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Nature and Science in "Frankenstein", 2008.
An analysis of the conflict between nature and science in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein".
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine the overall relationship between science and nature in "Frankenstein" and whether both serve as vehicles to God, or divine knowledge. It looks at how Shelley portrays the pair as antithetical adversaries. It also discusses how themes from John Milton's "Paradise Lost" feature heavily in the question of science versus nature and the potential for divinity within the pair. The paper relates that Milton's poem shapes the consciousness of the monster as well as epic allows Shelley to add a human drama to the non-human entities of science and nature. The paper also argues that Shelley's Miltonic references imply that divinity is dead in the realm of science.
From the Paper
"When the monster bounds across the perilous landscape and approaches his creator, Victor's words becomes charged with god-like rhetoric. He commands the creature, the "vile insect," to flee, or else be trampled to "dust." Victor even wishes for the power over life and death (the initial motivation for his scientific pursuits), so he can "restore those victims whom <the creature>...diabolically murdered." Victor, once so close to a euphoric ecstasy with nature, now becomes an embittered and wrathful god. He sojourns to the peaks of Montanvert for rest and recovery, but his interactions with the creature weaken him physically and rob him of a spiritual communion with nature. "
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The Nature of Science, 2002.
Examines theories on the nature of science by Thomas Kuhn ("The Structure of Scientific Revolutions") and Karl R. Popper ("The Logic of Scientific Discovery").
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In his book entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", Thomas Kuhn outlines how and why scientific revolutions occur. Karl R. Popper's book entitled "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" presents a methodological structure for scientific inquiry. In many ways, Kuhn selected Popper's proposed methodological structure as a foil for his arguments about the nature of science. But given careful consideration, it would appear their interpretations of science might not have been that far apart. This paper will critically discuss the previous assertion, while paying attention to possible differences and similarities.
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The Cumulative Nature of Science, 2006.
This paper focuses Thomas Kuhn's essay: "The Nature And Necessity of Scientific Revolutions" in which Kuhn contends that the majority of scientific knowledge is in fact not of a cumulative nature.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper ponders the question as to whether or not science is in fact cumulative. This paper analyzes Thomas Kuhn's essay: "The Nature And Necessity of Scientific Revolutions" which focuses on the cumulative nature of scientific knowledge as the central issue of consideration. This paper details Kuhn's two interpretations concerning what it means for science to be cumulative. The first definition contends that for science to be cumulative, old and new theories would out of necessity be compatible. In the second definition Kuhn proposes that were science to always move from some methodological lower to some higher type would result in a cumulative effect.
From the Paper
"Proving that science is cumulative does not in any way require one to also prove that old paradigms are compatible with their newer counterparts. What we need to show, rather, is that paradigms do in fact build upon one another. If this can be shown, the cumulative nature of science will in turn become apparent (hopefully). Given the acceptance of a paradigm, a number of other developments follow. Within the structure of normal science one attempts to utilize the given paradigm in order to advance science. By applying the paradigm, scientists attempt to develop further theories within its framework. From there these theories will eventually lead to either technological or social advances (depending on the science under consideration). In this pursuit of applying the paradigm, we eventually encounter anomalies which cannot be resolved within the given framework. Simply because these anomalies exist does not make it necessary to overthrow the current paradigm. Rather, these anomalies do not become a problem until a specific group of scientists find it necessary for them to be explained."
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True Science and Pseudo-Science, 2003.
Discusses the notion of scientific discovery.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Looks at testing to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true or false. The paper examines the views of Thomas Kuhn and the "paradigm" and Karl Popper's contention that deductive testing is true science, and induction is false science.
From the Paper
"True Science vs. Pseudo-Science
Introduction and Purpose
True science and pseudo-science, it has been argued, can be distinguished from one another by an examination of the nature of scientific discovery, with particular attention to the use of a ..."
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"Common Science? Women, Science and Knowledge" by Jean Barr and Lynda Birke, 2000.
A review of the work on the nature of scientific study, objective truth and the alienation of women from scientific fields.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Science is a pervasive influence on human life today, though most people have only a vague image of what science means and may have complete misperceptions about certain scientific concepts. Many people simply have not been exposed to the information they need to judge science. Women, however, have been actively excluded, or at least discouraged, from science for some time, a factor much noted in analyses of academic statistics and in analyses of the job market in science. This is noted in the book Common Science? Women, Science, and Knowledge by Jean Barr and Lynda Birke as part of their primary emphasis on the fact that the scientific community remains largely unaccountable to the public. Part of their approach to this issue is to talk to non-academics to see what they think about science and about the issues surrounding the field."
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The Natural and the Social: Peter Winch and Bruno Latour, 2001.
This paper compares natural sciences to social sciences.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the attitudes of philosophers Peter Winch and Bruno Latour to the study of the sciences - natural vs. social. Each philosopher published works on the topic and these are analyzed.
From the paper:
"What is natural and what is social in the sciences? Is there a divide between the two, where the natural sciences operate in the realm of objectivity, while the social sciences are a philosophic construction of man? There is a very old dispute in the social sciences about whether social inquiry is ?natural? or not. Naturalists hold that the methods of the natural sciences should be used by social scientists, to explain and predict human behavior, just as we explain and predict phenomena like mass and velocity? Or is social inquiry a separate endeavor that is essentially interpretive and philosophical?"
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Positivist vs. Naturalistic Science, 2002.
A discussion of positivist vs. naturalistic science, examining the approaches to nature of Henry Thoreau and John Muir.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The goal of positivistic science is prediction of how the natural world operates. An opposing paradigm of science is the approach taken by Henry Thoreau and John Muir. The paper shows that in naturalistic science, those analyzing the natural world make no distinction between thoughts and values. They are much more concerned with the "why" of nature as opposed to the "how" aspect of positivistic science. The paper shows that, as a result, naturalistic science is completely value laden and each individual naturalist scientist encompasses his own world views into his description of how the natural world operates.
From the Paper
"For naturalists, the only true way to obtain a taste of nature is to actually live with nature and not separate oneself from its workings. This quote emphasizes how values are an important facet in doing this; by removing oneself from natural surroundings, i.e. moving to the city, one loses the actual relationship that exists between humanity and nature. Humans must be involved in the whole process of nature in order to enjoy it fully. For Thoreau, general truths or the laws concerning nature are also relevant to human truths."
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Social Science Rules, 2006.
This paper examines the book "The Rules of Sociological Method" by Emile Durkheim.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how it is usually thought that the natural sciences deal with objective facts that may be empirically observed, while social sciences such as sociology and psychology deal with more subjective matters and as such these social sciences cannot be as scientific and objective as the natural sciences. However, the paper explains that many theorists would like to assign rules to the methods of social sciences, so that they can lay claim to unearthing information that is as reliable and valid as the information discovered by natural scientists. This is essentially what Emile Durkheim tried to do in "The Rules of Sociological Method."
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Natural Philosophy, 2007.
This paper discusses the methods and approaches of natural philosophers to modern science.
2,574 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the lives of six of the most notable philosophers: Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes, William Harvey and Robert Boyle. The paper discusses how the discoveries and teachings of these natural philosophers in the seventeenth century was the beginning of a scientific revolution that opened the door to the technology used today. The paper shows how by means of experimentation, observation, rational and educated calculations these men managed to discover many truths in the world in the early 1600s that are still held to be true today.
From the Paper
"The early 1600s was a time of scientific research, discovery, and innovation, taking place primarily in Western Europe. This development in science spanned many years, and was responsible in it's entirety by the brilliant minds of the era. These scientists were known as natural philosophers; however the work done by many of the scientists was an early form of physics, although physicists did not exist at that time. Natural philosophy was the study of the nature and physics of the universe from a scholarly point of view to explain the causes, effects, and events that occur. The philosophers of the time focused their interests on things that they interacted with regularly, such as astrology, biology, chemistry (or alchemy), and the forces of motion. Natural philosophy was paving the way throughout this era, though it was characterized differently as time passed."
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Science Educators, 2004.
An analysis of teaching science in a 'Science/Technology/Society' (STS) context.
5,294 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether the attitudes of teachers have changed toward science teaching due to instructional focus or interventions such as STS (Science/Technology/Society), values and ethical issues and the nature of science. The paper contends that the emerging research is clear in illustrating that learning science in an STS context results in students with more sophisticated mastery and ability to use process skills. The paper claims that all students improve in terms of creativity skills, attitude toward science, use of science concepts and processes in their daily lives and in responsible personal decision-making.
Outline
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
Four Pedagogical Issues
Findings
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Socioscientific issues (SSI) and Science, technology and society (STS) are distinct in that STS education in not 'embedded in a coherent developmental or sociological framework that explicitly considers the psychological as well as the epistemological growth of the child nor the development of character or virtue." However, the SSI movement holds its' focus on the empowerment of students in consideration of how issues based on science reflect the moral principles as well as the elements of virtue encompassing their lives, the physical world as well as the social world about them. (Zeidler, et al, 2000) Colleges and universities have recently undertaken initiatives to create Preservice teacher programs that better enable the instructional practices of the teacher. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) states that they view STS, "as the teaching and learning of science in the context of human experience."
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Sociology and Science, 2006.
This article analyzes the connection between sociology and the scientific method.
1,234 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
Sociology studies human behaviour and society. The writer points out that sociology also is a science; it subscribes to the accepted scientific method of the other natural sciences, however there is much debate and contention about the nature of the scientific method and whether it is entirely applicable to sociological discourse. The writer explains the debate and concludes that sociology is a science - but this statement has to take into account the changing view of what science is.
From the Paper
"Sociology as a discipline is part of the scientific examination and understanding of human behavior and society. In this sense, and as a science, it attempts to "... discover the causes and effects that arise in social relations among persons and in the intercommunication and interaction among persons and groups." ( Sociology) As a scientific enterprise sociology also includes within its parameters the "... the study of the customs, structures, and institutions that emerge from interaction, of the forces that hold together and weaken them, and of the effects that participation in groups and organizations have on the behaviour and character of persons." ( ibid) Sociology therefore subscribes to the accepted scientific method of the other natural sciences. However there is much debate and contention about the nature of the scientific method and whether it is entirely applicable to sociological discourse."
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Religion and Science in Literature, 2002.
An analysis of the elements of religion and science in "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria. By understanding how both of these books seek to tell us how the world may view theories in the scheme of religion and science, we may have a better understanding of the issues that are at hand with these modes of thought.
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Forensics Science, 2005.
This paper discusses the various techniques used in forensic science, which is any part of science related to the law.
4,595 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, although forensic science appears to be a recent development, the modern medical-legal tactic to criminal investigations started in 12th century England when King Richard I enacted the "Office of the Coroner". The author points out that the scientific analysis of evidence left at the scene of a crime such as blood, semen, shreds of clothing, hair, weapons, tire treads and other physical evidence can seem more compelling to a jury than the evidence of eyewitnesses. The paper states that the purpose of crime scene investigation is to help understand what happened and to recognize the responsible person while carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and distinguishing all relevant physical evidence for further analysis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Forensic Techniques
Firearms and Tool Mark Identification
Bullet Matching
Tool mark Evidence
Forensic Psychiatry
Profiling
Examination of Questioned Documents
Handwriting Analysis
Forgery
Scientific Evidence
Personal Identification
Fingerprints
DNA
Other Disciplines
Forensic Photography
Fracture Match
Crime Scene Documentation
Chain of Custody
Locard's Exchange Principal
Entomology
Blood Spatters
Soil
Glass
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensics in Courtroom
Validity of Forensic Evidence--Some Doubts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Few areas of examination at trial can seem as intimidating as the prospect of taking on the prosecution's forensic experts. Crime lab reports seem to have this aura of invincibility about them that lead few trial lawyers to tackle their conclusions head on in front of a jury. Maybe it is because some part of us thinks that the reported results are based upon "science", and science, in turn, can be empirically experienced. Hence, we reason, if the stuff can be checked, no lab technician would put things in their report that could easily be shown to be incorrect. Alternatively, maybe, it is because we simply don't understand how tremendously vulnerable to challenge the crime lab work product really is."
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Environmental Science, 2007.
This paper suggests that environmental science is a good science that is good for the environment, but polluted by politics.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green, in terms of their effects on the environment, because they lack catalytic converters. The writer discusses that the largest lawn and garden equipment maker in the country and a powerful Republican senator are hampering attempts by the federal Environmental Protection Agency and state regulators in California to clean up the way Americans clean up their lawns. Further, the writer shows how the battle over catalytic converters in lawn mowers shows how economics, politics and good environmental policy often come into conflict.
From the Paper
"Lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green in terms of their effects on the environment because they lack catalytic converters. Today, all cars must have catalytic converters to protect the environment. This means the dirtiest engines lurk, not in the nation's garages, but in the tool sheds across the land. And the debate over requiring lawn mowers to release the amount of emissions they can release into the environment is eerily reminiscent of Detroit's unsuccessful battle in the 1970s against environmentalists and consumer activists who wanted to reduce the effects of car exhaust upon the environment by installing catalytic converters."
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Forensic Science, 2002.
An insight into the methodologies employed by forensic science.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This discusses forensic science. Forensic science is science applied to law to correctly identify perpetrators and exonerate the innocent. It is accurate and meant to lead to resolution. DNA cloning is an important aspect of science as forensic science involves many different areas of finding evidence in the cause of justice. If misapplied, forensic science can become a curse. Genetic information plays a crucial role and perhaps the most promising role in forensic science.
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