| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "NONREDUCTIVE PHYSICALISM MENTAL CAUSATION": |
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Nonreductive Physicalism and Mental Causation, 2004.
A philosophy paper, which argues that nonreductive physicalism gives rise to the very problem of mental causation that physicalism was intended to solve in the first place.
5,480 words (approx. 21.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by exploring different theories of mind, including dualism, reductivism, and nonreductive physicalism. It then summarizes the mental causation problem as expressed by Jaegwon Kim. Thereafter, the paper puts forth the argument that nonreductive physicalism gives rise to the very problem of mental causation that physicalism was intended to solve in the first place. The paper explores the contemporary nonreductivist difficulties related to mental causation, and the standard solution that nonreductivists have proposed to overcome these difficulties.
Table of Contents:
Dualism vs. Physicalism
Nonreductivism and Physical Realization
The Problem of Mental Causation
The Assumptions and Kim?s Causal Exclusion Argument
The Causal Exclusion Argument and the Nonreductivist Responses
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"To sum up everything so far, Descartes? difficulties in explaining the notion of mental causation arose from his ontological definitions of the mental and the physical: the duality of mental and material substances. And, it seems that the current mainstream physicalism, the ?non-reductive physicalism?, runs into parallel difficulties on account of its commitments to the duality of mental and physical properties. Non-reductive physicalism argues that mental states are not identical with particular physical states. Then, the problem for this position is: are the mental properties responsible for their effects in the physical world? This raises a dilemma: if the mental properties are responsible for the effects, then either the causal closure of the physical domain is violated or the effects are overdetermined. And, neither of these is acceptable to non-reductive physicalists. On the other hand, if the mental properties of the cause are not responsible for its effects, then epiphenomalism is true: the mental makes no causal difference."
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Mental Causation, 2004.
The philosophy paper explores the mental causation problem, as expressed by Jaegwon Kim in his books.
1,652 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Mental Causation is one of the central problems in the philosophy of mind concerned with the causal role of the mind in the physical world. Traditionally, the problem of mental causation has been that of understanding how a mental substance, thought to be immaterial, could interact with the body, a physical substance. Many philosophers today reject substantival, immaterial minds, but the problem of mental causation has not gone away. This paper explores the problem of Causal Exclusion as the main problem of mental causation that arises from the nonreductive materialist framework.
From the Paper
"Another preliminary remark is that there are, in fact, several different problems of mental causation instead of a single problem. One much discussed problem concerns Davidson?s Anomalous monism (according to which, there are no strict causal laws about psychological phenomena such that no ?mental to mental? or ?mental to physical? laws can be formulated): If there are no strict laws connecting mental states to physical states, how can mental states be causally relevant? Another much discussed problem concerns specifically the externalist views of the mind according to which mental states cannot be identified only with reference to the states in the head. If mental states depend on factors outside the head, i.e. extrinsic properties, how can they affect behavior? In Kim?s words: ?How can extrinsic, relational properties be causally efficacious in behavior production?? (Chalmers, 173)"
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Web of Causation, 2006.
This paper discusses epidemiological implications in light of the web of causation model.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This epidemiological paper represents a brief discussion on the web of causation. Definitions of epidemiology, causation and association are provided, as is a historical retrospective of how the web of causation developed. Model concepts are compared as is their relevance to community health, citing female health issues, coronary heart disease and commenting on "Healthy People 2000." The paper concludes with the web of causation as it relates to nursing practice. The paper cites current literature.
From the Paper
"Epidemiology is a unique area of healthcare study in that it does not diagnose. Epidemiology represents the integration between social and natural sciences, but unlike many disciplines places greater emphasis on biological implications for population based findings (Vinels, 2003). This paper will discuss epidemiological implications in light of the web of causation model. After an initial review of relevant definitions, the web of causation conceptual model will be reviewed from an historical perspective. Components of the model will be defined along with a discussion of how this model applies to community health. Finally, the relevance the web of causation holds for nursing will conclude the paper. As appropriate for any technical discussion, definitions of key terms are provided."
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Nonreductive Materials and Substance Dualism, 2004.
A comparison of views on nonreductive materialism and substance dualism.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper compares views on nonreductive materialism and substance dualism and looks at problems the philosophical theory of nonreductive materialism encounters with relation to causation. It also examines concepts of neurophysiological processes in the brain.
From the Paper
"This essay will explain the philosophical theory known as nonreductive materialism. It will then identify the problems that this theory encounters with respect to causation and then given its ..."
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Issues of Causation and Remoteness, 2008.
A case study analysis of the tort of negligence with regards to causation and remoteness.
3,116 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues of causation and remoteness in a tort of negligence claim. It provides a case study of a man who offers to fly a group to Disneyland in a private jet and breaches his duty of care when he drinks some alcohol in an effort to calm his nerves. The paper discusses the details of the case from a legal perspective and discusses the issues that arise.
From the Paper
"As it is unclear whether her arm could have been saved had Rachel been sent to see the consultant earlier we cannot apply the "but for" test. The delay in treatment may have reduced Rachel's chance of a full recovery; however, for such an argument to succeed it needs to be proved on the balance of probabilities to at least 51%. If a loss chance was recognised by Abby's failure to recognise the injury in time to treat it, then Abby would be liable. In the case of Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority it was discovered that if the 13 year old boy who fell from a tree, was correctly diagnosed sooner he would have had a 25% of making a full recovery, but the delay in treatment meant that he lost this 25% chance and suffered avascular necrosis. However, it was held in the House of Lords that this 25% loss of chance does not prove the case to the necessary balance of probabilities that a civil action must be found. The Court of Appeal's 'quantification' of damages was wrong, as the obstacle of causation had not been overcome. In this scenario therefore, for Abby to be considered liable, it would need to be proved that had Rachel's injury been discovered sooner she would have had a 51% chance or more of making a full recovery."
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Crime Causation, 2007.
A discussion on crime causation with a focus on serial killer Albert Fish.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the criminal activities and background of Albert Fish, self-confessed molester of more than 400 children during a 20 year duration. It discusses the various theoretical schools of crime causation (biological, psychological and sociological) and attempts to use them to explain Fish's criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"To discover what makes a serial killer function, it is necessary to look at their past, particularly their teenage years. Studies have shown that almost all serial killers come from dysfunctional backgrounds involving sexual or physical abuse, drugs or alcoholism and their related problems. Some traits of a serial killer include a feeling of resentment towards society, sexual frustrations the inability to be social and a wild imagination that drags them into a fantasy world. The three most frequently reported behaviors included day dreaming, compulsive masturbation and isolation. (uplink.com) Daydreaming, which happens due to an over active imagination, leads the way into the general fantasy world that the serial killer being to live in to protect himself with the isolation is faced with. "
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Hume's Views on Causation and Induction, 2002.
Summarizes David Hume's views on the philosophical problems of causation and inductive reasoning.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
As a skeptic, David Hume argued against taking for granted cause and effect relationships as well as induction. The paper points out the reliance of the physical sciences on induction and Hume's philosophical separation of cause from effect, as well as the importance of the necessity relation and concludes that, although hard to stomach, Hume's skepticism is a necessary component of our philosophical explorations.
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Correlation is not Causation, 2002.
An analysis of the arguments and agendas of the IQ-Race Controversy.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay will analyze the history of the IQ-Race controversy with a view to questioning both the function of IQ as a predictive factor, and the validity of associations between IQ scores and racial origins. It will be argued that, from a layman's perspective, the sheer number of uncontrolled variables in such associations seem to undermine the theory that IQ is closely associated with race. Thus, general correlations between IQ scores and racial origins do not signify a causal relationship between the two.
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A More Complete Compatibilism, 2001.
The Mind-Body Type Identity Theory is addressed in terms of the three essential components that any philosophical theory must address - consciousness, intentionality and mental causation.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in order to break through the mind-body problematic cycle, we can adapt, with modern day revisions, David Hume's theory of Compatibilism. It shows how free will and determinism are interdependent and not at odds as previously believed. The concepts of consciousness, intentionality and mental causation are discussed in terms of Hume's theory.
From the Paper
"In discussing what makes a good theory relating the mind and body, it is clear that three things needed to be explained. (1) How consciousness occurs, (2) how intentionality occurs, and (3) how mental causation occurs. So far in the journey through theories, the most severe (in terms of consequences) is the Mind-Body Type Identity Theory, which states all mental properties are identical to brain properties. When I first deliberated over the Mind-Body Type Identity Theory and all that it entails and presupposes (such as the rejection of multiple realization) it challenges our ?common sense? which tells us that there must be something different about mental and physical events. This idea is based on the fact that we make a distinction in our language between the two. We label certain snacks as ?brain food? not ?mind food? perhaps because food and the brain are both tangible physical entities. We don?t ask people to ?change their brain? when we present a contrary idea, instead we except people to ?change their mind? assuming that we are able to control the nature of this non-physical representation, while preserving the integrity of the physical glob of neurons inside our skull. If we knew them to be the same thing, a priori or empirical, wouldn?t we feel compelled to change the idioms and analogies and other forms of language we use to distinguish the two?"
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Capital Punishment and Mental Illness, 2002.
Examines issues of culpabilty and institutionalization surrounding the death penalty meted out to the mentally retarded and the mentally ill.
4,900 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper shall examine and qualify the issues surrounding the imposition of the death penalty onto the mentally retarded and the mentally ill. Within this paper, the phrase mentally ill shall be applied to those who are of normal intelligence yet who suffer from mannerisms or behaviors that alter their perceptions. The phrase mentally retarded shall be applied to individuals who suffer from conditions that result in lower intelligence and comprehension levels. This issue is loaded in terms of issues surrounding the morality of the situation: The fundamental question at stake within this particular issue is whether or not the mentally ill and the mentally retarded can be punished in the same manner as those who commit the same crimes and are considered to be of normal mental stability and functionality.
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Mental Illness and Incarcerated Juveniles, 2005.
An investigation of how inadequate mental health resources have created a mental health crisis for incarcerated juveniles with mental illness.
20,801 words (approx. 83.2 pages), 121 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This study examines the impact of inadequate mental health resources and the subsequent mental health crises that have been created. The design of the study contains two types of questionnaires. The paper shows that results of the study support the hypothesis that inadequate resources have led to a mental health crisis among incarcerated juveniles with mental illness. These include lack of resources, misuse of resources, increasing needs for mental health, budget cuts, and alarming trends within the mental health system. Gaps in the mental health system were also noted by the participants in the questionnaires. In conclusion, the writer submits the results of this study as an offering to the developing collection of knowledge regarding the issue of inadequate resources as they relate to mentally ill juveniles in the criminal justice system.
Chapter One
Introduction / Importance of the Study
National Research Agenda
Rationale for the Study
Purpose of the Study
Overview of the Study
Hypothesis
Problem Statement
Scope of the Study
Definition of Terms
Review of Literature
Context
Introduction to Mental Illness
The Culture and Climate of Mental Illness
Chapter Two
The Economics Associated with Costs/Resources
The Role of the Mental Health System
The Role of the Criminal Justice System
Summary and Conclusions
Method
The Approach
Why a Questionnaire
Data Base of the Study
Data Gathering Method
Design of the Questionnaire
Pre-testing the Questionnaire
Implementation of the Study
Data Analysis
Validity and Uniqueness of the Data
Limitations to the Study
Summary of Chapter Three
Data Analysis
Overview
Pre-testing the Questionnaire
Implementation of the Study
Descriptive Statistics
Factor Analysis
Analysis of Written Comments
Limitations of the Data
Summary of Chapter Four
Summary and Recommendation
Introduction
Hypothesis
Implications of this Research to Health Care
View of Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Most delinquency theories have been strongly influenced by their perceptions of adolescent's relationships with elements of their social environment (Schmalleger, 1995). More specifically, the interactions with family, peers and school are believed to be the most powerful influences on their conventional and delinquent behaviors (Schmalleger, 1995). Today, it is estimated that 24% of youth in the Colorado Division of Youth Corrections are diagnosed with a mental illness. (Jarrett, 2002) A sample of detained youth were studied in Colorado and 41% were found to have a clinically meaningful level of mental health problems. (Coen, 2002) However, there have been a number of these approaches offered over the years to help youthful offenders overcome the challenges and obstacles they face as part of becoming involved in the criminal justice system, with varying degrees of success. Nevertheless, despite the evidence that supports providing timely and effective mental health interventions during these formative periods of life, many states have been unable or unwilling to dedicate the resources required to ensure that all incarcerated juveniles are afforded the opportunity (Kozol, 1991)."
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Incarcerated Juveniles with Mental Illness, 2005.
An investigation of how inadequate mental health resources have created a mental health crisis for incarcerated juveniles with mental illness.
29,634 words (approx. 118.5 pages), 91 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This study examines the impact of inadequate mental health resources and the subsequent mental health crises that have been created. The study evaluates the financial support, funding and services for the mentally ill juvenile offender and identifies issues related to inadequate mental health resources in the literature review. The study also evaluates level resources and service delivery at two different mental health centers and a juvenile facility and examines data obtained from other sources. The results of the study are intended to help institutions develop future action plans to address the issues of inadequate resources and levels of service needs.
Introduction /Importance of the Study
National Research Agenda
Rationale for the Study
Purpose of the Study
Overview of the Study
Hypothesis
Problem Statement
Scope of the Study
Definition of Terms
Review of Literature
Context
Introduction to Mental Illness
The Culture and Climate of Mental Illness
The Economics Associated with Costs/Resources
The Role of the Mental Health System
The Role of the Criminal Justice System
Method
Data Analysis
Summary Discussion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Inadequate mental health resources are an often-cited factor for the mental health crisis, especially the incarceration of juveniles with mental illness. There have been a number of these approaches offered over the years to help youthful offenders overcome the challenges and obstacles they face as part of becoming involved in the criminal justice system, with varying degrees of success. This study examines the impact of inadequate mental health resources and the subsequent mental health crises that have been created. Costs are rising at an alarming rate and there are more illnesses than resources available to meet the needs of the mentally ill juvenile in the criminal justice system. Lacking in resources, the mental health system has not kept pace with the diverse needs of the community or the prison system. Consequently, the justice system inappropriately places juveniles in the criminal justice system, instead of the mental health system."
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United Kingdom Mental Health Law, 2004.
This extensive research paper analyzes U.K. case law regarding mental health to develop a set of recommendations to be used as a guideline for creating an improved legal system for mental health.
24,780 words (approx. 99.1 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the U.K., identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The author points out that self-determination theory (SDT) is based on the belief that innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are important bases for human motivation. The paper suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by U.K. law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Health Care
Four Principles of Health Care Economics
Four Principles of Health Care Ethics
Tensions in Health Care Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusion
Explicitness
Evaluation
Accountability
Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In a perfectly competitive market, the supply and demand for a particular good achieves equilibrium, and no more and no less of the good is produced or consumed than is necessary. In reality, markets are not perfectly competitive, resulting in failures due to unfair competition, uncertainty and externality effects. The market for mental healthcare is no exception. These failures are so common that some form of government intervention is necessary. The extent of government involvement is influenced by both economic and political considerations and by the existing model of social choice. In the United Kingdom, a careful balance of both individualistic (autonomy and consumer sovereignty) and collective (justice and welfare maximization) principles must be considered."
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Mental Retardation, 2006.
A look at the social obstacles mentally retarded people face because of lack of resources and a general lack of knowledge about mental retardation.
2,684 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the many social problems that mentally retarded people must deal on a daily basis, including a general lack of knowledge about mental retardation, a lack of community services for the mentally retarded, the tendency to over medicate mentally retarded persons and a lack of alternative educational programs. The paper also describes characteristics typical of the mentally retarded as well as measures that could be taken that would help mentally retarded persons to lead independent lives and achieve normalization.
From the Paper
"It is reported that 3 to 4 per 1,000 people are mentally retarded (Ellis, 1986). It is not always easy to recognize a mentally retarded person by a customary glance. Two main ways to determine mental retardation are: (1) certain physical characteristics and/or (2) when an infant/child fails to make normal developmental progress (mental or physical) (Ellis, 1986). One major problem regarding mental retardation is knowledge of the accurate definition and limitations of the disability (Bray, 1990). In the past, society and several professions have not given mentally retarded persons the necessary resources. An accurate knowledge base of the disability is necessary before proper resources can be created (AAMR, 1992). Contrary to popular belief, mental retardation is not something a person has, is not a medical disorder not a mental disorder, but rather a developmental disability (AAMR, 1992). The level of functioning requires information regarding the person capabilities (intelligence, adaptive skills), and environments (home, work, school, community) (AMMR, 1992)."
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Current Issues in Mental Health, 2005.
An examination of mental health issues from a social and cultural perspective.
3,861 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the biological vs. social and cultural perspectives of mental health, clearly emphasizing the social and cultural approach more so than the biological one, since current trends indicate that this is a key issue in the field of mental health today. The paper investigates mental illness primarily from the standpoint that mental illness may result from social and cultural factors more so than biological ones. However the paper also carefully provides a solid foundation for promoting both views and treatment approaches to mental illness in the attempt to better understand mental illness and its impact on society in general.
Current Issues in Mental Health: Examining Mental Illness From a Cultural
and Social Perspective
Introduction
Mental Illness as Biology?
Mental Illness from a Cultural Perspective
The Mind as Machine
The Use of Psychiatric Medications to Treat Illness
Duality of Disease
The Stigma of Mental Illness
Conclusions/Analysis
References
From the Paper
"Wakefiled (1994) poses the question of whether or not the concept of a mental disorder might be culturally relative (Kirk & Einbinder, pp.11-17). He suggests that mental disorders may result more from cultural and social influences and factors than biological ones. His theory is based on the notion that people respond differently to different things based in part on their upbringing, surroundings and social environment. People also have the inherent capability of being conditioned to respond in a certain manner to certain things. What might be considered normal for one person in one culture may be considered aberrant behavior in another."
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