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Absolute Truth and the Relativity of Truth, 2005.
Are there absolute truths or is truth relative? A review of the philosophical concept of truth and an extended discussion of the movie, "Rashomon", to see if the question is even understandable.
5,145 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the intelligibility of the philosophical understanding of truth as appearance and reality. After reviewing the nature of the philosophical picture of what constitutes truth, there is an extended discussion of an often-cited example of truth?s relativity in the movie, "Rashomon". There is then a discussion of some other examples, which attempt to clarify the philosophical picture, only to conclude that the philosophical posing of truth and appearance is actually not yet understandable.
From the Paper
"In Theaetetus Socrates quotes Protagoras with what is possibly the first clear statement of the relativist: that ?man is the measure of all things? and that anything ?is to me such as it appears to me, and is to you such as it appears to you?? (856, 152a) On the other hand, there is Plato?s well-known allegory of the cave in the Seventh Book of the Republic, (747- 750, 514a-518b) in which he advances the notion that there is an ultimate truth that lies beyond our interpretations or appearances of that truth. But how understandable are both the notions of relativism and of an absolute truth?"
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The Truth About Truth, 2006.
A philosophical look at the meaning of truth.
1,401 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at all the aspects of truth as we understand it. He identifies truth as something which could be universal and eternal and if it is, he examines whether it should be considered eternal or absolute. The author elaborates on these points and enters a deep discussion of how absolute truth can be assessed and defined. The author concludes the paper with his belief that truth is relative and therefore it cannot be absolute as absolute truth is eternal.
From the Paper
"One common mistake made by men is to allow ourselves to be led by our senses alone. I believe our senses do not always lead to truth. Senses can be deceiving, especially when relating dreams. In a dream one may feel things or see things, and when that person wakes up has to ponder for a second whether those things were real. Of course, those things experienced in a dream were not real, but for an instant that dreamer believed those things to be true. He was fooled by his senses. Although many will agree that in this case the senses do deceive us, still some will rely solely on their senses to guide them through life."
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Concepts of Relativity and Truth: Finding Your Own Truth, 2000.
A discussion of Nietzsche's belief on deconstructing truth and the concept of relativism in terms of other thinkers.
793 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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From the Paper
"The concept of relativism makes many ideas and concepts impossible to argue. The idea that every person and group acts and is entitled to live by their own perception of the truth allows such a difference in opinions that consilience among them seems to be impossible. Friedrich Nietszche wrote that we had to ?deconstruct? truth because we can?t allow ourselves to rely on truths that we think are absolute. To rely on an absolute truth is to put your trust into something that may prove false. John Stuart Mill wrote that an individual should be able to seek happiness and liberty, as long as that search does not encroach upon the happiness and liberty of another. In a sense, he speculated that each man has to search for his own truth. In finding his own truth, Nietszche would urge us to question those truths constantly, to make sure in ourselves that what we are believing in is true. "
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Language, Truth and Morality, 2007.
This paper explores Rorty's and Nietzsche's philosophies about the nature of truth.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that philosophy has been interpreted and analyzed in various ways by scholars and thinkers. Each of which established the basis of a new theory or developed the guidelines of old ones. The paper discusses the works of Richard Rorty, one of the most appreciated contemporary philosophers, and shows how in his 1989 "Contingency, Irony and Solidarity" he follows in the footsteps of Nietzsche's "Beyond Good and Evil." The paper explains Rorty's theory that philosophy should consist of a more personal experience which must be released from the strains of modern and classical dogmatism. The paper discusses how his beliefs stand against the idea of an absolute truth, that which is expressed through a common and strict language.
From the Paper
"In regard to the own self, Rorty bases his modern society on the "liberal ironist", one that unwilling to accept the surrender to the will of the others, such as Nietzsche's "herd", decides to exercise its will and "reconcile themselves to a private-public split within their final vocabularies, to the fact that resolution of doubts about one's final vocabulary has nothing to do with attempts to save other people from pain and humiliation" (Rorty 120). Here, unlike Nietzsche, Rorty points to his expectations in the liberal society."
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Hobbes, Locke and the State of Nature, 2008.
A comparative analysis of the views of John Hobbes and Thomas Locke
on the state of nature.
2,944 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that both Hobbes's "Leviathan" and Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" were written in England during times of political unrest and that both works take a broad and critical look at political systems and society. The paper further relates that both men believed that in order to properly understand politics in a society, man must first be studied in the state of nature, a time before structured society. The paper then explains that both Hobbes and Locke created their own hypothetical states of nature and theorized on what motivates the behavior of men in this state. In addition, the paper looks at how each philosopher defends opposing theories on men in a state of nature and concludes that, while these perspectives may be very different, the truth may lie somewhere in between.
Outline:
Introduction
Ideas of Thomas Hobbes
Ideas of John Locke
Analysis and Validity of Ideas
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While both Hobbes and Locke make very convincing arguments on the state of nature, I believe the actual truth falls somewhere in between. Both thinkers seem to approach the subject with a preconceived notion of man, and then attempt to create a hypothetical state of nature in which this type of man would fit. To best understand man in a state of nature, we must first look towards wildlife in its own state of nature. Humans are, of course, the most complex of creatures, but there are still other animals that live in a state of individual self-preservation and in a community. Primates, in particular chimpanzees, are one of the smartest and most human-like animals of the world. Chimpanzees live in a community together and interact on a constant basis. "
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Nature vs. Nurture, 2004.
An analysis of the nature versus nurture debate with reference to the theories of Freud, Erikson and Darwin.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature versus nurture debate. The paper illustrates the differences in interpretations of this debate, by discussing theories developed by Freud, Erikson and Darwin. The paper contends that although much progress has been made through scientific research on such things as genetics (especially with regard to identical twin studies), there is still much that is unknown. The paper assesses that the truth lies somewhere in the middle of the nature/nurture continuum. The paper agrees that there is evidence in support of both sides of the issue.
Outline
A Brief Introduction
Human Nature and Personality
Intellectual Development
Social Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have wondered just what role "nature," or one's inherent traits from birth, and "nurture," or the role one's environment (physical, cultural, social, and familial) plays in one's physical and psychological identity. In modern times, especially since the discovery of genetics and DNA, this has become even more of a question for debate and study. Although there have been many differing interpretations of the nature vs. nurture question, the two extremes that are commonly cited are represented by the Darwinian Theory (nature), and the Freudian Theory (nurture). Although the complete truth regarding the issue is far but definitively decided, many today in science, psychology, anthropology and medicine believe the issue is far more complex than any one theory. However, as science progresses, it has become clear that the "nature" aspect of human development is far stronger than previously suspected."
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True Nature in "Macbeth", 2005.
An analysis of the theme of facades, true nature and intentions in William Shakespeare's "Macbeth".
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the facades that characters present throughout "Macbeth" are often very contradictory to their true nature and intentions. It attempts to show how the play demonstrates that although appearances can always be deceptive, in the end the truth cannot be concealed.
From the Paper
"Macbeth trusts the witches and they deceive him, leading him to destruction. They appeal to his ambition and pride. 'All hail Macbeth! That shalt b e king hereafter!" With the witches prophecy Macbeth converts to a path of wickedness, murdering the king and becoming increasingly evil. The witches deceive Macbeth with simple truths. Banquo illustrates this theme. "But 't is strange: and oftentimes to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths; win us with honest trifles, to betray in deepest consequence." When Macbeth is on a harmful path and seeks reassurance the apparition deceives, "The power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth." Macbeth is betrayed into feeling out of harm's way. The apparation also prophesises, "Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be, until great birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him." This foresight is supposedly correct but misleads Macbeth to further destruction. "
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Human Nature in Religion, 2002.
A comparison of Confucian and Buddhist theories of human nature.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper will show, Confucianism viewed human nature in its social context. From this point of view, humans are social beings first and individuals second. As a result, Confucianism emphasized proper conduct and outward behaviour as practical virtues. In contrast, Buddhism was a philosophy of the individual. Instead of emphasizing humans' roles as social creatures, Buddhism stressed the spiritual aspect of human life. In particular, it concentrated on meditation and reflection to see beneath the surface of things to the truth of reality.
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Pilate as the Antithesis of Truth in Bacon?s ?Of Truth?, 2002.
This paper discusses the essay "Of Truth" by Francis Bacon, looking primarily at the character of Pilate.
536 words (approx. 2.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 19.95
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Abstract
The writer argues that from the opening line of the essay Pilate reveals himself as the antithesis, or opposite, of truth. The paper discusses the moral stance of Bacon in 1625 when he wrote essays requiring readers to look more deeply into history.
From the Paper
"Considering the opening line itself, it should be no surprise that Pilate is jesting when he asks, ?what is Truth?? Having asked this question of Jesus, disregarded truth, and chosen instead ?the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith? (6), Pilate must be facetious because his embracing a lie has resulted in the pleasure of a ?corrupt love of the lie itself? (6). More than that, however, Pilate?s fickleness in approaching the subject of truth and then leaving reflects the delight of Skeptics in intellectual fickleness. Of course Pilate does not stay for an answer; to listen to Bacon?s (or anyone?s) thoughts on truth would point out Pilate?s failing as a man of God as well as a citizen, for ?clear and round dealing is the honour of man?s nature? (7)."
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John Dewey and Truth, 2005.
Examines John Dewey's philosophy regarding a sure road to access truth.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
According to Dewey, the path to truth was a direct consequence of the nature of reality. Dewey believed that all things and events in the world are natural. The paper shows that from this it follows that we can discover truth via the route of scientific investigation. Basically, nature as we experience it in our ordinary lives, or through science, is the ultimate reality, while people are part of nature and are able to find their goals and meaning in the world we see around them.
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What Is Truth?, 2002.
Questions the meaning of truth, using Felipe Fernandez-Armesto's book "Truth: a History and a Guide for the Perplexed".
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on the book "Truth; a History and a Guide for the Perplexed" by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (1999). Taking into account a primary question of "What is truth?" this essay relies upon Fernandez-Armesto's text as the source for considering the questions of truth. These refer to the implications of universal Truth and relative truths; that is, singular Truth that can be applied for every human being and a multitude of truths that can be considered in relation to every human being's difference in culture, language, history and social structures.
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Truth Commissions, 2004.
This paper explores the relationship between truth commissions and larger questions of truth and justice and of memory and forgetting.
2,870 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ?truth commissions? are official governmental bodies designed to determine what occurred under previous governmental regimes, and by exposing the truth, often about violence used by the government against its people, to bring about a sense of closure and healing to those who were harmed. The author points out that, sometimes, truth commissions have been effective in bringing about criminal prosecution to those who are found guilty of crimes, but more often, they have existed simply to air the truth, on the principle that acknowledging the truth is, in and of itself, a powerful tool for a society attempting to establish or re-establish the rule of law and an insistence on justice that is available to each person. The paper relates that the promise of the truth commission is the promise of distributive justice, a philosophy based on the idea of a strict or radical equality, which is simply the idea that every person in a society should have the same level of treatment.
From the Paper
"The answer to this depends almost entirely upon one?s own beliefs about the nature of governance and of human rights. If one were fortunate to believe in the divine right of monarchs, then one argues that it is the monarch alone or the modern equivalent, the military dictator ? guided by God ? who has both the wisdom and the power to institute laws. Those on the progressive left end of the political spectrum argue that only the most democratic institutions possess the wisdom and the right to make decisions for the group as a whole. But as good as this sounds, Maier (2002) reminds us that is is not this simple when trying to bridge the differences between ?hot? and ?cold? memories and to bring together a population in which most are innocent and a few are horribly guilty but many are not quite guilty but certainly not entirely innocent."
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Truth, 2006.
A discussion about truth and whether it remains constant or whether it is changeable.
1,667 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The writer states that truth is not obscured by language, but by what truth or truths actually are. The paper discusses whether there can be partial truths, or whether there are only actual truths. The writer then brings different definitions of truth as defined by various philosophers. In summation, the writer states that truth is that which is moral and correct and which does not harm or hinder anyone.
From the Paper
"Maybe the best place to start in an investigation of "Truth" is with the ancient Greek philosophers who struggled with the idea, and, in the case of Socrates, had to drink hemlock for it. Plato provides debates and arguments about what he refers to as "unchanging truth". Truth is what you see. "Mere opinions are bad." To go further into Plato's concept of truth, he says "...visible objects can be seen only when the sun shines on them, and truth can be known only when illuminated..." This unchanging truth comes, according to Plato and others like him, from living moral and virtuous lives and having the education to know how to act and how to respond when the Good and the Truth are somehow challenged. This sort of Good and Truth comes, so I read, "within such a society (where) each individual has his or her own naturally established role or function, serving to maintain the stability and unity of the community as a whole." Now, just a minute! Where does this idea of "naturally established" come from? What does it have to do with Truth? Who is the establisher? And, what is "natural" about the Good of the forms that supposedly make it happen? It seems, from reading Plato, that truth is something that just IS. It EXISTS, and no one really has any power over it, except to defy it and tell and live untruths. If what the eye can see is Truth, and opinions are bad, then Truth is a physical, rather than a mental or intellectual phenomenon."
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Economics and the Quest for Truth, 2008.
An inquiry into the search for truth and its relevance in the science of economics.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether one should focus on the idea of ultimate truth in a science like economics or whether one should merely try to understand and investigate truth as a revelation about how the world works. The paper also addresses the ontological issue of what reality actually is. It holds that the science of economics involves trying to solve problems as rationally and logically consistent as possible, while being aware of the possibility of being wrong. The paper concludes that, in order to understand how the world works, one has to find a practical hermeneutical approach to get as close to ultimate truth as feasible.
Outline:
Introduction
Truth and the Role of Epistemology
Truth and Its Recognizability
The Truth Alone
Truth and the Study of Economics
From the Paper
"One may argue that truth is what is observable, as favoured by the philosopher Bacon (Klamer, 2006). At first hand this approach sounds logically consistent. It relies on induction. According to the positivist approach, what is empirically proven and thus observable is true (Klamer, 2006). As already Socrates figured out there is no direct knowledge of reality and we can only observe indirectly. Thus, what we see is biased and represents only a slice of reality (Klamer, 2006). Hence, induction alone is troublesome as no scientist is omniscient. Consequently, the claim to have seen and thus observed everything is illusory."
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Loss of Certainty in Definite Truth, 2005.
This paper looks at the loss of certainty in definite truth by characters in 'Death of a Salesman' by Arthur Miller and 'The Crying of Lot 49' by Thomas Pynchon.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the characters in 'Death of a Salesman' by Arthur Miller and 'The Crying of Lot 49' by Thomas Pynchon. The writer discusses how the characters suffer the loss of the certainty in the definite truth of their lives. The writer notes that ultimately, the characters find a truth in their lives; however, it is not the same as the Truth that they each believed in initially. This paper examines the loss of certainty in definite truth in these works, through the context of the influence of the American Dream on their lives.
From the Paper
"The characters in both Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" and Thomas Pynchon's 'The Crying of Lot 49' suffer the loss of the certainty in the definite truth of their lives. Willy has seen his certainty erode over a lifetime, only to be forced to face the truth that nothing is as it has seemed, or as he wanted it to be, as the play draw to a close. Oedipa, however, is thrust into a situation which turns her world uncertain, and which requires her to look for the truth. Ultimately, both of these characters find a truth in their lives; however, it is not the same as the Truth that they each believed in initially."
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