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Nationalism in Middle East, 1999.
Overview of historical origins of nationalism, pan-Arabism, anti-colonial revolutions, role of Islam & oil, populism and reform.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
" RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND 19TH CENTURY TRENDS
This research paper explains how the emergence and spread of nationalisms, the revolutions of mid-century; the exploitation of oil and Islamic populism resulted from and accelerated trends that have been ongoing since the nineteenth century.
Emergence and Spread of Nationalisms
Nationalism has taken various forms in the Middle East, Islamic nationalism, an appeal to the unity of all Muslims, pan-Arabism, the common concerns of Arabs and country or national collectiveness. Appeals to all three types of nationalism developed in the 19th century. After the Ottoman Empire captured Cairo in 1517, it succeeded to the claims of the former Arab Caliphate to speak for all Muslims. It was, therefore, natural that 19th century Ottoman government reformers would appeal to.."
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Canada and the Middle East, 2006.
This paper explores Canada's contributions towards the struggles in the Middle East and the Middle East peace process.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Canada's involvement, past and present, in the conflicts in the Middle East relative to other nations. The paper details the numerous conflicts in the Middle East over the years. The paper explores the contributions of other nations towards the Middle East peace process and demonstrates how the contributions of Canada, unlike many other nations, are effective, but silent.
From the Paper
"Past and present, the Middle East has been in a constant state of chaos, involving nations worldwide. Progressing negatively with no major improvement, many third parties, alongside the Arab nations, have put forth constant efforts, despite many failures, in an attempt to restore the Middle East to its once peaceful state. The active contributions by many nations, including the United States of America, and the Soviet Union, have been witnessed and recognized worldwide. The contributions of Canada, unlike the many other nations, are effective, but silent."
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The Middle East, 2005.
This paper examines nationalism in the Middle East.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that nationalism in the Middle East is defined, understood and acted upon by Arabs in accordance with their own history and religious traditions. The author points out that Arab nationalism exhibits a uniquely Muslim character. The paper relates that nationalism has gained and lost adherents over time as different regional and international forces have influenced the Arab world.
From the Paper
"Nationalism has been an extremely significant force in the world for several centuries, especially in the West where it first emerged. But nationalism in the Middle East is defined, understood, and acted upon by Arabs in accordance with their own history and religious traditions. Subsequently, Arab nationalism exhibits a uniquely Muslim character, and has gained and lost adherents over time as different regional and international forces have influenced the Arab world. The latest incarnation of Arab nationalism emerged in the twentieth-century, especially after the Second World War, when European powers withdrew from the region, ending a long era of colonialism. Nationalist fervor soon swept across the Arab world, as Egyptians, Syrians, Jordanians, and other Arab peoples established sovereign governments."
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Conflict in the Middle East, 2005.
A discussion on why the Middle East can be considered a conflict area.
26,575 words (approx. 106.3 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
Over the last hundred years, the Middle East has been one of the most troubled regions in the world. This paper attempts to define the attributes for success in the modern world that the Arab community lacks such as freedom, knowledge and woman power and how these impact the current political situation.
Outline
Islam Causes Conflict in the Middle East
Islam Does Not Cause Conflict in the Middle East
The Arab-Israeli Dispute Causes Conflict in the Middle East
Israeli Leadership Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinian Leadership Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Lack of Democracy Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Oil Profits Cause Conflict in the Middle East
Water Scarcity Could Cause Conflict in the Middle East
From the Paper
"Sharon has spent years trying to erase the stain of the Lebanon War. Still, the legal defeat would seem to be the least of his troubles. After he won the premiership by promising to bring peace and security to Israel's citizens, Sharon has produced neither. The conflict with the Palestinians continues to escalate. The day of the court ruling, four Israelis died in Palestinian attacks; the following day, six soldiers died in a strike against an army roadblock. Sharon responded with a rare speech to the nation--in which he disappointed all expectations that he would announce a new policy direction. Among voters, confidence that he has a strategy is bleeding away. In one Israeli public-opinion poll, 29 percent of respondents said that Sharon had a clear plan, while 58 percent said he was simply reacting to events."
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Future Wars of the Middle East, 2006.
A research paper exploring the possibility of a future breakout of war in the Middle East and North Africa due to the scarcity of water throughout the region.
20,838 words (approx. 83.4 pages), 48 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This dissertation presents a case study of the possibility of future wars throughout the Middle East and North Africa due to water scarcity and limited water resources presently being experienced in that region. The paper starts by revealing the gravity of the situation by showing the present statistics surrounding the problem of water scarcity throughout the world. Thereafter, the paper highlights the importance of water in the national economy. From then on, the paper discusses the present situation of water scarcity in the Middle East by noting the present available resources of water in the Middle East. Lastly, the paper highlights the reason underlying possible future water wars in the Middle East and North Africa. The paper concludes by briefly analyzing the findings and assessing possible variables and alternative scenarios that might be adapted by the Middle East and North African states to avert war.
Table of Contents
Abstracts
Synopsis
Introduction
The Importance of the Availability of Water
Presently Available Water Resources in the Middle East
The Conflict in the Future
Hypothesis
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Findings
Geographic Location
Regional Tension, Disharmony and Centuries of Conflict
Vague International and National Laws
Population Explosion
Increase Demand and Decrease Supply
Pollution
Water Exploitation Methods
Economic Growth in the Middle East
Border Conflicts
The Domestic Situation and Regional Conflicts
Assessment of Expected Variables
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At present, as mentioned above, approximately 40% of the world's population is dealing with the scarcity of water. In fact, hundreds and thousands of humans travel all year long in search of water. They live their lives like nomads and remain in one place until they have utilized the water resources. While, this picture is very noticeable in the Middle East countries, more and more countries are joining the listing of such countries. Experts fear that if the present situation is not given the due attention, then by the middle of this century, almost 65% of the world's population will be confronting water scarcity and famine (Steve Lonergan, 1996). The gravity of the situation in the Middle East can be gauged from the fact that in the mid 1990's almost 8 countries from this region fell below the international standards of "absolute water scarcity," while many others had been on the brink of falling below the redline (Robert Engelman and Pamela LeRoy, 1993). This situation occurs when the yearly per capita fresh water accessibility of a nation drops below 500 cubic meters. These 8 countries in the Middle East faced inbuilt problems and difficulties of water scarcity that severely threatened the public healthcare structure, as well as, hindered the growth and development of the socio-economic system. To add to the difficulty, these regions have one of the highest population growth rates in the world. One does not have to be a rocket scientist to determine the fate of countries if their water resources come to a stand still while their population is rapidly growing at the rate of more than 3 percent (Ashok Swain, 1996)."
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Modern Middle East, 2007.
An analysis of the Middle East according to two books entitled "The Modern Middle East: A History", one written by James Gelvin and the other by Sun Allah Ibrahim.
1,059 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two books entitled "The Modern Middle East: A History," one written by James Gelvin and the other by Sun Allah Ibrahim. The paper discusses the differing views of the two authors on the same subject with Gelvin suggesting that the Middle East has remained tyrannical and economically stagnant, while Ibrahim suggests that Western ideology has penetrated the once supposedly pure nationalist governments of the Middle East.
From the Paper
"The young man's choice, that of a doctor who is famous for his works of global outreach and philanthropy, shows that the apparently noxious ideology of globalization has already penetrated even his consciousness. The reason the doctor is seen as evil in the book is because he is an international figure, and globalization is deemed to be harmful. The committee is afraid that if the young man selects this doctor, the regime's true ideology will be revealed, and the Westernized control of the Middle East will make itself known to the general population. The ideology of the supposed diversification of interests of modern economic life masks the real, controlling presence of the West that is manifest even on the Carter buses that run through the streets. This demonstrates that the nation is in the grips of a consumption ideology that only results the people consuming things against their own true nation's interests. Rather than Coca-Cola, Ibrahim suggests, better to drink in the ideology of true anti-capitalist nationalism."
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Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East", 2005.
This paper discuses Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East", a modern history of the Middle East from the perspective of the changing peasant and urban artisan classes and the emerging modern working-classes.
1,880 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East" begins in 1750, which marks the start of modern history for the Middle East because of (1) the rise of autonomous provincial regimes, (2) the expansion of agricultural production and (3) the intensification of links between several parts of the Ottoman Empire and the world capitalist market. The author points out that Beinin argues that industrial manufacturing was introduced to the Middle East as part of a drive to establish modern armies and extend the power of the states. The paper relates that Beinin considers the period after the collapse of global oil prices in 1985-86, when states became unable to provide previously established levels of services, thus creating an economic and moral vacuum, as the beginning of the political Islamic movements of establishing a popular base by offering social services, including education, health care and child care.
From the Paper
"During the era of Fordism-Keynesianism many Middle Eastern states pursued policies of populism, nationalist anti-imperialism, state-led economic development, and import-substitution industrialization. Some examples of this post-World War II trend he cites were Muhammad Mossadegh's nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951 and Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in 1956. State-led development and import-substitution industrialization were key components of the social policies advanced by Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir in Egypt, the Ba'th in Syria and Iraq and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from the 1950s to the 1970s. The political and economic programs of these authoritarian-populist regimes were designated "Arab nationalism" and "Arab socialism" respectively."
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Does the State Still Matter in the Middle East?, 2006.
An in-depth examination of the nature and reality of the state in the Middle East.
5,332 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether the state in the Middle East still exists at all given the that the power and sovereign structures of the Middle East are so complicated and varied. The paper attempts to address this topic by first providing a definition of the state and then by addressing how the issues of terrorism, power structures, and the fragmented nature of regional politics and religion, impact directly upon the nation state in a way that is unfamiliar in western political processes. The paper then examines the theoretical nature and physical beginnings of the nation state itself and shows how the Middle East state is failing to even meet the basic criteria of what is expected of a functioning sovereign entity. The paper further discusses how the position of the state is continually and systematically challenged and it is therefore unsurprising that the state is imperilled and its ability to act as the sole sovereign entity over a given territory and population is impaired. The paper concludes that the Middle East must find its own avenues to pursue in order to ensure that the accountable nation state becomes the sole object of political power.
From the Paper
"The Middle East represents probably the most complicated and disorientated collection of political power processes in the modern world. For centuries however this was not so, and the 'Muslim world' as it is so commonly and unhelpfully phrased showed advancements in science, engineering and military proficiency that dazzled its competitors. However, with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the unitary political system that had dominated the region for centuries disintegrated into boiling antagonisms between religious and ethnic groups that colonial domination was only relatively successful in subduing. It was the natural conclusion that as colonial power began to reduce in the face of vehement movements of regional self-determination, these ancient antagonisms would be given full reign. It is the pinnacle of this process that we see in action in the modern Middle East."
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Water in the Middle East, 2008.
This paper discusses the supply of water in the Middle East.
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the availability of potable water is a growing political, economic and humanitarian crisis facing many nations of the Middle East. The writer notes that the scarcity of water has become a political bargaining chip and source of conflict among many Middle East nations for years, and numerous threats could inflame this contentious issue. For example, the population of the Middle East is growing at a significant rate, which means less water is available per person, and some countries have not invested enough in water infrastructure. The writer maintains that for the region to have enough water to meet growing demand, it will have to focus on infrastructure development, equitable sharing, and new technologies, such as desalination. The writer concludes that while enormous challenges remain, nations that have launched bold water initiatives, such as the UAE with its aggressive deployment of desalination technology, have shown that successful outcomes can be achieved.
Outline:
Population, Access and Demand
Water Sharing Could Spark Conflict
Desalination Holds Hope
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Desalination may play a critical role in helping the Middle East contend with its growing water shortages. While fresh water may be in low supply in the Middle East, there is a great deal of oceanic salt water. Desalination uses a thorough filtration process called reverse osmosis to remove the salt from brackish water and turn it into potable water. Certain Middle East countries have been particularly aggressive about investing in desalination. As the chart below demonstrates, 70 percent of the water supply for the United Arab Emirates now comes from desalination. "
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The Modern Middle East, 2004.
This paper discusses the influence of the growth of terrorism in the Middle East.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that terrorism, in essence, has contributed tremendously to the demise of the Middle East region; even today, there seems to be no solution being offered by the United Nations nor the Middle Eastern nations themselves to somehow reach a consensus and work towards the betterment of this region as a whole. The paper stresses that there is another side to this story: Many believe that Muslims have used the West as an excuse for all their problems, and that all these terrorist activities are the result of the internal resentment by Muslims of the success of the West in all aspects of life, socially, politically, or economically. This author believes that, if one looks at the entire regions profile, it is the Israel-Palestinian conflict which is basically the most important connection between the past and present of terrorism in the Middle East and is the most dominating factor influencing modern Middle East today.
From the Paper
"Terrorist incidents have taken place throughout the Middle East for the past many years. The Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem dominated terrorist incidents in the Middle East have resulted in numerous deaths over the years. The radical Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) and the Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) have been responsible for many terrorist attacks, suicide bombings etc. Similarly, in Egypt, although terrorist incidents have been controlled, the al-Gama'at al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group or IG) has been responsible for many deaths especially those of tourists in Cairo. Even in Algeria, political violence and killings have been the usual norm. Car bombings, bombings at public places, unnecessary killings of civilians have been quite common in Algeria. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) was responsible for the kidnapping and killing of French monks. Many similar incidents have been seen in the Middle East over the past many years."
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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 2006.
Examines America's foreign policy in the Middle East since 1991.
2,764 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper critically assesses the impact of U.S. foreign policy on the Middle East since 1991. It explores how the post-Cold War global order affects Middle East politics and how the conflict in the Middle East affects the 'New World Order'.
Table of Contents:
Part I: Summary
Part II: Background to and Nature of American Policy in the Middle East since 1991
Part III: Impact of American Policy in the Middle East
Part IV: Conclusion.
From the Paper
"America's policy of coercive appropriation of the region's only major resource has had another parallel, though highly profound impact. In order to break free from what the countries of the region perceive as the American stranglehold over their resources, many countries have started cooperating with each other to exploit the oil-rich Caspian region. Based on the idea of excluding America from the pipeline grid, this brings several countries from even outside the periphery of the Middle East in close ties with each other. This could spell a total alteration of the geo-strategic dynamics of the region."
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American Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 2002.
A look at the history of the relationship between the Middle East and the Western World.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history of foreign policy in the Middle East. It goes into the vast differences between cultures of the Arab world and cultures of the rest of the world and compares them in a global environment. Terms, such as globalization, tribalism, and imperialism are discussed and used to compare relations between the Middle East and the Western world. The paper also goes into current trends in foreign policy toward the Middle East. It has become more manipulating than helpful. The people of the Middle East still suffer, despite the efforts of the United States. In fact, the United States government is more concerned with maintaining a balance of power between Middle Eastern nations than maintaining the integrity of human rights. This paper places all of this content into an organized display.
From the Paper
"The events that are occurring at this very time in the Middle East are grim. Every place one looks, there is a violation of human rights, someone being killed, a war going on, or a level of poverty exists that an American could not even comprehend. Throughout the beautiful landscapes, warlords and military dictators have taken over countries and the populations live in fear. In the news, Americans see huge crowds cheering when the US flag is burnt, and the president being hung. After September 11, 2001, American children could see Arab children on television cheering at the disaster. The roots of this Arab rage lead right back to American foreign policy in the region."
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Women in the Middle East, 2002.
A study into the status and lives of women living in the Middle East, as compared to those living in the West.
2,053 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the treatment of women in the West with the treatment of women from the Middle East. The writer states that while there are many different types of women in the Middle East, for the purposes of this essay, the analysis makes some generalizations of a religious axis upon which to base the study of the treatment of women in the Middle East. Namely, the treatment of Middle Eastern women following Islam, and those following Judaism, are compared with the women of the West.
From the Paper
"In the Islam tradition, the view of women is no different to the view held of men; they are both here on Earth, as God?s wishes, and their goal is to worship their God, do righteous works, and to avoid evil. If they follow these guidelines, as laid out in the Quran, they will both be judged equally and accordingly in the eyes of God. Indeed, special treatment is given to people who give birth to daughters, as the Quran says ?He who is involved in bringing up daughters, and accords benevolent treatment towards them, they will be protection for him against Hell-fire?. This, and other quotes like this from the Quran, show just how open Islam is to the idea of the preciousness and importance of women?s place in society."
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"Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East", 2006.
A review of the collection of biographies "Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East", edited by Edmund Burke III.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews "Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East," a collection of biographies of twenty-four Middle Eastern men and women, edited by Edmund Burket. The author of this paper asserts that the sheer number and variety of these biographies undermines current stereotypes about the Arab mindset and challenges elite-centered accounts of how the Middle East has changed in modern times. The paper explains that the book is organized chronologically, tracing the history of the Middle East through the biographies. The paper provides a synopsis of several of these biographies and looks for commonalities, even among the diversity of stories.
From the Paper
"Hibgo, an American truck driver, lived his life in Middle East and ended in United States. He started his challenging job of truck driving in iran by developing his own grop of drivers. The challenging nature of the truck driving profession in Iran during this formative period necessitated a truck driver's involvement in a guild. The guild served a variety of crucial needs through a network of shared information and credit based on mutual trust. In the 1930s Hagob became part of a guild consisting of Armenian and Assyrian members, who maintained their ties for decades. He and the others proudly wore their guild's insignia, a jeweler's handcrafted replica of the front portion of a transport vehicle."
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Europe and the Middle East, 2002.
Discusses the European Union?s policy towards the conflict in the Middle East.
1,206 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict has always been of major concern to Europe because of the importance of this festering issue and because of Europe?s proximity to the Middle East. Prior to 1973, the E.U. member countries had differing policies, with the Gaullist France displaying a pro-Arab bias and countries like Germany and Netherlands having very close relations with Israel. Since that time and especially since the Oslo accord of 1993, the European Union has tried to follow a unified and consistent policy with regard to the Middle East conflict. This paper reviews the background and general development of the policy, the problems that the policy has faced and its current status. The paper also includes a general assessment of the E.U.?s Middle East policy (its achievements and failures), as well as a comparison of the policy with that of the United States?.
From the Paper
"Although the US and the EU are both joint partners and promoters of the recently released ?Road Map? for peace in the Middle East, their recent policies on the Middle East have been perceived as being different. This is mainly because of the light in which ?terrorism? is viewed by the United States after 9/11. While the EU, as part of its policy, condemns the suicide bombings and terror attacks by the Palestinians on Israeli citizens, it also calls on Israel to stop its extra-judicial killings, to lift the closures and restrictions imposed on the Palestinian people, to freeze settlement activities, and to withdraw its military from the Palestinian areas. On the other hand, president Bush and his administration consider the Israeli actions as justified self-defense (pre-emptive strikes) and the US President calls Sharon ?a man of peace.?"
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