of Human Rights
New Targeting Social Need initiative
The Policing of Northern Ireland Bill
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of Northern Ireland, many attempts have been to resolve the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants. The international community has attempted on several occasions to reduce the amount of violence occurring in the region. According to Crotty (2000), there has been a joint effort with the aid of the United States to resolve the dilemma facing Northern Ireland. The desire to help those living in the region has become more concerted in recent years. Much of this is due to the declining infrastructure of Northern Ireland. Crotty (2000) asserts that Northern Ireland has suffered greatly in the wake of the violence and social conflict that has occurred. The author explains that Northern Ireland was once a beautiful place that was the envy of the region, however in recent years the economy has suffered and southern Ireland is now sounder economically than Northern Ireland."
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Northern Ireland and Politics of Religion, 2001.
This paper examines religious turmoil in Northern Ireland.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the history of the conflict in Northern Ireland. The author summarizes the history of religious conflict in Northern Ireland and looks at the recent attempts to end decades of violence. An historical background on the troubles is detailed and includes the policy of "Home Rule," The Ireland Act of 1920, which divided Ireland into North and South, the suspension of Northern Ireland's government in 1972 and finally the successful attempts in the 1990s to broker an agreement between the two parties. The author then looks at the religious makeup of Ireland and the divisions between the Catholic and Protestant populations which, according to the author, caused politics to become a proxy for religion. The author then looks at the how the divisions in the populations of South African and Northern Ireland impeded their roads to independence.
From the Paper
"About two-fifths of the population is Roman Catholic, while more than one-fifth is Presbyterian, with less than one-fifth Episcopalian (Church of Ireland); Methodists and members of other sects make up most of the remainder. The distribution of Catholics and Protestants is, however, very uneven by region . In country districts the latter are in a majority in the north and east. Elsewhere they are in a minority, though fairly highly localized. Most towns have a Protestant majority: this is the case in Belfast, where Catholics make up less than one-third of the population. Towns remote from Belfast (including Newry and Londonderry) are more than half Roman Catholic. In each of these towns themselves there is a high degree of segregation of the sects, and mixing is minimal and ?segregation increases as socioeconomic status decreases." Civil disturbances are almost always confined to locations in which segregation is highest."
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Northern Ireland, 2007.
An in-depth look at the political role of women in Northern Ireland.
9,691 words (approx. 38.8 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 197.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the manner in which women in Northern Ireland have contributed to party politics over the past thirty years of conflict, more commonly known as 'the troubles'. More Specifically the paper investigates feminist theory as well as sociology theories related to the political participation of women. The investigation also seeks to answer the various questions concerning women's roles in Northern Ireland.
Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Framework: Feminist and Sociology Theories
Background of Conflict
The Women's Movement in Northern Ireland: Politics and Religion
Why So Few Women?
Do Women Compete Differently From Men or Do They Emulate Men?
What Has Women's Contribution Been Towards the Peace Process?
Discussions and Conclusions
From the Paper
"According to O'day (1996), the women's movement in Northern Ireland has, like any other movement in the region, attempted to confront the divisions that exist as it relates to national identity. In addition, there has been a great deal of speculation in regards to the correlation between gender and national identity. The author asserts that feminists who desire to prioritize women's issues assert that the divisiveness related to national identity has also had and divisive impact on the issues that are unique to women. In addition the differences between nationalists and unionists thought and the differences between Catholic and Protestant standards has been debilitating to the women's movement in Northern Ireland. In fact the author points out that it is usually the "Irish question" or the question of "whose side are you on?" is at the root of the divisions. This concept can be found in Derry Women's Aid in Spare Rib in response to a question concerning the correlation between feminism and the national question: "The uncritical support given by some English feminists to the nationalist struggle being waged here in N.I. is of little help to us, or indeed, to the women of the whole of Ireland," which not only serves to "to divide women along the traditional Orange and Green," but also "results in a lack of attention to the feminist issues (O'Day, 1998)."
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"Northern Mists", 2002.
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the work "Northern Mists," by Carl O. Sauer.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes Carl O. Sauer's book "Northern Mists" in which he advances and argues the theory that the Norse country of "Vinland" was in reality part of Southern New England. Carl Sauer was a respected geographer and historian and "Northern Mists" is a well-known and cited commentary discussing the geographic history of "Vinland" and how the Northern Europeans discovered North America. The paper looks at the overall message the author is trying to convey, and how he manages to communicate it to his readers.
From the Paper
"Why did the Norse look for new lands? Sauer seems to answer this himself when he compares their country to the lovely country of New England. "The bleak and windswept Strait of Belle Isle (through which I once passed in early July) bears no resemblance to the gracious country of deciduous woodlands and grapevines of Vinland, bordered by wide tidal flats" (Sauer). He also attributes their exploration to changes in climate in Northern Europe, which drove them to look for a climate that was warmer and less hospitable as time went on. "There is evidence, discovered in Scandinavia and northern Britain, that the climate of northern Europe was milder in the tenth and eleventh centuries, became more extreme in the thirteenth, and ameliorated in or after the fifteenth" (Sauer)."
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Two Economies in the Northern Territories, 2002.
Examines the modern and the Aboriginal economies in the Northern territories of North America.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper concentrates on how the traditional and the modern economies have divided the peoples of the Northern territories. The second section investigates how "mega- projects" have allowed the process of globalization to reach up into the innermost reaches of the Northern Territories.
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The Northern Ireland Conflict, 2004.
This is an overview of the conflict in Northern Ireland between Protestants and Catholics.
2,545 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The focus of this paper is to review the history of the ongoing conflict in Northern Ireland between Protestants and Catholics. The paper includes a background of the conflict, a section on the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), Riots and Violent Protests, Bloody Sunday, peace attempts, and a conclusion.
From the Paper
"Northern Ireland has been the home of considerable violence for more than thirty years. This conflict known as the Troubles has endured since 1966. The history of the conflict starts as early as 1922 and continues today. Northern Ireland has been through violent riots, mass protests and demonstrations, and the loss of thousands of lives due to the conflict. Catholics and Protestants have been engaged in this power-struggle for more than three decades, but there are signs of hope for resolution. Peace talks have been underway for decades and are starting to make progress. Though the history of Northern Ireland is dreadful, the future is looking more and more hopeful each day."
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