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The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), 2005.
Examines the evolution of ESDP in view of the latest enlargement round.
26,000 words (approx. 104.0 pages), 183 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is one of the most important, yet also one of the most difficult geo-strategical elements of the European Union. Nevertheless, the ESDP has made some remarkable development jumps since the late Nineties. The paper shows that one of the reasons for this has been the Kosovo crisis, where the EU had to act as one to be able to intervene successfully. Another aspect has been the initiatives of France and Great Britain at the Saint Malo Summit. The paper shows that since then, the ESPD has made it through the Nice Contract and has been institutionalised into the EU Charter. The paper includes tables.
Table of Contents:
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction 6
2 The Theoretical and Historical Context
3 Towards a European Security Strategy
3.1 New Threats, New Challenges
3.1.1 The New Security Dilemma
3.1.2 European Geo-strategic Objectives
3.2 The ESS
4 Genesis and Evolution of the ESDP
4.1 A Tour through Europe: From Maastricht to Seville
4.2 Evolving Objectives of the ESDP
4.3 Missions to date
4.4 What Kind of Power is the EU?
5 Aspects of Power Distribution and International Relations
5.1 A Special Relationship: Partners Across the Atlantic
5.2 The ESDP and International Organisations
5.2.1 NATO
5.2.2 UN
5.2.3 OSCE
6 Enlargement and the Consequences
6.1 The Enlargement Process
6.2 A View from the East: the approach of eight New Members
towards ESDP
6.2.1 Estonia
6.2.2 Latvia
6.2.3 Lithuania
6.2.4 Poland
6.2.5 Czech Republic
6.2.6 Slovakia
6.2.7 Hungary
6.2.8 Slovenia
6.3 Implications for ESDP
7 Enlargement, ESDP and the Balance of Power:
7.1 ESDP: An Assessment
7.2 Intra-EU Aspects
7.2.1 Germany
7.2.2 United Kingdom
7.2.3 France
7.2.4 Italy
7.3 Extra-EU Aspects
8 Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
9 Bibliography
From the Paper
"The development of the ESDP has been seen by some as critical to the EU's international influence. If Europe integrated its security and defense efforts, it could not only defend itself but also export security to others. Others have viewed the ESDP as a threat to the EU's strengths as a civilian power. For the ESDP to develop in a manner that does not usurp Europe's civil power, there needs to be solid, sustained political and military dialogue at all levels-institutional, national, and personal-between ESDP/CFSP and NATO, and between individual national governments and parliaments, not least the U.S. Congress. A successful European Security and Defense Policy will change the European Union's position in the international realm relative to security, including restoration and/or maintenance of the economies of the region."
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NATO and European Security, 1991.
An examination of the U.S.-Western Europe organization in the context of Soviet threat and instability.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" Always keep a hold of Nurse
For fear of finding something worse.
-- Hilaire Belloc
In the euphoric period of late 1989 and early 1990, with the fall of the Berlin Wall, symbol of the Cold War, journalistic and popular hopes were raised that Europe's long era of Cold War tension might finally be at an end. It became both possible and popular to imagine a future peaceful, prosperous Europe in which a social-democratic or even capitalistic Soviet Union would be a constructive partner. In consequence, it was widely held that NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, had become a cold-war hold-over, an anachronism.
A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a certain sobriety has set in. The Soviet Union has continued, outwardly at any..."
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UN Security Council and NATO, 2004.
This paper examines the effectiveness of these two organizations in a changing world.
2,684 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by providing a background study of both organizations and their areas of functioning. It then examines the effectiveness of both organizations at solving conflicts and maintaining peace. The writer concludes with an assessment of which organization has a better chance of success in the future.
From the Paper
"The United Nations (UN) Security Council is the most powerful organization in the UN. The main mission of this organization is to maintain peace and security between nations?a duty that has been challenging over the years (NationMaster.com, 2003). While other organs of the UN only have the authority to make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council can make decisions that member governments are required to carry out under the United Nations Charter, the Constitution of the UN. The decisions of the UN Security Council are called UN Security Council Resolutions."
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The European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy, 2007.
An analysis of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defense Policy, since the Maastricht Treaty.
3,578 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the development of the European Union's (EU)Common Foreign and Security Policy and the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) since the Maastricht Treaty. It aims to determine how successful these institutional developments have been in addressing current security challenges. The paper also identifies how these processes are affecting the respective members of the EU and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Recent Trends and Events
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research showed that most observers did not expect the process to be seamless or trouble-free, but it would seem that the trends clearly indicate that the Europeanization process continues to move forward in inexorable ways, with the need for establishing a viable mechanism to provide for mutual defense representing one of the more compelling reasons in support of the process. While the nations of Europe have historically sought out such alliances for their mutual defense, the process has expanded in recent years to include many former adversaries that appeared to represent a step in the right direction for ensuring a prosperous future for all members of the EU. Alas, the war on terrorism is not going to be finished anytime soon and defense will likely remain at the forefront of the move toward a United States of Europe that reflects the mutual but diverse interests of its members."
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European Communities and the European Court of Justice, 1990.
This paper examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities: European cooperation in economics, national interests, law and integration of actions and policies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.
Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "
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The European Union and Russia, 2004.
A dissertation that examines the European Union's security policy towards Russia.
15,700 words (approx. 62.8 pages), 88 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the nature of the central issue: EU security policy towards Russia during the period 1992-2004 in the context of the European security issues during those years. It is symptomatic of the dynamics of this changing context that much of the existing literature tends to examine this issue not from the point of view of the EU, but rather via the prism of NATO-Russia relations. As a result, it will be one of the contentions of the present study that there is a ?literature gap? in the existing work on this area that, itself, perhaps reflects the Cold War biases, conscious and unconscious, that continue to influence academic studies in this field. Chapter Two analyzes the relevant theoretical approaches and seeks to establish a theoretical paradigm for use in this study. Two influential approaches to the study of international security relationships are examined: neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. Each of these theoretical approaches has recently undergone sustained criticism and redevelopment, and this chapter considers this process and its significance for studies, such as the present analysis. Finally, this chapter identifies the fundamental theoretical approach for this study to be liberal intergovernmentalism, deployed within a methodology of quantitative and qualitative research. Chapter Three consists of a review of related literature, subjected to comparative analysis and categorized on the basis of qualitative and quantitative sources. This chapter explores further the issue of the ?literature gap? in existing studies, identifying areas in which this dissertation seeks to extend and innovate approaches to the issue under study. Chapter Four is devoted to an analysis of relevant data and its relationship to the theoretical model established in Chapter Two. Chapter Five returns to the research questions and seeks to answer them on the basis of the analytical, theoretical, and comparative work outlined in the preceding chapters. The final section of the dissertation is a conclusion in which the findings of the study are summarized and their relationship to the theoretical models used considered. This also provides a basis for the validity of the theoretical model used to be assessed and for possible avenues of further research to be outlined.
Outline
Introduction
The Problem
The Theoretical Approach
Literature Review
Analysis
Answering the Research Questions
From the Paper
"The political and economic uncertainty in Russia during 1998-99, not surprisingly, had a deleterious effect on the implementation of the planned work programme and there was some disappointment on the EU side that more progress had not been made. At the second meeting of the Cooperation Council in May 1999 the official communiqu? was much more positive. In general, the PCA has had a major impact on the frequency and breadth of official contacts between the EU and Russia, and laid the basis for more effective cooperation on a wide range of policy areas."
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NATO, 1991.
This paper discussion of the origins and evolution of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), describes NATO as linchpin in US-European defense structure since 1949 and analyzes individual members, their goals and goals of the organization.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been a linchpin in the U.S.-European defense structure since its founding in 1949. The end of the Cold War has been hailed as a major shift in world political power and as evidence of a less dangerous international climate, and this has also called into question the need for the continuation of NATO, among other defense alliances. The founding of NATO was a major post-war accomplishment for the mutual defense of Europe and the North Atlantic region. Throughout its history, NATO has been almost as much a source of internal tension among members as it has been an effective defense tool. Yet, NATO is seen as perhaps the most successful defensive alliance in history and remains today the only truly functioning ... "
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Case Study: Non European Union (EU) or European Union, 2008.
Discusses the European Union (EU) and its individual markets as a potential target market for entry by a foreign enterprise as well as a non-member market.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This analysis examines the characteristics of two specific target countries for potential market entry by a foreign enterprise. The two countries examined are a non-EU member country which is Indonesia and an EU member state which is Spain. Additionally, the benefits and disadvantages of such countries vis-a-vis individual company acquisitions or joint venture targets are discussed.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Country Analysis
Overview
Target Country One--Indonesia
Cultural
Trading Blocs and Related Data
Major Currencies
Fund Repatriation and Exchange Rate Risks
Target Country Two--Spain
Cultural
Trading Blocs and Related Data
Major Currencies
Fund Repatriation and Exchange Rate Risks
European Union Membership Versus
Non-Membership
The EU Market Environment
Non-EU Market Disadvantages
Business and Commerce in EU Markets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most important regional trading blocs related to this project are ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Indonesia reported a trade surplus with Japan of $9,018m, $5,096m with the United States, and $1,958m with China as recently as 2000 which indicative a strong export economy (Indonesia, 2006). These and its other total exports formed the equivalent of $57.4b worth of exports in 2001. Its current account stands at $6,899m and balance on goods of $22,695 while its balance on services totals a deficit of -$10,380m . Regional barriers to trade are minimal."
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The Clinton Administration and NATO Expansion, 2001.
A look at the Clinton Administration's involvement with the NATO expansion.
2,155 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Clinton administration?s political, strategic and ideological motivations for supporting NATO expansion and whether the future of NATO will be as a collective defense pact or as a vehicle for democratic expansion.
From the paper:
"On March 16, 1999, the flags of the first three ex-communist countries to gain admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ? Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic ? were hoisted above NATO headquarters in Brussels, marking the final act in the first stage of NATO expansion. Fifty years after its creation, with former Warsaw Pact members joining what began as an anti-Soviet alliance, NATO?s original purpose of keeping ?the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down? seems to no longer apply. The Russians no longer possess the ability (and some would argue the desire) to realistically threaten European security. With growing assertiveness in European affairs, the Germans are not ?down,? but their increased role in politics, economics, and security of Europe does not inspire the panic it would have so soon after World War II when the alliance was formed."
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The Europeanization Process.
This paper is a research project which discusses the Europeanization of Europe through the European Union (EU).
15,550 words (approx. 62.2 pages), 41 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the concept of Europeanization by examining the geo-social framework in which this process is taking place, along several key dimensions, including labor, immigration and refugees; financial and securities and legal considerations. The author uses a methodology that includes an interpretive approach to the scholarly literature followed by an analysis of relevant statistical data, which are indicative of the key dimensions being investigated to identify past, current and future trends in the Europeanization process. The paper relates that the research clearly showed that, in sharp contrast to the United States being the "melting pot" of the world, the nations of Europe have historically been fiercely proud of their unique and distinct cultural and political heritages, making the transition to an integrated political and economic entity all the more problematic. Many charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Areas of European Harmonization
Labor, Immigration and Refugees
Finance and Securities
Advantage:
Disadvantages
Legal
Methodology
Data Analysis
Labor and Immigration
Finance and Securities
Legal
Synthesis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Although these are the same types of forces that have historically fueled societal growth around the world, the EU appears to be experiencing them in more profound and pervasive ways than have ever been experienced before. As a result, the integration of the European community has continued its rocky but relentless course throughout the last decade of the 20th century, including the creation of a European Union and a single currency in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, as well as the subsequent deepening of integration in the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty which extended the use of qualified majority voting and the delegation of powers to supranational institutions. However, a recurring preoccupation over such projects of European unification, both popularly and in academia, has been the issue of the grounds for furthering the concept of common sense of belonging in throughout the Europe Union today."
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The European Economic Community.
This paper discusses the history of the European Economic Community (EEC), organized in 1958, which predated the European Union (EU), organized in 1992, especially the positions of Germany and the U.K. (Britain).
2,125 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the European Economic Community (EEC) was established to lower custom barriers between European countries and to create greater political cohesion and ultimately an economic entity, which would increase Europe's power in the world market. The author points out that the major reasons Germany, which was more familiar with federalism, wanted the states of Europe to join together as a European federal state were: (1) The quicker the integration process, the shorter time period needed for Germany to overcome the loss of the war and the status of being the 'loser' of the war and (2) if a European union would control all members, then there would be less or even complete avoidance of discrimination towards Germany by other nations. The paper stresses that the major reasons Britain, on the other hand, did not want to be a part of a united Europe were: (1) They viewed unification as a European super-state being run by the Britain's oldest rivals French and German and (2) Britain, having had a stable democracy for many centuries and never having been subject to totalitarian rule, saw themselves as different and unlike any fellow European member.
From the Paper
"At the end of the Second World War, Europe was devastated and economically exhausted, and its most urgent need was to restore its economy. In this situation two great powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, uneasily confronted each other across Europe. Europe would be organized in such a way that war between Western European countries could not recur. There was an urgent need to construct war shattered economies that led the countries of Western Europe to begin working together. Finally, after long and complicated negotiations, the "Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) was signed in Rome on March 25, 1957 and came into affect in January, 1958." (Palmer and Lambert, 1968, 33). What this Treaty established was a European free trade eliminating all tariffs on trades between members of the EEC, which included Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, France, Luxembourg, and the Federal Republic of Germany."
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European Union, 2006.
A review of the European Union's communities and policies.
2,001 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a brief look at the various European Union's economic policies, such as the European Economic Community and the European Monetary Union. According to the paper, the EU has maintained the momentum of its internal economic integration agenda.
Outline:
Activities of the EEC
Structure Of European Union
European Council
European Commission
Functioning of the EEC
European Monetary Union
Common Market Policy
EURO - The New World Currency
The Current Scenario in the European Union
From the Paper
"Regional Development Policy: The objectives of the Regional Development Policy of the EEC is to promote balanced development of the member countries by reducing regional disparities and by developing rapidly the backward regions. To achieve this objective, the EEC provides financial assistance for the development of the backward regions of the member countries. The Financial assistance is provided through."
"European Investment Bank: EEC established this bank in 1958. It provides loans and guarantees the loans raised by the member countries for the development of the backward regions. It grants loans for modernization, conversion and development projects that are beyond the financial abilities of the member governments. It also provides loans for the projects in which member governments have common interest."
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The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), 2007.
This paper is an extensive literature review of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the European Union, especially with regard to the inclusion of Georgia.
15,620 words (approx. 62.5 pages), 45 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed to combat some of the European security issues that exist in Europe. Authorities believe that the ENP would enhance the European Union's ability to secure the region against terrorism and would help promote the economy and overall quality of life of the region. The author points out that originally the ENP applied to its direct neighbors: Algeria, Belarus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Later, however, it was extended to include the countries of the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) with whom the present candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, share either a maritime or land border. The paper concludes that by eradicating terrorists or criminal activities and by strengthening the political and justice systems in the country, the ENP will be helpful to Georgia. The paper includes many quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Study
Introduction
Background/ History
Theoretical Framework
European Integration Theory
Social Theory and International Negotiation Theory
Literature Review
Purpose of the EU
EU Pursues Two Main Types of Policies towards the Rest of the World
Economic Policies
Foreign and Security Policies through the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Defense Policy Cooperation
Enlargement
Development of ENP
ENP Framework: Objectives, Principles and Instrument
European Security Strategy as a Foundation of ENP
The European Neighborhood Policy
Trade and Competitiveness
Development
Strategic Relations, Political Dialogue and CFSP
EU-Georgia Relations
From Partnership to Neighborhood and beyond Neighborhood Policy
EU-Georgia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Analysis
Looking at the Neighborhood from Georgian Perspective
Why is ENP Important for EU and for Georgia?
The Military Sector
The Economic Sector
The Education Sector
The Environmental Sector
The Society Sector
The Political Sector
How Sectors are Synthesized
EU Interests towards Black Sea Region: Why Georgia Matters?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the commission's report these agreements permit the expansion of cooperation and economic amalgamation across a variety of domains. The effects of these agreements have not been realized at the current time. In any case, the ENP provides a foundation for improved cooperation in many distinct domains so that the EU and its partners can realize the full benefit of the structures that are in place (European Neighborhood Policy). To this end, the Action Plans will establish key priorities to be tackled in the years to come."
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NATO, 2007.
This paper explores the connection between NATO and The Marshall Plan and looks at how they affected the Cold War.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Marshall Plan played an instrumental role in the Cold War. The writer first describes NATO and the Marshall Plan. The writer notes that the research found that the Marshall Plan was developed in an effort to assist in the rebuilding of European nations following two World Wars. The research also found that NATO is an alliance that was created following the Marshall plan and that NATO was designed to ensure security and stability for the nations that are a part of the alliance. The writer concludes that the research indicates that the Marshall Plan and NATO created a strong alliance between the democratic superpowers led by the United States.
Outline:
Introduction
NATO and the Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan
The Connection between NATO and the Marshall Plan
NATO the Marshall Plan and how they affected the Cold War
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Marshall Plan was first brought to the attention of the world in 1947 through a speech presented at Harvard by Secretary of State George C. Marshall. The Marshall plan was formulated following World War II and the purpose of the plan was to assist Europe in rebuilding. According to the United States Department of State, the Marshall plan proposed that the United States give $20 billion to European Nations for relief. However, the monetary contribution was dependent upon the ability of European nations to work together to develop a plan concerning how the money was to be used."
"The Marshall marked the first time that Europe had to act as a unified economic unit. Initially the Marshall Plan offered aid to the Soviet Union and its allies; however, Stalin rejected the plan as a hoax and would not participate."
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US-European Security, 1994.
This paper discusses the US-European security relationship after the collapse of Soviet Eastern Europe: NATO, weaponry, Bosnia, Clinton policies and the role of Russia.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The United States and Europe are at a critical turning point in the definition of their security partnership. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, most Americans assumed that the existing security system could meet any challenges offered, especially since NATO had become the permanent diplomatic conference for the North Atlantic region. There are others, however, including Secretary of State Christopher, who want to replace NATO with a continent-wide security structure and to forge an economic partnership with Europe that transcends the European Community (EC).. Until recently, many European did not hold to that opinion. They believed that the ever-changing world situation demanded a new common European identity that went beyond its dependence upon the United States for security. However, the crisis in Yugoslavia has shaken both these beliefs."
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