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Sweetening Natural Gas, 2004.
Describes the most chemical process most commonly used for sweetening natural gas.
7,305 words (approx. 29.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 162.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.
Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs
From the Paper
"Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."
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Liquid Natural Gas Infrastructure Risks, 2007.
A risk assessment of liquefied natural gas facilities and the safety standards and technology associated with them.
8,834 words (approx. 35.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 185.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses safety and risk posed by liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. It specifically focuses on the safety of these facilities in that they are highly visible and make easy targets for terrorist attacks. The paper also discusses the safety standards and technology associated with LNG, particularly following a catastrophic event in 1944 in Cleveland. It describes the environmental effects of a disaster, as well as symptoms of exposure in an LNG accident. The paper concludes with a long-term risk assessment of the future of LNG.
Table of Contents:
The Infrastructure
Risks Associated with Spills
Cold Hazards
Pool Fires
Vapor Clouds
"A Cleaner Alternative"
By-Products of Combustion
Symptoms of Exposure in an LNG Accident
A Matter of Scale and Scope
Long Term Environmental Impact
Disaster Planning and Modeling
Evacuation
Contamination Control
Improving LNG Accident Response
How Real is the Risk?
Potential Scenario from an LNG Explosion in Boston Harbor
The Future of LNG Risk Assessment
From the Paper
"Up until this point, only one real world scenario of an LNG accident existed and it was long ago before recent developments in technology and safety protocol. Other assessments, such as those made by FERC and industry professionals are largely theoretical. They leave too many variables to chance. To accurately assess the real dangers of LNG, there is a critical need for credible, scenario based research. This is the next phase in the research cycle concerning the safety of LNG. If we are to remove the issue from the political battleground, we need more research-based evidence. In the case of LNG, valid research can be difficult due to the nature of the material."
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El Paso Corporation, 2002.
A profile of the El Paso Corporation and the natural gas industry.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a company profile of the El Paso Corporation, a leading provider of natural gas services in North America, which holds a primary position in every segment of the natural gas value chain through vertical integration from natural gas production to transportation, trading and power generation. It discusses how the demand for natural gas is increasing accompanied by deregulation and convergence of energy markets and the implications for significant growth opportunities for large, financially strong companies in the energy business. It analyzes the current industry looking at competition, rivalry among existing firms, the threat of substitute products, consumers, suppliers and trends and shows the potential effect on the company of competition and threats.
From the Paper
"Conversely, with deregulation succeeding creating more competition, customers may switch to other providers causing a downward pressure on prices and margins. The threat to the industry lies if a plentifully available, cheaper source of energy such as wind emerges and from environmental concerns over carbon emissions and global warming. Globally, expensive investments in exploration, finding and production can be jeopardized by the threat of war or economies suddenly closing doors due to internal strife, change in ideology etc."
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Nigerian Natural Resources: Blessing or Curse?, 2007.
Questions whether natural resources are a blessing or a curse in the development process of a country, using Nigeria as a case study.
9,950 words (approx. 39.8 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 201.95
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Abstract
The concept that countries that are endowed with natural resources such as oil, natural gas, and gold should exploit them to promote economic growth and development has long been recognized as one of the fundamental principles of development economics. The principle of comparative advantage also maintains that countries should exploit those factors that they hold in greatest abundance. The revenues that are generated by natural resources can be used to assist in the promotion of economic growth in this view, which will then allow the economy to diversify and produce the kinds of higher value-added goods that are necessary to further accelerate economic development. The resource curse theory. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to determine the relationship between economic growth and human capital, and what current theories and models provide insights into this process. A case study of Nigerian underdevelopment is presented to determine how, in spite of abundant natural resources, the country has failed to fully realize the potential of many of its natural resources. Further, research on the role of western nations in conflicts in Africa as an indirect factor for the mismanagement of natural resources in Africa is also provided. A summary of the research, salient conclusions and timely recommendations are presented in the concluding chapter. The paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"While petroleum products are a relative newcomer to Nigeria's "resource curse" mix, coal and tin have been mined in the country since the early colonial period; however, coal production decreased following World War II, as a consequence of the redirection of resources to the potentially more lucrative oil industry. Nevertheless, substantial coal reserves of varying quality remain throughout Nigeria's south-central states (see map at Appendix B) in a strip of country that stretches from Benin to Cameroon. Furthermore, columbite and tin can be found in the Jos Plateau and there are iron-ore deposits in the Lokoja area (situated close to the Ajaokuta steel complex in the lower Niger valley)."
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Arbitral Tribunal, 2005.
A case summary of a case involving disputes over petroleum and natural gas.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This is a case summary of a case before an Arbitral Tribunal arising from a dispute over rights to explore for, drill for and store petroleum and natural gas in economic quantities on a contract area. The dispute is between the Claimants and the Government of Qatar who are the Respondents. The paper includes a sample case write up with the information and this case write up is modelled as close to the actual case summary as possible.
From the Paper
"ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL WINTERSHALL, A.G., INTERNATIONAL OCEAN RESOURCES, INC., VESA OEL A.G., DEUTSE SCHACHTBAU-und TIEFBOHRGESELLSCHAFT MBH, GULFSTREAM RESOURCES CANADA LTD. V. THE GOVERNMENT OF QATAR Arbitrators: 1. J.R. Stevenson (President) 2. I. Brownlie 3. B. Cremades I: OVERVIEW * EPSA Ag reement entered into between Claimants (WINTERSHALL, A.G., INTERNATIONAL OCEAN RESOURCES, INC., VESA OEL A.G., DEUTSE SCHACHTBAU-und TIEFBOHRGESELLSCHAFT MBH, GULFSTREAM RESOURCES CANADA LTD.) and Respondents (The Government of Qatar) for Claimants to have the right to drill for and store commercially usable amounts of petroleum and natural gas in economic amounts in contracted area. * Claimants did not find crude oil for petroleum in suitable amount. * Due to boundary dispute.."
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Project Proposal For CNG, 2007.
A project proposal for finding a more cost effective supplier of compressed natural gas (CNG) tank inspections.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a project proposal for finding alternative suppliers of compressed natural gas (CNG) inspections for the Kingsgrove CNG powered fleet. The proposal explores the process for assuring that the new supplier is not only more cost effective, but that it will provide adequate services for the maintenance of safety standards and protocols.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Part 1: Project Proposal
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Concept
2.1 The Aim
2.2 Objectives
2.3 Stakeholder Mapping
Summary of Plan
Part 2: Project Plan
4.1 Information Gathering
4.2 Selecting A Solution
4.3 Assessment Criteria
4.4 Project Timetable
4.5 Resource Schedule
4.6 Risk Assessment
4.7 Implementation
4.8 Evaluation
5.0 Recommendations
From the Paper
"Kingsgrove was the first depot to adopt the use of alternative fuel in their buses. Currently, Kingsgrove has 104 buses powered by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The fuel tanks are owned by STA and must be certified as safe and fit for their intended purpose as part of an ongoing maintenance routine. When the project first began there was only one supplier to perform these inspection services. However, due to a recent price increase, Kingsgrove now wishes to explore alternative suppliers for services. The following proposal explores the process for assuring that the new supplier is not only more cost effective, but that they will provide adequate services for the maintenance of safety standards and protocols. As maintenance manager, it is my role to assure that this process is carried out in an efficient and effective manner."
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Project Management, 2007.
An analysis of the steps required to obtain an alternative testing provider for compressed natural gas tanks.
3,043 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This report stipulates the final report for the planned project entitled "Finding Alternative Suppliers Of Contract Certification Of CNG On Bus Fuel Tanks For The Kingsgrove CNG Powered Fleet". As such, the report delineates the exact steps planned to obtain an alternative service provider for the certification and safety testing of Kingsgrove's compressed natural gas (CNG) tanks.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Project: Aims and Objectives
Stakeholders
Problem Description
Safety
Cost
Solution
Information Gathering
Proposal Invitation
Assessment Criteria and Selection Process
Implementation
Resources and Risks
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Up until now, Kingsgrove's CNG testing and certification has been performed by Walkers Ausgas. These services have been satisfactory for the duration of the company's contract with Kingsgrove. The problem is however that Walkers Ausgas has recently announced a price increase, without which they would not be able to continue their service to Kingsgrove. If Kingsgrove were then to continue using this service from Ausgas, two problems would result: the first is that, to ensure continuing profits and business survival, Kingsgrove would need to substantially increase its service prices to customers; the second, and related to the first problem, is that this price increase would result in a loss of customers, possibly necessitating further price increases."
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The Petroleum Industry, 2004.
An in-depth analysis of the environmental hazards resulting as a consequence of crude oil or natural gas exploration, transportation, refining, and storage.
8,934 words (approx. 35.7 pages), 42 sources, MLA, $ 186.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the environmental hazards that result from the exploration, transportation, refining, and storage activities related to crude oil and refined products in countries all over the world. The paper provides a holistic view of the effects of the petroleum industry. It is important to note that, for the petroleum industry as a whole, geographical boundaries and limits are generally inconsequential.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
a. Evaluate the Topic
b. Analyze Scope and Purpose of the Project
c. Alternative Approaches to the Problem
d. Specific Tasks That Will Be Undertaken in This Study
e. Success and Monitoring Required to Access the Project Process
2. Data gathering and Analysis
a. Overview of the Issues of Environmental Protection
b. Petroleum Reserves and Extraction of Crude Oil
c. Refining of Crude Petroleum
d. Storage of Crude Oil and Finished Product
e. Transportation of Crude Oil and Finished Products
f. Used Oil
3. Discussion and Evaluation of the Study
a. Evaluation of the Information
b. Clean-Up of Spills and Contaminated Sites
4. Conclusion
5. Bibliography
From the Paper
"Petroleum products are probably the most commercially and domestically used form of energy source today. As a commodity of great strategic importance, petroleum has tremendous international bargaining leverage. Railroads and pipelines were built and developed to help transport the crude oil from the areas of production to the refineries. From electricity generation to transportation, petroleum products play crucial roles in today's social infrastructure. It is however important to note that the industry is not without its problems. One of the main issues in this industry is the increased environmental impact as a result of the various processes. The potential for the occurrence of extremely hazardous conditions from processes and stages such as the transportation of oil by marine vessels and the storage of large quantities of oil ishigh."
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Gas Prices, 2005.
This paper discusses the rising gas prices and its effect on the economy.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the strangest issues about gas prices is that, even though they are rising rapidly, the variance of how much gasoline costs per gallon on any given day across the country is fascinating. The author points out that many people believe that the reason gas prices have risen so high is that America basically is at war in the Middle East now; however, there are gas stations across the country that do not buy gasoline from the Middle East and instead purchase it from gasoline and oil suppliers within the United States and other countries. The paper stresses that gas prices are rising so rapidly because demand is coming from not only consumer transportation but also from almost everything, which is brought to the various grocers, supermarkets, department stores and other stores, which comes by truck at least for some part of its journey. This increased price of transportation will result in increased prices for every item in the transportation-based economy.
From the Paper
"Naturally, the reasons behind why gas prices are rising are important but how gas prices and their rise is affecting the economy is even more significant. There are several affects on the economy. First, those that are involved with the ownership of gasoline stations, oil refineries, and others that work closely with this type of product are seeing higher profits, but they also have to spend more money for the items that they need to create an end product for the purchaser of gasoline (Kirms, 2005). In other words, companies that buy oil from the Middle East and other suppliers are making money because the gas prices are so high. On the other hand, these same individuals must also pay more money than they used to pay to get the barrels of oil that they need to create gasoline. Many people think that the economy is being affected generally by gas companies and oil companies gouging the public to make huge profits. In reality, however, most of the gasoline companies and many of the oil companies are not actually making any more money, because it is all being spent to purchase what is needed to finally get the gasoline to the consumer."
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Industry Scan: Oil and Gas in Australia, 2005.
An environmental scanning report which examines the Australian oil and gas extraction industry.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The oil and gas extraction industry in Australia is comprised of firms that are primarily engaged in producing crude oil, natural gas or condensate and in treating these products on site to produce liquefied or purified forms of oil and gas. The paper presents an industry and environmental scan of oil and gas extraction in Australia. It includes graphs and tables.
Paper Outline:
Products of the Industry
Market Structure
Market Size and Sales
International Environment
Regulatory Environment
Demographics
Industry Problems
Industry Trends and Forecasts
Porter's 5 Forces Model Analysis
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to Richard A. Kerr, many economists foresee another half-century of cheap oil; however, a growing contingent of geologists warns that oil will begin to run out much sooner--perhaps in only 10 years or so. The optimists are characterized as mainly those who place their faith in new technology for finding and extracting oil and expect that production will meet rise in demand until about 50 years from now, a period deemed sufficient to identify and develop effective energy alternatives; however, the pessimists suggest that even taking into account the best efforts of the explorationists and the discovery of new fields in frontier areas such as the Caspian Sea sometime between 2010 and 2020, the production oil from wells around the world will peak at 80 million barrels per day, then begin a steady, inevitable decline (Kerr, 1998)."
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Oil Production and Gas Prices, 2006.
A detailed discussion on the the effects of oil production and gas prices on the United States Economy.
2,373 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a detailed overview on the price of light, sweet crude oil on NYMEX in 2005, noting its highs, lows and its relative cost to previous months and years. It continues to discuss the reasons for the price surges namely, the war in Iraq and hurricane Ivan. The paper highlights that the movement of gas and oil is similar to that of the business cycle. In conclusion, the author of the paper offers an opinion as to why the gas and oil hike will not cause a recession as in 1973.
From the Paper
"Drilling for crude oil generally moves with oil prices. A closer relationship is more evident prior to 1998. As OPEC pushed prices upward by restricting production in 1999, however, the relationship weakened. The overhang of excess capacity in OPEC created the possibility that oil prices might fall. The result was a muted and delayed response in oil drilling. Oil drilling did not pick up until growing demand pushed OPEC closer to full capacity. The story is similar today. Political uncertainty and OPEC production restraint have pushed world oil prices upward, although excess capacity is nearly 10 percent of world oil consumption at 6 million barrels per day. The overhang of capacity creates the possibility of a sharp oil price decline and adds considerable risk to future oil prices, which discourages exploration and development activities."
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Alternate Uses of Landfill Gas, 2004.
A discussion of alternative uses of landfill gas and how these alternative uses benefit the environment.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how formerly environmentally damaging methane gas from landfills is now being utilized for direct-use and gas-to-electric projects that not only benefit consumers but are actually responsible for improving the environment.
From the Paper
"Three decades ago the notion of landfills was a distasteful one to most people. Landfills emit natural gases that are a by-product of decomposition of organic waste. Landfill gas emissions give off a noxious odor for those living in close proximity to landfills and the release of gases from aerobic and anaerobic oxygen free processes were thought to be detrimental to the environment. Landfill gas (LFG) is primarily composed of carbon dioxide and methane. Because of this it is flammable and potentially explosive in..."
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Calpine vs. Pacific Gas & Electric, 2006.
A review and comparison of the Calpine independent power company and Pacific Gas and Electric.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Calpine Company, an independent power producer that was established in 2002, comparing it to the Pacific Gas and Electric company. The paper reviews these two companies from an organizational business perspective.
Contents:
Calpine
Pacific Gas and Electric
From the Paper
"In order to develop its business and manage the risk, the company has extended its activities, providing also commodity investment optimization, gas aggregation and arbitrage, logistics and settlement, risk management and energy management consulting. This creases the basis for more profit but also increases the costs related to the staff know how, to provide the appropriate infrastructure and all the cost incurred to the development of new projects (marketing plans, management administration, new logistics, etc). This may be a partially explanation of the overall increase in revenues of 4% (9.2 billion dollars) for the fiscal year 2005. To sustain that fragile figure of the revenue for the year 2005, it can be added that the energy market is a stable and a constant one, with a little increase of the market share during the time (the rate of the consumption is almost constant and it is not very easy to be influenced). "
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History of Massachusetts Board of Gas, 2006.
A study of the history of the Massachusetts Board of Gas and its influence on the nation's regulatory origins.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 67 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of the Massachusetts Board of Gas to the study of state utility regulatory history. The paper explains that nineteenth century Massachusetts very much served as an incubator for state regulatory expansion and that the formation of the Board marked the beginning of an important experimental period of regulation that likely impacted the design of future commissions in other states. Includes extensive bibliography for future research.
From the Paper
"In history books and political sciences studies, the Massachusetts Board of Gas has been wrongly cast aside as an irrelevant chapter in the nation's development of the modern commission apparatus. On the contrary, evidence suggests that people learned from the Massachusetts board and may have even used the board's works as a basis for similar commissions across the nation. The fact that Commissioner Forrest Edson Barker, in his biography, was said to have been sought out as a speaker by several state legislatures, means that other people - from different states - were aware of the regulatory experimentation occurring in Massachusetts."
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Gas Electric Hybrid Car, 2002.
An examination whether the proposal of a gas electric hybrid car has market potential.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
A major consideration for companies is market demand and market potential, where market demand is the total opportunity within an industry and market potential is the maximum amount of sales that can be reasonably expected within a market. The paper explains why both these figures are important to access the profit potential of a market and to decide whether entering a certain market is likely to be a success for the company. To illustrate the difference between the two figures and to show how they are calculated, market demand and market potential are calculated for the gas electric hybrid car in the United States.
From the Paper
"Total market potential is the maximum amount of sales that might be available to all the firms in an industry with the current environmental and marketing conditions (Kotler 2002, p. 131). Total market potential is equal to the number of buyers multiplied by the quantity purchased by an average buyer multiplied by the price of an average unit (Kotler 2002, p. 132). According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2002), there were 6,325,000 new passenger car sales in the United States in 2001. The total new passenger car sales were slightly higher in the previous four years, with a highest of 6,979,000 in 1999 and a lowest of 6,831,000 in 2000 (Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2002). Based on these figures, a figure of 6,500,000 is a reasonable estimate for yearly sales of new passenger cars. This figure includes all car types, both conventional combustion engines and gas electric hybrid cars. To determine the total market potential for gas electric hybrid cars, total car sales needs to be divided into combustion and hybrid engines."
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