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"North American Indian Ecology", 2006.
This paper reviews and examines Donald Hughes' book "North American Indian Ecology" which focuses on a wide range of ecological and environmental issues faced by Native American Indians in the 20th century.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explores and details North American Indian life and culture as portrayed in Donald Hughes' book "North American Indian Ecology." This paper discusses the land issues facing the North American Indian tribes including overgrazing, erosion and assessments of appropriate land usage. The writer of this paper finds Hughes' book to be straightforward and concise in clarifying the characteristics of Indian life such as hunting, food growing and rituals.
From the Paper
"Tribes are having to mediate the disparate demands of their members and the industrial mindset of the BIA to balance forest use for economic need and preservation for cultural need. Tribes face many of the same problems as non-Native communities held hostage by the timber industry. Replanting has not always kept pace with harvesting on public or trust lands. The push to harvest old-growth timber is constrained by federal mandates to protect endangered species habitats, putting people out of work. Few local communities gain the "value-added" benefits of processing their own timber especially jobs and new businesses and when they do the environmental impact of mill sites has to be factored into any cost-benefit analysis."
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North American Indian and European Relations, 1991.
"This study compares British-Indian relations with Spanish-Indian relations from pre-contact to 1830, emphasizing European domination and exploitation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will compare and contrast British-Indian relations with Spanish-Indian relations from pre-contact to 1830. The study will focus on North American Indians, and will concentrate specifically on the question of how Indians resisted or accepted the authority which the British and/or the Spanish attempted to impose upon them. The thesis of the study will be the argument that the differences between the way the English and Spanish treated the Indians were not nearly as numerous as the similarities, and that the basis of these similarities was the exploitation of the Indians by both European nationalities. The Indians did not respond in significantly different ways to either group, and in the great majority of the encounters between the Indians and the Europeans the Indians were ultimately forced to submit to the stronger force of the Europeans."
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North American Indians, 2006.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at issues of native North American Indians in the context of imagery and stereotyping. This paper addresses the reasons for why they are stereotyped and how. The paper further discusses the issues of mascots.
From the Paper
"What is an Indian? If we got our answers purely from mainstream and especially American media, we might believe they all live in tipis, smoke peace pipes and fight cowboys. Other stereotypes include the alcoholic Indian, the Indian as shaman, and the ecologically advanced and aware Native American (Minerd 2000). People create and maintain stereotypes for specific purposes and reasons. Although the problems with racism and stereotyping are numerous and all degrading, the most difficult and disabling issue is the theft of a modern identity and a place in the present world and society."
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Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World., 2008.
A Critique of Jack Weatherford's "Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World."
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses that the term 'Indian giver' has come to be a synonym for someone who gives something, only to take it back. The paper further explains that it was the Indians who were forced to give to the Europeans--their knowledge about farming and fishing in the Americas and ultimately their land. The paper discusses that in Jack Weatherford's book, "Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World," the exchange between Europeans and Native Americans was an unequal one, with Europeans taking of the positive benefits of the New World, while the Indians were doing all of the giving. The paper concludes that unwittingly, the Indians found themselves the recipient of the evils of European civilization, like slavery, and a disrespectful attitude to the land.
From the Paper
"According to Weatherford, the early post-Columbian contact of the Europeans with the native populace actually enabled the Industrial Revolution to change Europe, and ultimately the world. "Had Europe and America not come together through Columbus or some other connection, the industrial revolution would never have happened in the way we know it," because Europeans would never have gained access to the metals of the New World, or to Indian mines (Weatherford 57). This contact also generated the money economy of Europe and fueled a shift to a European economy based upon real, hard, convertible currency. Metal-based currency also was critical in fueling industrialism and world trade. By beginning the book with tales of South American encounters with Europe, which were particularly brutal and unequal from the beginning of the Indian-European relationship, Weatherford initiates a tragic tone, explaining how enslaved South American Indians mining gold and silver in Potosi supplied the precious metals for most of the European coins that generated wealth for the Old World at the expense of the liberty of the New World."
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Horses and History, 2005.
This paper discusses the ecological problems created by the introduction of horses into the more temperate regions colonized by Europeans, especially among North American Indians.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the modern focus on successful Native-American equestrian cultures and the stereotype of the mounted Indian warrior obscures a deeper understanding of the often damaging impact of the arrival of horses on Native-American Indian culture and ecology. The author points out that the arrival of horses brought about a cultural transformation by allowing improvements in transportation, hunting, warfare and trade but disrupted the ecology of the bison and grassland, brought about social inequality and created disruptions in subsistence economies. The paper also relates that the native biology of all of the conquered temperate places (including humans) was not equipped to deal with European invaders: European diseases like smallpox decimated native populations, European weeds and agriculture brought large scale reductions in native flora and European animals (cattle, pigs and horses) squeezed out the native animals.
From the Paper
"Horses, in particular, found their new homes rich in grazing lands, abundant with space, and relatively free of natural predators. Australia was populated with kangaroos, and the South American pampas with flightless birds: species that offered little danger to horses. Further, they did not have to compete, on a large scale, with existing animals for their niche. In the New World, horses from the old world found a welcoming ecological climate that was similar to that of Europe. Mountains, especially the Appalachian Mountains in the United States, provided large open grazing for horses, cattle, and other animals."
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Philosophies of Ecology, 2005.
This paper compares Norwegian philosopher Arme Naess' ecology philosophy called "deep ecology" with Indian author Ramachandra Guha's ecological philosophy of "anthropocentrism".
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Arme Naess' philosophy of "deep ecology" encourages respect for the environment, not because humans depend on nature, but because nature and its inhabitants have inherent value. The author points out that Ramachandra Guha's ecological philosophy of "anthropocentrism" declares that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone, which challenges this "deep ecology" philosophy. The paper concludes that Ramachandra Guha, who alleges that "shallow ecology" is sufficient for providing a satisfactory ethic of obligation and concern for the non-human world, is not rational; rather the concept of "deep ecology" needs to be extended especially toward non-human individuals, wilderness areas and across time and species.
From the Paper
"Assuming characteristically anthropocentric perspectives and values is a defect, we should, instead, assume a biocentric perspective. We should certainly abandon crude conceptions of human needs that equate them with the sort of needs that are satisfied by extravagant resource use. One of the problems with shallow ecology lies in anthropocentrism, specifically the fact that they are characteristically short-term, sectional, and self-regarding. Suppose that astronomers detect a modest asteroid on collision course with Earth. The impending collision would be perfectly natural. Such periodic disruptive events are natural, though they probably destroy most of the then extant large life forms. These times of renewal provide opportunities for smaller, flexible organisms to radiate opportunistically into vacated niches, and life goes on. There is little doubt that our demise would provide comparable opportunities for development that we currently prevent. Even then, we should step aside so that evolution can continue on its majestic course."
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"Confucianism and Ecology", 2002.
An analysis of the Chinese perspective on ecology through a review of "Confucianism and Ecology" by Mary Tucker.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "Confucianism and Ecology" by Mary Tucker and discuss the chapter: "The Trinity of Cosmology, Ecology, and Ethics in the Confucian Personhood and Motifs for a New Confucian Ecological Vision" to reveal the nature of Confucianism in the ethical premise of the cosmos in which it if discussed in ecology. By understanding these motifs for the environment, we can better understand a Chinese perspective on the way this philosophy works in a western thought process..
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Dichotomy of Paradigms in Cultural Ecology, 2002.
A comparison between classificatory cultural ecology and human behavioral ecology using representative articles.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the basic elements, theories, and methods of cultural ecology and human behavioral ecology and discusses how the articles fit in their respective paradigms and within cultural ecology at large.
From the Paper
"In any field of study, researchers operate under paradigms: often unnoticed scientific world-views that shape which data the researcher collects, how he/she collects it, and what conclusions he/she draws from that data. Two paradigms in the field of cultural ecology include classificatory cultural ecology, exemplified by Tappers and trappers: parallel process in acculturation (Murphy & Steward) and human behavioral ecology, as in Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability in Amazonian hunting (Hames and Vickers). Both of these articles study indigenous Amazonian populations, but each from a different paradigm and thus with different methods and results. Through a comparison of these two articles, this paper will explore the differences and similarities of these two paradigms and how the paradigms the researchers worked under shaped their studies."
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Ecology, 2006.
A look at ecology in relation to environmentalism.
919 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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This paper discusses the subject of ecology. According to the paper, ecology can be defined as the study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and how such distributions are affected by interactions between organisms and their environment. The paper reports that ecology could be said to be the core science that impacts our knowledge of environmentalism.
From the Paper
"One of the fundamental shifts within ecology in the modern era is the inclusion of human ecology within the discipline. While human ecology itself has been included within the study of ecology for well over half a century, it only gained prominence in the late 1970s. Human ecology deals with how humans as organisms affect the environment as well as other organisms. This field is perhaps the most important development to environmental science in the past century precisely because now we have a much deeper understanding of how and why humanity influences the natural environment around us, deeply contributing to our awareness and knowledge of environmental damage and the harmful affects of pollution. Overall, it is evident that ecology has expanded at a tremendous pace because it has increased the scope that the field itself examines. By including human ecology as one of its disciplines, ecology now takes on significance not only as a scientific field but in both economic and political terms as well."
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Deep Ecology, 2002.
The philosophical context of the Deep Ecology movement which aims to influence people's consciousness regarding the environment.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In the last twenty years, the debate over global warming, deforestation and other conservation issues have become part of the national conscious. People are becoming more and more aware of the many destructive impacts of man on the global environment. Rising to meet this problem is a movement called Deep Ecology. Deep Ecology proposes a number of values aimed at influencing people to realize their connection to their environment and to do everything possible to live in global harmony.
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Factorial Ecology.
A look at factorial ecology versus radiocentric explanations of urban development.
997 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how factorial ecology continues to be of interest to those conducting marketing research, although radiocentric approaches tend to be more ?en vogue? at the moment, especially when considering the development of new, as opposed to existing, city populations, such as in the American South, or in cities undergoing profound ethnic changes unprecedented in their history, such as Toronto. It looks at how cities undergoing physical transformations, such as New York after September 11th, also offer uncharted waters for radiocentric explanations as well. It concludes that factorial ecology?s more coherent, if not always more accurate, sociological analysis is not only seductive, but also often instructive for students attempting to make a more coherent theoretical narrative about the ideological reasons for a city?s shifting and changing image.
Outline
Introduction
What Are the Factors that Predict Which Model is Explanatory?
What Are the Weaknesses of Each Model?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Toronto is a mosaic-like city of ethnic and regional composition, one reason that radiocentric explanations are fairly popular in understanding its development. As with New York, the map-like spreading out of different communities are often instructive to how certain ethnicities have become part of the nation?s fabric and to what extent they participate in a city?s centrality or sectors of prosperity or poverty. However, once a city grows in age and second and third generation members become more integrated and dispersed within a city?s fold, radiocentric explanations become more difficult to offer, unless specific communities continue built around specific urban industries, such as the city?s garment district, or, to use another example, the case of Silicon Valley and its outer-lying suburbs, where an hitherto empty area of growth becomes filled because of its location around a certain nexus of the computer industry."
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Ecocentrism and the Deep Ecology Platform, 2008.
This paper argues the concept of ecocentrism, as expressed in the philosophy of the deep ecology platform, the basic tenets of which are explained in this paper.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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This paper explains that, for all of recorded history, Western cultures have operated on an implicit foundation of anthropocentrism, which assumes that human beings are the most important beings in the world. The author points out that ecocentrism, also known as biocentrism, is the exact opposite of anthropocentrism in that it sees the ecosystem itself as central. The paper relates that the first principle of the deep ecology movement, as formulated by Arne Naess and George Sessions in 1984, gives expression to the essence of ecocentrism. The author further states that the deep ecology platform is a foundation that might make it possible to save the planet, humans and most of the other still surviving species; however, none of the above will come easily to most people, accustomed to considering humans as the center of the universe and the pinnacle of all creation.
From the Paper
"However, sacrifices will have to be made. One cannot drive a luxury SUV through a Garden-of-Eve like paradise - one of them has to go. The trick will be for enough people to realize it is the SUV that needs to go. Of course, the SUV is meant as a metaphor for the many excessive luxuries that so many people insist on, generating a consumerism that has sustained the multinational corporations that are devouring the resources of our planet. Thus, what needs to happen is a total shift in what we value."
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'Deep Ecology" and Anthropocentrism, 2002.
Examines the positive and negative aspects of the environmental issue of anthropocentrism within the framework of 'deep ecology'.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The central claim of "deep ecology" is that we need to correct an anthropocentric bias in our attitudes to the nonhuman world, and in particular to extend moral concern across time and across species. This paper will examine the benefits and the shortcomings of anthropocentrism within the framework of 'deep ecology'. As well, this paper will attempt to demonstrate both the value and some of the limitations of this framework with respect to the problem of anthropocentrism.
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Business, Ecology and the Environment, 2006.
A discussion regarding the relationship between the business sector, ecology and caring for our environment.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how today's society is faced with numerous environmental and ecological problems of such proportions that they are now endangering the health and well being of the world's human population. Business is largely responsible for such major disruptions and changes in the world's ecological system. The paper further discusses how human actions have contributed to endangerment and in some cases even the disappearance of many species of plants and animals. Finally, the actions of much of big business today have far reaching consequences not only geographically, but also in time.
From the Paper
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Mike Davis' "Ecology of Fear", 2005.
This paper reviews Mike Davis' book "Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster".
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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This paper explains that Mike Davis' "Ecology of Fear" is a criticisms of the planning and development in Los Angeles Country, which has resulted in serious environmental and social costs. The author applies Davis' lessons from this book to Toronto. The paper demonstrates that Toronto's shortcoming in planning threaten the environment and have serious repercussions for poverty, related crime and widening class gaps in the future.
From the Paper
"Mike Davis' "Ecology of Fear is a readable and interesting account of a laissez faire approach that has been taken, through the history of Los Angeles, and towards serious environmental hazards and disasters in the present. The last third, or so, of this volume is most interesting, as Davis turns to a discussion of Los Angeles' great gaps between the rich and poor, and an overall concern for security, that have been one important result. New planning may yet bring the destruction of the city, in Davis' view. "
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