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Nature vs. Mankind, 2000.
A comparative analysis between nature and mankind. A look at the negative impacts of both.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper about nature as a destructive force. The author argues that nature is a more destructive force than mankind can ever be and proves this with examples of natural disasters, population explosions and diseases. A comparison between natural destruction and human destruction.
From the Paper
"A common notion between mankind is that mankind is the most destructive force in the world. Another is that man is the dominant factor on the planet. These statements are both false. In actuality, the first and foremost threat to man, to life, to this planet?s existence, is nature. Man can in no way compare or interfere with nature?s fury.Man verses nature is a common thread in literature, but this thread is also a battle raging on even now in which nature has been winning. Nature has been dominating this battle since the beginning of recorded history."
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The State of Nature in "Leviathan", 2003.
Examines the ideas of the 17th century political philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, concerning the 'Natural Condition of Mankind' in his work, "Leviathan".
2,757 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
Thomas Hobbes lived in the 17th century and wrote during the time of the English Civil War. His political views most likely were influenced by the war. To understand the complexity of Thomas Hobbes's ideas, as expressed in "Leviathan" about the state of nature, this paper defines Hobbes's concept of a state of nature as being one of absolute liberty where men are viewed as natural persons who have never experienced the implied security of a commonwealth. Furthermore, this paper characterizes the commonwealth as a state of peace, offering its fellowship harmony and fruitful existence. This paper demonstrates the reasons and conditions that might compel a man to exchange his complete liberty for the conceptual security offered by a commonwealth.
From the Paper
"To use Hobbes's phraseology, the state of war exists when knowledge of conflict is present: "so the nature of war consisteth not in actual fighting, but in the known disposition thereto" (Hobbes 1590). True misery is a situation in which men feel they are likely to lose their lives, and therefore are faced with the fear of death. According to Hobbes, individuals value their own survival and well-being much more highly than the survival and well-being of others. Hence, if man believes a certain action best helps to maintain his own security, he is very likely to undertake it, even if it puts at risk the survival or well-being of others. Life becomes a constant battle for survival."
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Man and Nature, 2004.
This paper discusses that, contrary to popular opinion, mankind and nature are two separate entities.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that nature does not need mankind to flourish; it can easily stay alive without difficulty and still remain strong, even for millions of years. But mankind cannot survive for even a few seconds if there is no nature. The author points out that the biggest thing that makes mankind different from nature is choice; humans are allowed to choose their own destiny and make decisions on the basis of what they want. The paper stresses that man simply cannot be a part of nature because he is often oblivious to the constant help that nature provides him, and many times, is the cause of destruction for the very same object that has sheltered and protected him.
From the Paper
"If one ponders about why nature is present, they can understand that it is not made to serve us. It is doing its purpose as God intended it to do, which we as humans can use to our advantage, or show no respect to and destroy. Either way, its there, ever present, serving it?s purpose as it was made too, as our friend, helping us by providing us food, supplying us with water, giving us it?s natural resources like wood and stone, so that we can build ourselves shelter, where we can live with security. All this is seamlessly integrated into natures design, hard coded as such so that no matter how man disrespects nature, it will keep providing us with help and resources, until it becomes extinct, either by a process of nature, or a manmade disaster."
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The Environment: Nature and Society, 2007.
An examination of man's relationship with nature, and the ways in which modern man has learned to coexist with his environment.
1,853 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The writer proposes that nature and society have not always peacefully coexisted; while one cannot argue that nature does not support mankind's existence, throughout much of early history mankind dominated over nature rather than lived synergistically within the context of natural society. The paper explores how ideas about nature, society and their interconnection have transformed significantly from the early 19th century to the present. While early history in America is marked by a period of ecological imperialism, modern environmental trends are shifting more toward an Arcadian outlook. The paper concludes that mankind has developed a greater appreciation for the interrelationship between nature and society and focuses less on exploiting or conquering the environment and nature, and more on supporting the environment and discovering new ways of coexisting with nature.
Outline:
Introduction
Ideas About Nature and Society Early 19th Century
Contemporary Ideas of Nature and Society
Conclusions
From the Paper
"As time progressed however, society began slowly but surely realizing the devastating effects industrialization had on nature. Slowly people began realizing that industrialization could not exist apart from nature, but rather everything man did to support industrialized processes influenced nature. Nature was not simply a source of natural resources for man to exploit, rather nature provided mankind the very sustenance he needs to survive. Slowly society began adopting a more conservationist rather than exploitative approach to nature. Prominent government agencies and members of ecological groups began realizing that nature and society must coexist in a more Arcadian manner."
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Forced Nature, 2004.
An analysis of how the Enlightenment movement invented 'nature' to save itself the trouble of reinventing society.
2,029 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of the Enlightenment movement regarding feminism. The paper explains that the status of nature in Enlightenment thinking regarding gender was rather unsteady. Nature was used to prop up arguments both for and against feminism, being used to justify both the subservient state of women and the need they had for more liberty and respect. The paper contends that the ultimate contribution of Enlightenment thinking to the status of women, however, was not in its views on gender or on male-female relationships. The contribution for which this era and even its more misogynistic thinkers must be thanked by modern women's rights movements, is that they created the very concept of individual rights and liberties based on the natural reason of mankind. It was the role that Nature played in the understanding of rights and liberties that eventually led to the idea that women, too, had natural rights.
From the Paper
"The Enlightenment was defined by its focus on rationality. During this era, the mysticism and superstition of the medieval era were abandoned for the idea that the world was an orderly and rational place. God, if He existed, was not an arbitrary and capricious nobodaddy, as he may have been seen in previous years. On the contrary, He (or It) was seen as the great clockmaker, a mechanic who engineered the world according to divine law and order. According to some, natural law was seen as so important that nature and God were found to be one, and a monistic impression of the world suggested that the natural was all of the divine. In many ways, this focus on natural law led to a liberalization of ancient prejudices. The superiority of hereditary rulers was challenged by evidence from nature that all men had equal and inalienable rights to self-determination; the domination of the church was questioned by evidence from science and nature."
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Locke?s Conception of the State of Nature vs. the State of War, 2002.
A look at John Locke's philosophy on government and state in his ?Two Treatises of Government?.
1,529 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the philosophy of Locke which argues that all people exist in a State of Nature under the influence of Natural Law. This implies that the natural state of mankind is one of freedom. All people are free to direct their own affairs and property within the confines of Natural Law. It looks at why Locke thinks the State of Nature embodies the Law of Nature, and exists according to its principles. According to Locke, the State of Nature is one of harmonious peace, and this peacefulness is the result of Natural Law.
From the Paper
"According to Locke, the State of War is unnatural, and therefore opposite to the State of Nature. Since the preservation of mankind is a basic principle underlying the state of nature, any destructive intentions toward mankind are in violation of Natural Law. Locke describes the State of War as ?a state of enmity and destruction? (Book II, Ch. III, Sec. 16). The State of War occurs when individuals act against reason, and therefore against Natural Law. In order to avert a State of War, people have the right to destroy those that threaten their ?Lives, Liberty and Estates? (Book II, Ch. IX, Sec. 123), what Locke collectively terms as Property. People have this right in order to ensure the preservation of mankind. Those individuals who threaten to destroy the Property of others do not operate according to reason, and are therefore in opposition to Natural Law, and hence the State of Nature. "
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Destroying Nature, 2003.
Discusses Daniel Quinn's "Ishmael" and his take on nature.
1,101 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, $ 38.95
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Abstract
Daniel Quinn's take on nature and how it fits into common beliefs and misconceptions. The essay is also about how mankind is destroying the world and what we need to do to adjust our thinking.
From the Paper
"A story where a man comes into contact with a psychic gorilla who tries to convince a man that societies ways are hurting the earth might seem superfluous to some. Once one realizes that the psychic gorilla is a literary device and not arbitrarily thrown in for no reason, it becomes clear that this is not a call for saving the trees or the dolphins, nor any other environmental group. Daniel Quinn, the author of Ishmael, wants the reader to completely change his way of thinking. Quinn seems to want his readers to realize what their actions and thoughtlessness are doing to the earth."
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Abraham Maslow: An Understanding of Human Nature and Motivation, 2002.
This paper examines psychologist Abraham Manslow's humanistic theory of motivation.
2,686 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper details the psychological theory of Abraham Maslow. The paper discusses his hierarchy of needs, listing each need and providing examples, as well as showing how the hierarchy is built. There is an expanded section detailing what is meant by self-actualization as well as what Maslow called ?peak experiences?. A full listing of the B ? values are given, as well as numerous other traits and characteristics of self-actualized people. Also explained are Maslow?s other hypothesized needs, such as the cognitive, aesthetic, and neurotic needs, and how these all interact with his hierarchy of needs. The paper introduces Maslow as a visionary and pioneer of humanistic psychology who came from a world dominated by psychoanalysis and behaviorism and emerged to provide the world with a more positive, instructional, and human view of mankind and his place in nature.
From the Paper
"These theories shared in common an approach to understanding human nature and behavior that were based directly outside the subjective needs, beliefs, and values of the individual. In grossly simplified terms, the individual was viewed either as a locus in the environment where current stimuli reacted with past reinforced behavior patterns to produce a response or as an almost helpless entity, where deep in the primitive recesses of the human brain a battle was fought for psychological control. Where forces of the good ?superego? were beating back the evil armies of the ?id? (sex and aggression) and whichever side was winning the battle at any given time would manifest itself in the person?s overt behavior. Abraham Maslow was a visionary who pioneered the field of ?humanistic? psychology. Aptly named because its primary goal was to center the field of psychology around the individual person ? to treat them as wanting, feeling, needing, spiritual, and unique beings and to guise psychological theory in terms that took this into account."
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The Nature of Evil.
This paper analyzes the nature of evil in St. Augustine?s ?Confessions?, St. Matthew?s ?Gospel?, and the Scriptures.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the problem of evil and the relationship between mankind?s ability to sin and God?s self-proclaimed omnipotence is not precisely addressed by the writers of the Bible, though certainly hints of the answer are sprinkled throughout. The author points out that St. Augustine?s first argument in ?Confessions? suggests that people usually sin not so much out of evil intent, per se, but because they are seeking, in worldly and sinful ways, to achieve ends that God alone may grant. The paper concludes that sin is defined not by actions, but by failure to act.
From the Paper
"This position reminds one of the old Jewish understanding that the being Christians call Satan (whom they call the ?Adversary?) was not actually acting against the will of God, but rather that he was created by God to enable us to grow spiritually. According to the Jews for Judaism reference library, ?The rabbis say that this Satanic force is the greatest blessing that G-d ever gave us! Satan is the loyal opposition. It helps us build our spiritual muscles by giving us resistance to our spiritual progress.? (Rabbi Skobac) To some degree the idea that sin is ordained by God to accomplishes his purposes is evident in Matthew, as in the opening chapters where Herod kills all of the infant Jesus? contemporaries, as ?Herod... slew all the children that were in Bethlehem...[so that] Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet.? (Matthew 2:16-17), and again later when ?evil? men killed Christ so that salvation could be achieved. If this is the case, then it certainly makes sense that God gives equally preferential treatment to good and evil men -- as it is he who allows and even causes them to sin -- and that Christ would order his people ?Judge not, that ye be not judged?."
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John Locke's Theory of Natural Law, 2001.
An analysis of philosopher and politician John Locke's Theory of Natural Law and how this contributed to the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at this philosophy whereby Locke?s perception of mankind was an extremely optimistic one, and he viewed natural law and the state of nature as being where all men are naturally moral and reasonable, and are born free, equal and possessing the inalienable rights to protect their life, their freedom, and their property.
From the Paper
""Nature is a state of perfect equality amongst all men. In this state, no one man has more power or jurisdiction than any other man." (Locke 1690)
John Locke (1632 - 1704) was a qualified physician and a respected Oxford academic, in addition to being one of several political philosophers who focused on the theories of natural rights and natural law during the pre-Enlightenment era of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Locke?s theory of natural law, and of the aims and purposes of government, were detailed in his work, ?Two Treatises of Government? (1690), and proved to be influential, not only in Britain, but across the world, especially in America, where his views formed the foundation of the Declaration of Independence and the American system of government."
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Mankind's Relationship with the Universe, 2005.
An analysis of the relevance of physics and cosmology to modern mankind.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the implications, relevance, and significance that the current, best theories in physics and cosmology have for the understanding of our lives and our place in the world. In particular, it seeks to determine what our best theories in physics and cosmology, including relativity theory, quantum theory, and big bang cosmology, imply about the nature of the physical world and about the nature of our selves. An overview of these best theories is followed by an analysis of their implications, relevance, and significance today, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"According to Bergmann (2004), the general theory of relativity was developed in response to the need to extend the new space and time concepts of the special theory of relativity from the domain of electric and magnetic phenomena to all of physics and, particularly, to the theory of gravitation. Because space and time relations are the foundation of all physical phenomena, researchers recognized the inherent constraints in applying mutually contradictory concepts of space and time to explain different types of interactions, particularly in view of the fact that the same particles may interact with each other in several different ways-electromagnetically, gravitationally, and through the so-called nuclear forces (Bergmann 2004)."
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Theory of Natural Selection, 2002.
Discusses controversial aspects of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will argue, through a discussion of both Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection and its social and ideological context, that Darwin's work was so controversial primarily because of the fact that it challenged conventional thinking with regard to the position of mankind in the cosmos. Although this controversy was mainly religious in origins, it will also be argued that it touched on issues of racism with respect to a presumed distinction - and the implied superiority - between the white race and the other races on the planet.
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Carnival and Lent Themes in "Mankind", 2005.
A look at specific themes in the medieval play "Mankind".
1,944 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
"Mankind" presents a comedy of morals concerned with the most fundamental aspects of human behavior, namely, the difficulties of leading a virtuous life in the face of hardships, distractions and temptations. This paper discusses the play "Mankind" and how through the juxtaposition of the elements of Carnival and Lent, they were able to express their grievances against an oppressive society.
From the Paper
"The Medieval drama began as a symbolic re-enactment of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and was meant to educate people on the teachings of the Bible and the doctrines of the church. After a time, the action in the plays was expanded upon and dialogues were added, making it more theatrical. The plays were, of course, still performer in Latin, which was the universal language of the Church. Gradually, drama began to include non-Biblical sources and the plays were performed outside of the churches. At this point, English Medieval drama took off in many different directions, which literary historians divided into three distinct and unconnected groups of vernacular plays: the 'mystery' plays, which were based on scripture, the 'miracle' plays, which were based on the lives of saints, and the 'morality' plays, which were based on the struggle between vices and virtues (Potter 6). The latter of these plays flourished in England at the same time as the Corpus Christi Cycles."
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"This Earth of Mankind", 2007.
A review of the novel "This Earth of Mankind" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer.
3,450 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Pramoedya Ananta Toer, in her book "This Earth of Mankind", tells the story of Minke, a native of Indonesia during the Dutch colonization. The paper looks at how, among many strong characters in the novel, the group of natives tries to attain an identity that is separate from the titles they hold be that Nyai or Native. It also discusses how "This Earth of Mankind" shows the effects of post-colonialism and the confusion of identity based on class distinction and how by the end of the novel, the world is no longer that fantasy of love and equality that Minke and his Annelise try to create, for however brief a moment.
From the Paper
"Identity is a very common theme because they are left with the confusion that often comes when such an overbearing force is lifted. Annelise introduces an identity based on love and the private mindset loving a person dwells in. She herself is so connected to her mother and so dependent on her approval that she is left with nothing of her own and nothing she can define herself with. However, falling in love with Minke transports her mind into a realm separate from a mother, a place where she can be with Minke and love him in her own way, perfectly and absolutely. Gaining an identity through love is a new concept that is generally not considered in these types of novels. "it is precisely because she has fallen in love with you that she is beginning to be born as a personality in her own right, because she is being confronted with a problem that is totally personal" (Toer, 254). "
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Mankind's Purpose: Survival or Knowledge, 2003.
An analysis on the importance of information and human life according to Thomas Jefferson, Plato, and Thomas Hobbes.
2,282 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The choice between knowledge and survival reflects a change in society that alters the perceived purpose of man. An equal acceptance of both displays the balance between science and humanism. The paper shows that while Plato disregards individual lives and views knowledge as the highest good man can achieve, Hobbes maintains that survival is mankind?s main goal and that reason and knowledge are secondary. It shows that by the founding of the United States, President Thomas Jefferson meshed the two ideals together and viewed both goals as equally important.
From the Paper
"In the Lewis and Clark expedition, Thomas Jefferson emphasized the importance of both the lives of his men, and the knowledge gained during the expedition. The twin forces of survival and acquisition of knowledge have become two of the governing factors in the lives of man, and often philosophers will place one over the other. In Ancient Greece, the philosopher Plato, in The Republic, values knowledge over the survival of the individual. He reveals his belief in the supremacy of knowledge over human life in his depiction of the individual within his virtuous city and also the purpose of government in general. Although forgotten and lost for many centuries, Platonic thought resurfaced during the Renaissance, and continued to persuade the minds of philosophers."
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