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The Nature of American Literature, 2008.
An examination of American literature.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of American literature. The paper explains that American literature, like many other nationalistic literary bodies has had an evolution that marks changing attitudes with regard to what is to be included in the voice of literature. The paper then looks at how the representation of both women and African-American writers is not the only body of inclusion, as contemporary movements have made significant strides toward the inclusion of almost every immigrant group into the canon of American literature and into the body of publishing in general in history and contemporary works. The paper also points out that the defining characteristics of what qualifies as American Literature is simply that it is a written form, poetry, prose or drama that conveys any point of view of the American experience of growth and change. The writer states that frequently some of the most fundamentally expressive forms of American literature are immigrant literature that explores the real and fictional development of the self, from an immigrant outsider to someone who feels as if they are an American, regardless of the outside view of themselves as a foreigner. The paper concludes that American literature should continue to be inclusive and representative of personal nationalistic growth, as a standard bearer for other forms of nationalistic literature.
From the Paper
"In all representations of immigrant literature there is a clear sense that at almost any given time in America there was a dominant or subjugated immigrant group that was struggling to be accepted by those who had immigrated one, two or three generations before them. America is a nation of immigrants and American literature is finally beginning to express this, without as much of the exclusionary literary academic influences. The transition of an immigrant into and "American" in the self is frequently one of the most important and influential expression of literature, from Latino American literature, to Asian American immigrant expressions."
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The Importance of Nature in American Literature, 2006.
A review of the role that nature plays in four works of American literature.
832 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the roles and importance of nature, within four famous American literary works. The paper reviews "The Storm" by Kate Chopin, "The Open Boat", by Stephen Crane, "To Build a Fire" by Jack London and the novel 'Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' by Mark Twain. According to the paper, all four show nature as being important to the lives and circumstances of their respective characters.
From the Paper
"In Jack London's short story "To Build a Fire", nature is even more unforgiving. The solitary hiker in this story neither understands nor respects nature's ability to physically overpower him. The hiker finds himself, due to stubborn stupidity, in lethally freezing weather. This story points out that nature is stronger than humanity, and, therefore, will prevail. Humans must respect nature and never underestimate it, as this hiker does, and freezes to death. The dog with the hiker instinctively knows not to defy nature in this way, and is uncomfortable that the man does so. London states: "The animal was depressed by the tremendous cold. It knew that it was no time for traveling. Its instinct told it a truer tale than was told to the man . . ." (p. 903). Here London implies that an animal's instincts, unimpeded by prideful human stubbornness, are sometimes superior to people's instincts. "
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Nature in Literature, Drama and Poetry, 2002.
This paper explores how nature is portrayed in different literary works by such authors as Elizabeth Bishop, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jack London, Patrick Meyer, Henry David Thoreau and William Wordsworth.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrast how nature is portrayed in a variety of literary works. The works included in this paper are Elizabeth Bishop's ?The Fish,? Ralph Waldo Emerson's ?Nature,? Oliver Wendell Holmes's ?The Chambered Nautilus,? and Patrick Meyer?s ?K2," Jack London's "To Build A Fire," Henry David Thoreau's "Walden, Or Life in the Woods" and William Wordsworth''s ?The World is Too Much With Us." Some of the topics discussed include cruelty in nature, man's relationship with nature, the different elements of nature, the Romantic and Transcendentalist view of nature and the true communing of individual soul with nature. The paper concludes with the author tying all of these topics together by illustrating the similarities between human nature and nature itself.
From the Paper
"Emerson is most concerned about how Emerson sees nature, and would like to see nature better as an American. Emerson does not consider that while observing nature everyone is not only changed internally by nature, whether by cold or by beauty, but also that the observer changes nature itself, even in as simple as something as walking through the perfect and untrodden snow. Just as animal life impacts and is impacted by nature; human beings exist a part of nature and are subject to natural forces. These forces include but are not limited to cold, illness, injury, death, birth, and seasonal extremes. The metaphor of the only observing eyeball denies such an impact."
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Nature in Literature, 2006.
Examines the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Jane Austen and discusses how they addressed the concept of nature.
4,765 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the three writers of the British Romantic period (roughly 1789-1832)-two poets and one novelist. How each of these writers addressed the concept of nature is examined with a detailed discussion of at least one of their works in this connection. The poets are Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats; the novelist is Jane Austen. In order to appreciate the context within which each considered the concept of nature, a general background of the period in which the Romantic period developed is outlined. Each artist is then considered in turn, before some conclusions are put forward.
From the Paper
"The careers of the three writers being examined were at the culmination of the Romantic period. This was in an age which, following on the series of successful wars that had established British power all over the world, was one of the gloomiest in British history. If in some ways the England of 1800-20 was ahead of the rest of Europe, in others it lagged far behind. The Industrial Revolution, which was to turn Britain from a nation of peasants and traders into a nation of manufacturers, had begun; but its chief fruits as yet were increased materialism and greed, and politically the period was one of blackest reaction."
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Nature of Women in Literature, 2002.
An examination of two literary works that describe the nature of women in terms of good/bad distinctions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Examines two literary works that describe the nature of women in terms of good/bad distinctions. Discusses Geraldine Jewsbury's 1848 novel THE HALF SISTERS & Christina Rossetti's 1862 poem GOBLIN MARKET to explore the theme. Contrasting sisters by both writers to demonstrate potential & waste of potential in women. Literary strategies to accomplish purpose.
From the Paper
"Both Geraldine Jewsbury, in her novel The Half Sisters (1848), and Christina Rossetti, in her narrative poem "Goblin Market" (1862), use the device of a pair of sisters for exploring the nature of women and expanding their audiences' understanding of women, their capacities, and the limitations placed on them by convention. Women, generally speaking, were viewed as either good or bad, with the domestic and un-domestic or, perhaps, the dutiful and undutiful, as the terms of the definition. Within these two categories individual differences among women were usually described in terms of their location on a horizontal continuum of goodness and badness and only two vertical characteristics made much of a basis for differentiation: class (with the associated question of wealth) and nationality (perhaps associated with the question of religion as well). The essential..."
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Nature in Literature, 2004.
A comparison of Homer Winslow?s ?The Fog Warning? and Claude Lorrain?s ?Mill on a River?.
912 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theme of nature as portrayed in Winslow?s ?The Fog Warning? and Lorrain?s ?Mill on a River?. It discusses how these two artists portrayed nature and man?s relationship to it.
From the Paper
"?Mill on a River,? is indicative of this thesis. Men loading small boats alongside the river occupy the foreground. Behind the men trees rise up to dominant the middle ground while the mill itself and the sky above are splashed in the golden light of dusk. Lorrain was known as an artist who exemplified the ideal-landscape art form, one that seeks to present a view of nature more beautiful and harmonious than nature itself. The quality of that beauty is governed by classical concepts, and the landscape often contains classical ruins and pastoral figures in classical dress."
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Naturalism in Literature, 2002.
An examination of the literary movement of 'naturalism' as reflected in Jack London?s short story ?To Build A Fire?.
1,297 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a classic example of naturalism within literature by examining London's short story. It analyzes this story which was published in "The Century Magazine" in 1908 with its themes of the fragility of human survival and the ways in which we as humans are defined by the ways in which we are at odds with the rest of nature. The paper examines how this story epitomizes all the typical characteristics of 'naturalism'.
From the Paper
"In literature, Naturalism extended the tradition of realism, aiming at an even more faithful, unselective representation of reality. It is not coincidental that the rise of Naturalism should follow the rise of photography as an artform (and as a technological possibility), for both photography and naturalism (whether in literature or in the visual arts) attempted to give to the audience or reader a sense of looking at unmediated, uncreated life. Jack London does not want us to remember that we are reading a story that he has made up, but rather he wishes to give us the sense that we ourselves are there. His writing is meant to be invisible, presented to us like a documentary photograph without moral judgment."
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Naturalism in Literature, 2002.
An analysis of the theme of naturalism in the works of Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald.
742 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in metaphysical theory, naturalism is a term used to refer to the idea that all things can be explained by natural phenomena, rather than supernatural ones, and how this theory holds that the universe is a vast machine with no interest or cause beyond itself. It analyzes this theory in relation to the books, "In Our Time" by Ernest Hemingway, "As I Lay Dying" by William Faulkner, and "Babylon Revisited" by F. Scott Fitzgerald. In all three works, it shows how naturalism is depicted not only through language, but also through the subject matter, since all the protagonists have forces against them, which are equally outside of their control.
From the Paper
"The subject of Hemingway's stories is World War I, a subject often written about at the time. What set Hemingway's stories apart from the others are his naturalistic style, as well as the philosophical concerns of this theory. The war is depicted as something beyond the control of the main characters. It is also confusing, as demonstrated through the author's narrative flow, which is often confusing. The main character in many of the stories is Nick Adams. Nick, like the rest of the characters, is often at the mercy of forces outside himself. These include not only universal forces, but also the forces within society. His early lessons in "Indian Camp" for example are due to social forces beyond his control, as is the War."
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Naturalism Movement In Literature, 2002.
Describes Naturalism, its principles and methods.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Describes Naturalism, its principles and methods. Influence of natural science. Comparison with Realism. Applies the literary style to work of Jack London. Uses his 1908 short story, "To Build A Fire" as an example. Views on heredity and biological determinism giving rise to simple characters dominated by strong passions.
From the Paper
"Usually in the realms of literature and the arts each major movement can be seen as a rebellion against whatever came before it, so Romanticism upstages Classicism, only to be done in in turn by Realism as people weary of the excesses of one style only to rush headlong into the excesses of its opposite. But sometimes it happens that one style is replaced by an even more extreme version of itself, as was the case when Realism in literature and the visual arts was replaced in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries by Naturalism, a movement that was inspired by adaptation of the principles and methods of natural science, especially the Darwinian view of nature. One of the most perfect examples of this movement is Jack London's short story "To Build A Fire", published in The Century Magazine in 1908 with its themes of the fragility of human survival and the ways in which we as ..."
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?Literature; Ancient Greek Literature?, 2002.
A discussion of the relationship between ancient Greek burial and death rites and ancient Greek literature.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses upon illustrating the relevance of the obvious emphasis and taboo regarding Greek burial or death rites as it is portrayed in a significant amount of ancient Greek literature. It examines how literature has long been a relevant source that historians as well as other scholars can turn to so as to glean at least a marginal understanding regarding the societal norms of the era or culture in particular.
Outline
Introduction
Generalities Regarding Ancient Greek Burial Rites
Relevance of Literary Illustrations Regarding Ancient Greek Perspectives on Death
Burial Rites Within Ancient Greek literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the first things that essentially needs to be taken into consideration is that, as a result of their significantly un-advanced and superstitiously primitive preconceptions and beliefs, that nearly all kinds of ancient literature is tinged, to some degree or another, with elements of the super natural or paranormal. The occult, witches, curses and ghosts, all are things that are mentioned, with varying degree of figurativeness and realism, within ancient British as well as Greek literature. Moreover, there appears to be a particular degree of emphasis upon the relevance and effectuality of such things as oaths and curses, especially in regard to the likes of such being implemented in concern to a particular person?s death or burial. This something that is quite strongly portrayed when Euripides? Hippolytus, the protagonist within the play, reasserts his confidence to his father in so much as taking an oath that in death may neither sea nor earth receive my flesh, if I have proved false (Lawson, 1964)."
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Ancient Roman Literature, 2008.
A discussion of the worth of Roman literature and a comparison of the meter and themes of Roman literature to Greek literature.
851 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the value of the works of the great Roman poets and prose authors. The paper specifically discusses how Roman literature and poetry is criticized because it lacks originality, being greatly indebted to the Greek texts. It describes the meter and themes of Roman literature and discusses how these, and even the mere details, are most of the times only imitations of the Greek writings.
From the Paper
"Thus, Roman art can be characterized by the lack of spontaneity and speculative power. The Romans were a logical and practical people, usually engaged in political affairs or warfare. The greatest conquerors of the antiquity, the Romans were also the greatest civilizing power. Their systematic and disciplined spirit laid the foundations of the Western civilization. As it is obvious from the lyric, dramatic and epical works of the Roman writers, they Roman people was certainly not inclined to philosophy as the Greeks had been. Indeed, the only writer who can be said to have contributed meaningfully to the realm of antique philosophy is the multidimensional Cicero, who is the only Roman methodological philosopher: "Philosophy was not a natural growth at Rome: indeed, it was regarded by the average Roman with definite mistrust, and we hear that philosophers were banished from the city in 161 B. C....The Roman, essentially a man of action engaged in the practical business of war or politics, was not given to pausing on his way to reflect deeply on the nature of the world or the ultimate meaning of human life."(Bailey, 183) The Romans were thus less preoccupied with the ultimate meaning of the universe and of life, as the Greeks were, but rather with the world of action and human behavior. Usually associated with imitation rather than creation, Roman art had nevertheless its own force precisely through its absolute conformity to classicism."
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Classical Marxist Theory and Literature, 2005.
This paper discusses the classical Marxist approach to literature, which views literature as essentially a social and cultural production.
8,870 words (approx. 35.5 pages), 85 sources, MLA, $ 185.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in its classical sense, Marxist theory does not deal explicitly with literature and art and does not develop an aesthetic of culture or literature. However, the theoretical trajectory of Marxist thought has impacted radically on art and literature as aspects of societal and cultural discourse. The author points out that the concept of dialectic refers specifically to the methodology or method of analysis, which is peculiar to Marxist theory;. In this sense, literature and art, as cultural products, are analyzed in relation to their social and historical context. The paper analyzes specifically " Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad, "A Passage to India" by E. M. Forster's and the writings of Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview
Foundation of Marxist Theory and Literary Criticism
Marxism - Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Literature
The Premises of Marxist Criticism
Base and Superstructure
The Dialectic
Ideology and Alienation
Semiology and Psychoanalytic Theory.
Reader - Response Theories
A Marxist Critique of Literature
Analysis of the Echo in "A Passage to India": A dialectical reading
" Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad
Dickens
Shakespeare
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From this perspective, literary works are essential structures of ideological formations. In other words, literature expresses and represents the ideals and aims of class formation that persist and maintain the society. "Literature is for Marxism a particular kind of signifying practice which tends to make up what can be termed an ideological formation". Therefore, Marxist critical perspectives will attempt to explain literature from within its social context and in relation to that particular historical time period. This in turn relates to basic strategies, such as the identification of class structures and class struggle within the literature of a certain historical period."
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19th Century American Literature, 2002.
Explores Southwestern humor in 19th Century American Literature, using Thomas Bangs Thorpe's "The Big Bear of Arkansas" as an example.
1,731 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
During the period of 1830-1860, a new genre in America literature emerged, called the Southwestern Humor genre. This new form of literature illustrates and discusses issues and themes that are depicted effectively through humor and exaggeration. Southwestern humor is also remarkable in its ability to effectively mirror the social landscape of the Southwestern region of the United States. In the study and analysis of Southwestern Humor genre, important themes that can be found are the social, political and psychological illustrations and portrayals in the story, all of which are reflections of the writer?s perception of his or her society. This paper uses as an example the work of Thomas Bangs Thorpe, entitled, ?The Big Bear of Arkansas.? This short story focuses on Jim Doggett, who earned the title of ?The Big Bear of Arkansas? because of his extraordinary skill in hunting bears. The story tackles the themes of the protagonist?s affinity with nature, the rural and natural life and Arkansas, as well as the conflict between nature and civilization. This paper discusses these three themes in accordance to its social, political and psychological perspectives. The paper also shows that the short story illustrates the social issues of rural life and conflict between civilization and development and nature; the political orientation of Arkansas as a rural society; and the character portrayal of Jim Doggett as an individual who has close affinity with nature.
From the Paper
"Hunting and planting are both symbols of the social progress that human civilization has undergone for many years. Hunting is a symbol for man?s primitive nature, while planting is equated with progress (as man learned to live a sedentary life). Thus, Thorpe illustrates Arkansas as a place where nature takes control instead of human civilization and wherein hunting and leading a ?primitive life? with nature is still evident through Jim Doggett?s character. Doggett?s failure to plant crops in his place illustrates how progress did not develop in Arkansas. In effect, because of the underdevelopment of urbanism, the state remained one of the ?primitive? regions in America where humans are one with nature."
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Theory of Literature, 2002.
Discusses the role of literature to the reader and the reader to literature.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
What kind of work does literature do in the world? What does a text do that a song does not? What difference does it make that we can read? And, indeed, why should we read at all? Does the written text have any redeeming value in our own age, or are we in a post-textual (as well as a postmodern and post-structuralist) age? What can the purpose of literature be when anything that is actually produced through the technology of the printing press (which once changed the world) now seems rather horribly quaint? What kind of work does literature do in the world, and what kind of work is it that we do as readers? These last two questions lie at the heart of this paper. They are not in fact the same question merely differently phrased. The paper argues that literature ? the text qua text ? and reading (the subject as agent consuming the text) can be quite different from each other. Before the writer sets forth his own ideas on the function and purpose of literature, he explores the ideas of others on the subject who have tried to define for their own times and places (and for their own writers and readers) what it is that literature does in the world.
From the Paper
"But, while the impassioned literary warriors on either side might not want to admit to this fact, it might well be that there is no single correct way to analyze a text. Or rather there may well be no single correct way to analyze every text. There may be one best way for each text, requiring us to consider local definitions of analysis rather than universal ones. However, this moderate position is one rarely admitted to by either those who support or those who oppose reader-response models and it is in fact easy to understand why this should be the case: The two embody fundamentally opposing world views. Is the purpose of literature one that is determined by the creator or by the consumer?"
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Teaching Children Literature, 2002.
Conceptual analysis of the literature on storytelling and child development in relation to reader response and and structural models of instruction in literature appreciation. Includes the development of an integrated model.
4,467 words (approx. 17.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper develops a perspective on the structural and reader response approaches to literature appreciation that is based upon empirical findings observed in research into the influence of storytelling on child development. To this end, this report first reviews the literature on how storytelling can influence the social, cognitive, and psycho-emotional development of children as well as its basic influence on learning. This examination of the effects of storytelling on child development is followed by an explication of both the structural and the reader response approaches to teaching literature appreciation. Based on the review of all of this material, the report discusses each theory in terms of the support or lack of support offered for it by the storytelling-child development literature. Where relevant, this discussion is used to modify, hone and refine theory into a new model of instruction (The Integrated Model) in literature appreciation, a model that focuses on storytelling as a mode of instruction and that incorporates elements and postulates of both the reader response model and the structural model.
From the Paper
"Effects of Storytelling on Social Development. There is a good bit of literature that supports the notion that storytelling can strongly contribute to both very young and older children's social and psychosocial development. For example, Pellowski (1990) reports that research has shown that stories inform children about the lives, the dreams, the hopes, the problems, the tensions and the conflicts of diverse social and ethnic groups. In this way, storytelling helps familiarize children with how groups of people, some of them which may be very different than the group children were raised in, perceive life and its events.
Simultaneously, while informing of group differences, storytelling serves the function of maintaining a sense of the human community by telling the story using universal themes common to all. In other words, storytelling operates to broaden children's view of the world and the diverse societies it while also emphasizing the social ties that bind communities and groups of people together."
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