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The NEP and Perestroika: An Economic Analysis, 2005.
A comparison of the economic policies of Vladimir Lenin and Mikhail Gorbachev.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This postgraduate paper examines the NEP and perestroika. The paper discusses how Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika were similar in terms of their short term political and economic goals, for Lenin and Gorbachev both felt compelled to face economic realities. Both men were confronted by an enormous range of economic challenges, for Lenin not only had to rebuild an economy shattered by years of war and revolution he was intent upon replacing Russia's capitalist economic system with a communist economic system.
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The N.E.P., 2002.
Examines the reasons why Vladimir Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy in 1921.
2,293 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This research examines the reasons behind Lenin's adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921 in the wake of the Soviet revolution in 1917. The research sets forth the principal elements of the NEP and the context in which it emerged as an issue for the Bolshevik/Communist government. It then explores the literature of the Soviet state with a view toward identifying factors that positioned Lenin to promulgate the policy. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"War Communism formally placed industrial and agricultural production as well as trade and prices under state control. As a practical matter that meant that agrarian peasants' cash crops (and sometimes foodstuffs, Lenin admits) were appropriated by the state (for cash, says Lenin) to "meet the requirements of the army and sustain workers" (quoted in Fischer and Marek, 1972, p. 146). Fischer and Marek (1972, p. 146) quote Lenin's description of War Communism as a "makeshift" response to "the war and the ruin," a necessary exercise in proletariat leadership of all society from bourgeoisie to peasantry, to guarantee the ultimate socialist victory."
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The Growth of Perestroika, 2002.
The rise of Perestroika and an examination of the main figure behind its spread - Mikail Gorbachev.
2,175 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this paper Ithe writer puts forward the reasons that account for the growth in Perestroika, such as the economic decline and social despair suffered by the populations of Russia and the countries of Communist Eastern Europe. It also looks at the man who was responsible for the introduction of Perestroika, Mikail Gorbachev and why he wanted to introduce Perestroika.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union and its satellite countries were on a continual downward spiral from the late 50?s and 60?s. Ruled from Moscow, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was suffering a very poor economy and social conditions such as housing, welfare and food supply. Leonid Brezhnev, who became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party in 1964, reinforced the strict regime of communism. All private ownership in Russia was ended, a mass programme of industrialisation was started and the Soviet military strength was significantly enhanced."
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History and Perestroika, 2004.
An exploration of the importance of interpretations of history during President Gorbachev's Perestroika in the U.S.S.R..
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in the Soviet Union, interpretations of history were used to promote the various political agendas of the day by successive Soviet governments. It looks at how various historical figures were condemned or rehabilitated in line with the changing political climate and how history was also manipulated to help create a stronger sense of shared national identity in the Soviet Union and to promote patriotism. It shows how in this way there developed a tradition of imposing historical interpretations from above and how during Perestroika the government continued this policy of manipulating history to its own ends although there were a number of important developments. It also examines how the expansion of Glasnost in the Soviet Union led to open questioning of official interpretations of the past and increased calls for new investigations of the key events in the history of the Soviet Union.
From the Paper
"?The Week of Conscience? was an event organised by Memorial and members of Moscow?s intelligentsia in November 1988. During this week people came to pay tribute to the victims of Stalin?s terror in an act of remembrance. The event also served to attempt to fill in ?gaps? in the history of the Soviet people by sharing information about the Gulag camps and victims of Stalin?s persecution whose fate is not officially known. This event marked the emergence of an unofficial ?public? history which attempted to fill in the ?gaps? in official accounts of the era. The huge success of the event shows the importance for the Soviet people of finding the historical truth."
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Lenin's New Economic Policy ( NEP ), 2002.
An analysis of the principal elements of the NEP.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Analysis of principal elements of the NEP. Lenin's ideological commitment to the interntional socialist revolution; Marxist ideology; Communism. Radical Bolshevik wing & failures of Bolshevik governance. Agrarian polich; Urban industrial and agrarian peasant interests. Soviet commitment to national economic growth. Annotated Bibliographjy.
From the Paper
"This research examines the reasons behind Lenin's adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921 in the wake of the Soviet revolution in 1917. The research will set forth the principal elements of the NEP and the context in which it emerged as an issue for the Bolshevik/Communist government, and then explore the literature of the Soviet state with a view toward identifying factors that positioned Lenin to promulgate the policy.
In order to understand Lenin's adoption of the NEP, it is necessary to appreciate Lenin's ideological commitment to international socialist revolution, the establishment of the War Communism policy (precursor of the NEP), as well as the dynamic situation of revolutionary governance in Russia from the time of the 1917 success of the Bolsheviks until 1921, when the NEP was..."
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Gorbachev's Perestroika, 1992.
A look at Gorbachev's Perestroika as of 1990 including shortages, disenchantment and Yeltsin's move to oust him.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Five years after Mr. Gorbachev came to power, the Soviet economy is visibly and catastrophically failing, and Soviets are running out of patience.. Shortages, always widespread, have reached the most basic of all goods--bread. In early September of 1990, a month after Muscovites had got used to standing in line for three hours for cigarettes, bakeries came mysteriously to a halt and bread production fell by a third. Even now in large grocery stores, fewer than a dozen pitiful goods are on sale. According to a state committee that monitors the availability of 1,000 products, 996 of them cannot regularly be bought in ordinary shops..
Shortages have long been a feature of all communist economies, but they are growing worse in the Soviet Union, and living standards are falling. In the Soviet Union ownership of..."
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Perestroika and East Germany, 2004.
An examination of the effects of reforms in Russian on East Germany.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how East and West Germany were two very different places for people coming from the same ethnic background. The Cold War created two different societies. It explains how, when Gorbachev came along, he attempted to reform the USSR and provide ?New Thinking? that would give the crumbling regime a new lease on life. The policies were very slow to take hold, but when they did, events moved at a dizzying pace. It discusses how Perestroika and Glasnost effectively gave the East German people the ability to rise up against their Communist leaders and end the Cold War.
From the Paper
"When Gorbachev took control of the Soviet Union on March 11, 1985, he inherited an institution filled with corruption and cynicism. The Soviet Union?s industrial equipment and transportation was obsolete and the rate of economic growth had declined. For a global super power, the living conditions were deplorable. Employees were often drunk or neglected to show up for work, which resulted in low productivity, and lower quality consumer goods. Consumer goods were as well, in very short supply. With the Soviets computer technology lacking in comparison to that of the Americans, it seemed as though the USSR was loosing its grip as a global superpower."
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Perestroika, 1991.
An analysis of Gorbachev's efforts to reform the Soviet Union and reasons this policy will not succeed. Includes damage done to political, ideological and economic base of nation.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the flaws in perestroika, and the reasons that it will not survive as a viable policy in the Soviet Union. Specifically, the study will examine the reasons that the haphazard reforms initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under perestroika have damaged the political, ideological, and economic base in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev's efforts with respect to perestroika have been based on the recognition that the old Soviet system simply was no longer viable.
As we read in Doder and Branson, "The Soviet system had been perpetuating the worst features of imperial Russia, enforcing a uniformity and obedience that spawned passivity and a lack of social and civic responsibility. The system, in effect, had turned Russia into a country of 'political illiterates,' as one Gorbachev aide put it. Gorbachev wanted to restructure the..."
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The Brezhnev Doctrine and Perestroika, 1992.
A look at the effects of the two documents on the Soviet Union's domestic and foreign policies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"When Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968, effectively ending the Prague Spring of peaceful rebellion, many felt that there was no hope for political reform in the Soviet-bloc countries and that the Soviet Union would always exert total dominance over the politics of eastern Europe. the Brezhnev Doctrine was soon issued as a justification of Soviet troops entering Prague and explicitly substantiated feelings that the Soviet Union would not be willing to loosen it grip on eastern Europe.
However, some twenty years later Michael Gorbachev published Perestroika and political reform in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe suddenly became of the utmost concern not only for the Soviet-bloc countries but for the whole world as well. World socialism currently hangs in the balance-dependent almost solely..."
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American and Soviet Labor Movements, 1990.
This paper compares American and Soviet labor movements: History, development, ideology, economic issues and impact of perestroika.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The following is a comparative study of the American and Soviet labor movements. The fundamental goals of labor movements everywhere are the same--to improve the material and social conditions of life for the ordinary working people who make up the bulk of any nation's population. From their inceptions, however, the labor movements in the United States and Russia (originally the Czarist Russian Empire, now the Soviet Union) have differed widely.
Historical Background--Russia
n the beginning, in the nineteenth century, the Russian labor movement was an integral, if relatively undeveloped, part of the broader European labor movement. The European labor tradition, closely tied to socialist ideology and political ... "
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Soviet Environmental Law, 1990.
This paper analyzes Soviet's socialist approach to protecting the land: Ecology, agriculture, water and air pollution, conservation, perestroika, natural resources, economic aspects, public policy, legislation, Chernobyl and international issues.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 20 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The socialist society is founded upon public ownership and management of nonconsumption assets; the government is required to act as a conservator. This function has proved to be incompatible with "socialist legality," the ideal that the government should adhere to a known law.
SOVIET ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: GENERAL ANALYSIS
Article 14 of the original Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics declared all natural resources, lands, minerals and forests to be the property of the state, incapable of private ownership and exploitation: thus government action was necessary to preserve the environment or remedy pollution. Article 67 of the 1977 Constitution obligates citizens to "protect nature and conserve its riches."
Under the 1968 Fundamental Land Legislation of the Supreme
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Agricultural Policy In USSR, 1989.
Compares Soviet policy under Khrushchev (1953-64) & Gorbachev (1985-91). Discusses Perestroika, central planning & collective farming, reforms, Western reactions, failures & successes, Marxist theory and production.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 30 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines and compares agricultural policy in the Soviet Union for two different periods. These periods are (1) the contemporary period, which began in March 1985, with the election of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Central Committee, and Chairman of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Council of Defense, and (2) the March 1953.to.October 1964 time period, during which Nikita Khrushchev held the office of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
Agricultural policy in the Soviet Union is of particular interest in early.1989, because it is a part of perestroika, the master policy through which Gorbachev hopes to restructure the country's economic and political systems (Gorbachev, 1987)."
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Economic Reform in the Ukraine, 1996.
Examines policies & problems from 1985 to 1995. Growth, politics, collapse of Soviet Union, Perestroika, central control, incentives, leadership, liberalization.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 20 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines economic reform in Ukraine. Ukraine became an independent country in December 1991, in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Economic reform in the Former Soviet Union was initiated prior to that country?s dissolution. Therefore, this examination of economic reform in Ukraine covers the period from 1985, when former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated Soviet economic reform, through the fall of 1995.
Economic reform in Ukraine has been inhibited by both internal and external factors. Internally divisions within the country?s population over both the character and pace of economic reform has impeded implementation of change. Externally, ..."
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German Reunification, 2007.
An examination of the impact of German reunification on the country and its people today.
7,945 words (approx. 31.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to help the reader understand the current situation in Germany today by providing an overview of the reunification of East and West Germany, the process that led to the reunification, and the opposing political forces that emerged in response. The paper's format is presented in the form of several subject headings followed by discussion and analysis according to the topic. The focus of the paper is the opposition to the reunification, comprised mainly of Great Britain, France, and Poland. The paper begins with the situation in East Germany in the late 80s, covering the Montagsdemonstrationen organized by Christian Fuehrer, heading on to the "Einigungsvertrag" and the integration of the GDR into Western Germany. This is followed by an analysis of the political concerns evinced by France, Poland, and Great Britain. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion: Diplomatic Difficulties during the German Reunification Process
The Political Situation in Germany and the USSR during the Late 1980s
Social Insecurities after Perestroika and Glasnost Fail to Save USSR
USSR is Weakened
Early Stage.
Situation in the GDR
Montagsdemonstrationen in East Germany Occurs, First in Leipzig, Then Entire State
Christian Fuehrer
4 September 1989
Massive Exodus of GDR Inhabitants over Hungarian Border in Summer 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989
On the Road to Unity
Helmut Kohl's Ten-Points Plan to Integrate GDR into West Germany
Reunification of October 3, 1990
The British View of German Reunification
Margaret Thatcher's Concerns
Dominance of Germany Economy in Europe
Balance of Power Disturbed
Militarily Too Powerful Germany Could Threaten Regional Stability
The French View of German Reunification
The Polish View of German Reunification
Poland Demanded that Germany Accept the Oder-Neisse Line as the Official Border
When Helmut Kohl Failed to Include this Line in his Ten Points, It Caused Major Worries on both Polish and German Sides
German Development Following Reunification.
Breakdown of GDR Economy
Obsolete East German Companies were Unable to Compete in a Free Market
Production Costs Too High Due to Too Many Employees
Major Consumer of East German Products, USSR, had Collapsed
Major Change 1:1 for Ostmark to Deutschmark
Exodus
Money Spent on Reunification
Depending on Source, Costs Estimated at 250 Million to 1.5 Billion DM
Temporary State Deficit in Germany was 1.4 Billion DM
Germany Today
The Wall in the Head
The Perspective of the Victim
The Perspective of Accountability
Table 1 - Imports and Exports
Table 2 - GDR Trade with West Germany, 1961-1976 (in millions of Deutsche marks).
From the Paper
". It happened so quickly that many observers were taken by surprise. The events that ultimately led to the collapse of the former Soviet Union were characterized by half-measures and false starts that created the conditions needed to fuel further social unrest and political discord. According to Niven and Thomaneck, the fact that former GDR leader Erich Honecker's attempt at political crisis management and linguistic "democracy" propaganda had failed became clear in the autumn of 1989, when the working people of Germany reminded him: "We are the people." These authors report that, "Whereas the Polish free trade union Solidarity movement did not in any noticeable way capture the mood of the working people in the GDR, the policy shifts announced by Mikhail Gorbachev after his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 triggered a new political discourse in East Germany" (57). At the time, Gorbachev recognized that the system of "actually existing socialism" simply could not endure in its existing form, either in the Soviet Union or in the Eastern bloc as a whole (Niven & Thomaneck 57)."
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The Collapse of the Soviet Union, 2006.
An analysis of the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
There is a general consensus among historians that the collapse of the Soviet Union could not have been averted because of the inherent economic, political, and social flaws of the communist system. Ultimately, these flaws proved to be fatal, despite the efforts of Mikhail Gorbachev to reform communism through glasnost and perestroika between 1985 and 1991. More than seventy years of communist political oppression, CPSU corruption, mismanagement of the economy, and massive military spending had totally and irrevocably destroyed the legitimacy of communism in the USSR by 1991, and its collapse was inevitable. This paper looks at the historical, economic, political and sociological reasons that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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