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National Environmental Policies in Australia, 2006.
A review of major national environmental policy-making institutions and policies in Australia.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how Australia is currently confronted with vital problems jeopardizing the condition of the environment and weakening its economic and social development. The paper reports how the important concerns are the conditions of the soil, water and the likely effect of changes in climatic conditions due to greenhouse gases.
From the Paper
"Yet another issue is that although Australia is the driest continent on this planet, it ranks fifth on the per capita consumption of water in the world. Per day average household consumption of water is estimated to be nearly 300 liters, which is double the worldwide average. Half of the domestic water usage is spent on watering of household gardens. The increased levels of water consumption due to rising populations and more water usage in homes is untenable, considering the reality that drawing out water from several catchments are reaching capacity levels. Even prior to the recent droughts, several catchment levels were at their unprecedented low as compared to their net potential. Whereas the water policy of 'pay as per use' has lessened or contained the demand of water since the bygone decade in majority of the principal capital cities, the argument goes on regarding the practicality of these policies on a more broad based manner. (Sustaining Australia sustainable development issues facing Australia to 2025)
In another effort to deal with the environmental problems, the Australian Government passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act during 1999 in a wide-ranging initiative to delineate the environmental task of the Commonwealth in keeping with its consciousness of the environmental problems which the nation is presently passing through, inclusive of the urban air quality and pollution problems. The law took a leap in attempting to harmonize National, State and Territory measures to safeguard the environment, giving Commonwealth leadership with due respect to State and Territory control. Nevertheless, environmental headway for Australia continues to be sluggish due to want of unambiguous leadership at the federal level. "
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Environmental Policy: The Australian Experience, 2003.
A look at several problem areas preventing the adoption or formulation of effective environmental policy in Australia.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
There are numerous constraining factors that burden the process of forming an effective environmental policy in Australia. This paper discusses how clashing values and ideas prevent the formulation and implementation of coherent environmental policy in Australia. It looks at how Australia's over-reliance on a resource-based economy, federalist framework and failing policy processes often converge to create conjecture in the environmental arena. The conclusion is a brief summary, which reflects that the conflict and ambiguity plaguing environmental policy in Australia is the direct result of a confusion of ideas.
From the Paper
"A quick review of environmental policy in Australia reveals the extent of confusion surrounding the issue, this confusion can be partially attributed to Australia's dependence on and sometimes exploitation of its natural resources to generate revenue (Eckersley, 1996:89). This utilitarian trend began with European settlement and originated from the developmentalist approach to land management (Walker, 1999:24-5). An approach that fails to recognise the value of nature beyond that which is appropriate for development such as mining, logging and other economically productive practices (Aplin, 1998:173). Developmentalism comes at an immense cost to the environment; large portions of Australia's woodlands and forests have already been destroyed in the relentless pursuit of economic growth. "
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Environmental Policies, 2006.
This paper looks at the shaping of environmental policy and environmental law.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that there can be little doubt that a host of factors determine a nation environmental policy, just as there can be no doubt that a host of factors determine a country environmental laws. With that in mind and at the risk of appearing simplistic, it may be said that environmental policy is the public posture a government takes on environmental issues as well as the way in which it materially addresses environmental concerns through the allocation of resources and or through the physical regulation of industries.
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Germany?s Environmental Policy after Reunification, 2004.
This paper is evaluates the integration and achievements of Germany?s environmental policy after reunification.
9,415 words (approx. 37.7 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, many years ago, the development of a systematic environmental policy began in Germany; but the reunification of the two German states (Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic), in 1990 created a great new challenge for German environmental policy because of the extensive environmental damage in the former GDR and because of the major economic crisis that started during this time. The author points out that the most remarkable result of increased environmental awareness was the development of an ?eco-industry,? a new manufacturing sector that develops pollution-control devices and other environmentally useful equipment. The paper concludes that the constantly changing world of politics requires innovative strategies to keep up with these changes; therefore, all available economic resources, environmental group leadership, and public environmental support, including the Green Party, should combine to overcome the obstacles created by potential economic and environmental tradeoffs.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
A Brief Review of Germany?s Environmental History
Integration of Systems and Policies
Energy and Environmental Policy
Environmental Programs and Initiatives
Methodology
Results of Study
Organizational Structure of Environmental Protection in Germany
The Environment
Germany?s Future
Economic and Political Options for Environmental Protection in Germany
Traditional Features of German Environmental Policy
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Regulations and government actions to protect nature and human beings against environmentally hazardous activities of commercial and industrial firms have a long history in Germany. Environmental protection is anchored in private and public law, including building, public health and sanitation, and police laws. The Water Rights Act and the Factories Act set the standard for many subsequent laws. The various regulations created to prevent offensive emissions from becoming a nuisance to health and property were systematized and concentrated for the first time in the Prussian Industrial Statute of 1845."
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Environmental Policies In Canada, 2007.
An examination of the failings of Canada's policies regarding vehicle air pollution.
3,525 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the kind of impact that globalization has on Canadian policies concerning air pollution. The paper specifically focuses on the policies concerning motor vehicle air pollution. The paper argues that Canada's tendency to follow the policy of the United States is likely to result in Canada having the same critical problem of vehicle emissions that the United States has witnessed.
Table of Contents:
Objective
The Argument Presented In This Work
Introduction
I. The United States And Canadian Environmental Policy
II. Problems With Canadian Policy Related To Carbon Emissions
III. Environmental Policy Review
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sustainable transportation in Canada is being overseen by the Metropolitan Transportation Agency, created by the province of Quebec in 1996 which is a provincial agency that coordinates the planning and funding of public transportation in the Montreal region. The agency receives revenue from a dedicated gasoline tax of 1.5 cents per litre collected within the region and a vehicle license surcharge of $30 per vehicle in the region." (Paraphrased) The province of Alberta approved the funding of transportation capital in Calgary and Edmonton in 1999 that provisions of the funding of 5 cents per liter of fuels taxes that are collected in those regions. It is stated that: "Calgary and Edmonton have integrated governance structures that allow them to plan and implement sustainable transportation policies on a comprehensive basis." (Ibid)"
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Placebo Environmental Policies, 2007.
This paper describes the use of placebo policies in the management of Canadian environmental issues.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that placebo policies in environmental management are used by some government entities to mislead the government on its anti-environment agenda. The author cites specifically the Harris government in Ontario, which imposes policies that seem to be for the environment but are not, and the Saskatchewan Environmental Society, which has a more effective history depending on implementation. The paper relates that placebo policy has the effect of manipulating public opinion on the issue, reducing public input and participation in the process of making policy, and rolling back earlier environmental initiatives.
From the Paper
"A number of placebo policies can be found in Ontario, such as the government's attempt at manipulating public opinion on the issue of urban smog. When a highly publicized smog patrol program was introduced, along with summer gasoline volatility limits to reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by 2 per cent, analysts found that overall VOC emissions were expected to rise by 10 per cent per decade as a result of other government policies that promote urban sprawl."
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European Environmental Policy, 2004.
Assesses the changes in European environmental policy since the 1970s and whether these changes have made the policy more effective.
2,756 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This essay assesses the changes European environmental policy making has undergone since the 1970s in respect of their effectiveness. First, it is shown how European environmental policy making has changed in terms of its scope and legalization on a European level. The paper then shows with what instruments European institutions have tackled environmental protection.
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Legalization
2.1. Treaty of Rome
2.2. Single European Act
2.3. Treaty on European Union
3. Instruments
3.1. Moral Suasion
3.2. Regulatory Instruments
3.3. Financial Instruments
3.4. Market Instruments
3.4.1. Eco-tax
3.4.2. Eco-labels
4. Conclusion
5. References
From the Paper
"In 1993 the Commission established the European Environment Agency (EEA) in Copenhagen, which succeeded the CORINE programme, an experimental data collection project, along with the European Environment Information and Observation Network. The EEA "is intended to provide the Community and the Member States with objective, reliable and comparable information at European level enabling them to take the requisite measures to protect the environment" (Dinan, 2000:171). As the EEA does not have an enforcement role of EU environmental legislation, it is hard to assess its direct impact on environmental protection."
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Oil Environmental Policy, 1990.
This paper examines the public environmental policy issues raised by the production or transportation and inevitable spillage of petroleum in American waters: Oil spills, private and government responses, polution, transportation problems, global oil sup
5,625 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 15 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This is a study of the public environmental policy issues raised by the production or transportation (and inevitable spillage) of petroleum in American waters: How that policy has been formed, why it has too often failed, and what can be done about it.
On a clear, calm predawn morning on Good Friday of 1989, the supertanker Exxon Valdez got underway from the Alyeska oil pipeline terminal at Valdez, Alaska. Its immense tanks were filled to the top with crude petroleum oil pumped through the Alaska Pipeline from the arctic North Slope. In command on the bridge was the ship's third mate; the captain was below in his cabin, working on some of the immense amount of paperwork, the proper completion of which was the principal means, under normal conditions, by which the Exxon Corporation would judge his ... "
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European Union Environmental Policy-Making, 2003.
An exploration of the the manner in which various domestic factors in the European Union member states can influence the Union's policy-making.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper shows, without discounting the force of global and European structure and mechanisms, how each member state?s position in environmental policy-making in the EU level is determined by its own national interests that are derived from its own domestic characteristics and conditions. It looks at how public opinion, economic structure, geographical conditions and political construction, all shape the state?s case-by-case position in the EU. It shows how ideally member states would rather have its own regulation adopted as the EU-wide legislation as that will entail no adjustment costs on its part. It also examines in the environmental sector how the need to maintain competitiveness, to regain internal market access, or simply to ensure the success of a quality-of-living protection programme drives member states even further in its effort to influence the resulting EU legislation.
From the Paper
"The European Union as known today originated from the need of West European countries for a regional arrangement to facilitate their economic development. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) created by the founding Treaties of the European Communities were created as functional agencies only in charge of the coordination of national, economic strategies in designated sectors, whether they will lead to a supranational body or not. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 did not include any articles that made specific reference to the creation of an environmental policy, which originally was thought to be potentially detrimental to the economic development."
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How Domestic Factors Influence EU Environmental Policy-Making, 2003.
This paper explores the ways in which various domestic factors in the EU member states can influence the Union's policy-making.
3,429 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The paper uses research to analyze the different ways in which environmental policy-making in the EU has been influenced by domestic factors in the member states. The writer finds that public awareness in the 1970s and the success of the Greens in some countries affected the EU. The paper cites case studies of Germany, Denmark, the UK and Spain.
From the Paper
"The European Union as known today originated from the need of West European countries for a regional arrangement to facilitate their economic development. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) created by the founding Treaties of the European Communities were created as functional agencies only in charge of the coordination of national, economic strategies in designated sectors, whether they will lead to a supranational body or not. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 did not include any articles that made specific reference to the creation of an environmental policy, which originally was thought to be potentially detrimental to the economic development."
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Renewable Energy & Environmental Policy, 2005.
A review of renewable energy and federal and state government tax credits being offered to businesses and consumers who purchase and install renewable energy systems.
3,554 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper defines renewable energy, reviews the need for renewable energy and discusses the benefits of renewable energy use. The paper further discusses the tax credits that are currently being offered for the purchase and installation of renewable energy systems. The paper then analyzes the effectiveness of this tax credit policy.
From the Paper
"There are many origins of renewable energy. Renewable energy can be derived from wind energy, water power, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass as in liquid biofuel, biogas and solid biomass. Because of the large number of sources for renewable energy, the United States could be self sufficient in harvesting this form of energy which is one of the bonuses it offers. This is one of the reasons the federal government is now offering tax incentives for renewable energy systems. "One of the major goals of this policy is to reduce our dependence on imported oil and OPEC's influence on free market prices by utilizing more of our own domestic energy resources, including renewables" (News, p. 1). "
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Environmental Policy and Carbon Monoxide, 1999.
Position paper on the need for government, corporative and global cooperation to reduce pollution.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 29 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
Position paper on the need for government, corporative and global cooperation to reduce pollution. Includes costs, goals, law, politics, leadership, business ethics and example (U.S and Mexico
From the Paper
"ENVIRONMENTAL POSITION PAPER: REDUCTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS
Problem Description
A major environmental concern in the contemporary period is global warming. Conservative governments continually attempt to either deny the reality or global warming or to deny that human actions are the cause of the phenomenon if it is occurring. Until mid-1995, governments could always find some credible scientists to support their positions. The release of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in September 1995; however, stripped governments of this security blanket, as findings were published linking human economic activity to the phenomenon of global warming (Stevens, 1995). Regulation of the production of chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), a major cause of global warming, has been woefully ineffective ..."
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Environmental Policy Formulation, 1994.
A look at the protection of public health from pollution, legislation, politics and economics including scientific knowledge, regulation, values, carcinogens, control of industry and chlorine.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 21 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"Phasing-Out Chlorine: An Environmental Policy Examination
Introduction
From Love Canal to Columbia Beach to "Agent Orange" to the "ozone hole" to a myriad of other phenomena, the detrimental impacts on human health and environmental safety of chlorine byproducts gradually raised public awareness of the dangers associated with the industrial use of chlorine (Daniel, Reddy, Stober, and Olson, 1991, pp. 665-670; Daniel, Olson, and Stober, 1991, pp. 32-39). As public awareness of the hazards associated with the use of chlorine and chlorine byproducts has risen, so too have pressures for the..."
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Kenya's Environmental Policy, 1995.
Discusses conservation, natural resources, wildlife, safari tourism and water.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The nations of Africa face growing problems in conservation and the protection of the environment, with the particular problem of balancing the desire and need for economic development with the often opposing need for conservation of animal populations and habitats. Competing interests bring into conflict such differing interests as wildlife preservation, agricultural and other land uses, and tourism, the latter a very important element in the economic structure of these nations. Kenya is one case where determined efforts to protect the wildlife and wildlife habitats of the region have encountered difficulties because of other interests which see a need for less conservation and more development of one kind or another.
Kenya has a lengthy history of attempting to protect certain resources. The forest resources of the nation are found ..."
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Social Policy in Australia, 2007.
This paper analyzes the efficiency of the current delivery of social policy in Australia.
3,249 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a brief discussion of the definition of social policy and then traces the history of the development of welfare policy in Australia. To analyse how efficiently the current delivery of social policy achieves its goal, the paper focuses on the two key welfare policy areas of education and employment. The paper argues that in these key policy areas, the delivery of social policy does not completely fulfil its social goals and aims. The paper contends that social policy is shaped by changing needs and values, thus the delivery of welfare must reflect these changes to ensure efficient and effective social policy.
From the Paper
"In its common form as it is most often applied, 'social policy' has connotations of equality through the provision of welfare and the redistribution of resources (Graycar & Jamrozik 1993, p. 54). This definition is further extended by McClelland (2006a, p. 7), who adds that social policy involves debates about values, and assumptions of the behaviour of members of a society. The scope of social policy is broad, in that there are a wide-range of factors which influence it. This can include factors such as economic, political, and historical contexts (Jones 1996, p. 30; McClelland 2006a, p. 18). Economic policy, for example, often determines the resource allocation aspects of social welfare policy (Smyth 1994, p. 39). Given this broad scope of social policy, social welfare should be viewed not in isolation, but as part of the broader contexts of a society. This is an important point to consider, as this often affects the aims of a social policy goal, and also the effectiveness of social policy as an instrument."
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