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Mutualism and Exploitation in Plant-Pollinator Relationships, 2002.
This paper examines cheating in plant-pollinator mutualisms.
3,790 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the ecological dynamics and game theory behind mutualisms and cheaters focusing on plant-pollinator relationships.
Table of Contents
Reciprocal Exploitation
Defensive Strategies: fruit abortion and selective maturation
Offensive Strategies: cheating insects
To cheat or not to cheat?
Evolutionary Consequences of Cheating
References
From the Paper
"Although mutualisms have often been heralded as mutually beneficial relationships that exist for the good of all those involved, they are often not as good-natured as people would think (Soberon & Martinez del Rio 1985). Perhaps Darwin knew best when he claimed that ?Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in any one species exclusively for the good of another species; though throughout nature one species incessantly takes advantage of, and profits by, the structures of another? (1859). Upon close inspection of the many mutualisms that pervade the global ecology, it becomes clear that there is a strong incentive for exploitation, either by one of the partners in the mutualism or by a third party species. Because of the conflict of interest that often exists between members of a mutualism, certain tendencies to ?cheat? have evolved. By escaping the costs that go hand in hand with mutualisms, these cheaters are able to reap the benefits of the mutualistic relationship without having to provide any services or resources in return. Far from one partner acting altruistically toward the other, members in mutualisms are actually pursuing their own agendas, often carrying out self-beneficial actions as far as the other partner will allow. "
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Using Plants to Fertilize Plants, 2001.
A look at alternatives to chemical fertilizers.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed and illustrated paper on using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers on plants. Results of experiments concerning this topic are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"Organic fertilizers can provide enough nutrients to plants, that is the reason why the plants can grow well. Also the organic fertilizers can change the structure of soil and create a good drainage system, and well-ventilated environment which can be a better place for microorganisms to survive. The organic fertilizers contribute a lot to the growth of plants, but they still have some disadvantages. If one adds too much organic fertilizers, the plants will die because the concentration of organic fertilizers is very high."
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Causes and Consequences of Pollinator Decline, 2005.
A discussion about the importance of pollination services and the causes, consequences and possible counter-measures of pollinator decline.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
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Exploitation, 2002.
A discussion of Karl Marx's theory of capatalist exploitation.
1,169 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to introduce Karl Marx's view of capitalist exploitation, which states that the bourgeoisie is the ruling class in capitalist society, which owns the means of production, while the proletariat is the working class, whose sole commodity is his labor power. It examines the issue of how division of labor further increases the exploitation of the worker and how the exploitation of the worker is not confined simply to the bourgeois capitalist who employs him, but also to all the other capitalists who form the society around the proletarian worker.
From the Paper
"In order to keep the worker subjugated, the bourgeois capitalist only provides the laborer with the basic requirements for continued existence. In evidence of this, Marx claims, ?The costs occasioned by the worker are limited almost entirely to the subsistence which he requires for his maintenance and reproduction of his race. The price of a commodity, and therefore of labor, is equal to its costs of production.? By giving the worker the minimum one can possible allow him, only barely allowing enough for the necessities, the proletarian can never acquire any property of his own, and thus never has any hopes of gaining the means of production for himself."
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Theory of Exploitation, 2004.
A description of Karl Marx's evolving theory of exploitation.
2,618 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
Karl Marx saw all of world history and economics as a being driven by various forms of class exploitation, in sometimes better and sometimes worse contexts. This paper shows that if one were to compare Marx?s ?Alienated Labor? and "Capital", for example, one would see a definite change in his perspective on the way in which capitalism works upon the laboring class. However, one central idea remains relatively consistent through his writings -- a firm belief in the capitalist?s exploitation of the working class stemming from the inherent inequality between the worker?s wage and the selling price of his product, which became the profit of the capitalist.
From the Paper
"To some degree the compatibility between Marx?s earlier assertions and his later claims is evident if one examines the modern global situation. In developed countries, where the standard of living has progressed, workers are being sustained as a class from the profits of capitalists, and granted their basic needs in most (though certainly not all) cases, though at least in America the minimum wage required by law is still below the living wage in many sectors of the country. These working class individuals are both workers and consumers, and their need to consume is such that it is able to sustain and fuel capitalism?s need to produce. At the same time, much of the profit accrued by major capitalists is not being gained in America where workers are sufficiently paid to purchase many products, but is rather being produced overseas where wages are significantly lower."
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Exploitation Films, 2003.
This paper discusses the various types of exploitation films and why they offend so many people and yet appeal to so many others.
2,274 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the term exploitation film comes from the practice of exploitation, advertising or promotional techniques and looks at how these types of films are not cast with big stars and therefore need controversial issues to gain attention. Topics covered include sex hygiene films, censorship, drug and vice films.
From the Paper
"Exotic films became known as pseudo-ethnographic. They would depict scenes from everyday life and rituals of other cultures. Karl G. Heider defined ethnography as "a way of making a detailed description and analysis of human behavior based on long-term observational study on the spot" (Schaefer 266). One early ethnographic film was Nanook of the North. This film helped lay the foundation for the exotic exploitation film. The film that started exotic exploitation was Ingagi, which is often classified as a horror film. Ingagi is about the exploration of the Congo to investigate reports of a gorilla-worshipping tribe (imdb.com)."
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The Sexual Exploitation of Men, Women and Children in Advertising, 2002.
A demonstration of some of the ways that men, women and children are exploited sexually through print and media advertising.
3,018 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper tries to explore the exploitation of sex in advertising and is broken down into sections involving, men, women and children. It defines what exploitation is and tries to determine the limits of what advertisers can use before it becomes pornography. It looks at how the exploitation of sex and women in advertising has been going on as as early as the mid 1400s in wood carved signs on store fronts and how the exploitation of men as ?beefcakes? has been more recent. It discusses how the biggest criticisms are the exploitations of prepubescent children in advertising. Picture examples of different advertisements are included.
Outline
Thesis
The Basics
Nudity
Prevalent Through the 90s
Changing Attitudes Towards Women
Conclusion
Figures
References
From the Paper
"Voices, whether male or female are chosen to convey a specific message to an intended market. The when choosing a orator, a determination needs to be made initially whether the ad is being portrayed as coming from an announcer or a spokesperson. A spokesperson must portray the part of an actual user of the good or service, where, as the announcer must have an authoritative intonation. Announcers are primarily men, because of the deeper voices that exude authority. Although one study (Frieden 1984) showed that there was not a significant difference in the effect of having a male or female voice, rather that men are usually chosen as announcers more out of habit than necessity. Many times advertisers and companies will use celebrity voice-overs or celebrity spokespersons in commercials because of the recognition of their voices without having to see the person. The best example of this is James Earl Jones (AT&T) or William Shattner (Priceline.com). Both of these men have very distinct and recognizable voices that demand high salaries for this type of work. "
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Child Exploitation, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of child exploitation and abuse.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper defines child exploitation as any active mistreatment or intentional neglect of a child that results in harm or injury and which cannot be reasonably explained as inadvertent. The paper maintains that more needs to be done by governments, law enforcement agencies, social workers and the general public if child exploitation is to be reduced and ultimately eliminated.
From the Paper
"Child exploitation is a form of abuse generally defined as any active mistreatment or intentional neglect of a child that results in harm or injury, and which cannot be reasonably explained as inadvertent. Child exploitation primarily involves overt abuse such as physical harm or maltreatment related to sexual abuse or labor exploitation, and inevitably inflicts severe emotional and psychological damage, as well as physical suffering."
"Drew Oosterbaan, the head of the United States Justice Department's Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, warns "that children are in more danger than ever before from child exploitation. We see child pornography escalating, not just in terms of numbers, not just in the amount or frequency of distribution of child pornography we see, but most especially in the nature of the child pornography we see," (Bansal) which is increasingly featuring pornographic Internet images of children being violently raped and abused."
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Exploitation of Woman Workers, 2005.
This paper offers a feminist study that discusses the exploitation of woman workers during the British industrial revolution.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer shows that the exploitation of women in the industrial revolution of England was forced through social, economic, and labor force conditions that lent women a second-class status. The writer points out that by examining the role of government and industry to limit the vocations and skills women could obtain, they ended up at the bottom of the low wage scale. Further, the writer discusses that by enacting moral laws and regulations that gave rights only to a women that was married, many other women were left homeless and without a means to live.
From the Paper
"The aim of this feminist study is to examine the nature of the exploited woman worker, which was part of the employment drive of the British industrial revolution. By examining the working conditions and the mounting poverty in British society in this period, one can realize that women were victims of exploitation by managers and other industrial administration. Through these means, the lack of rights for women within British society forged low wages and inhumane treatment of woman due to their second-class citizenship under British governmental policy."
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Globalization and Exploitation in the Name of Free Trade, 2008.
This paper presents the argument that globalization is exploitation in the
name of free trade.
3,072 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
By examining information pertaining to recent economic history and policies, this paper analyzes economic globalization and the dangers of exploitation it imposes . The paper illustrates how the increasing acceleration and intensity of economic globalization in recent years has already inflicted destructive economic, political, social and cultural consequences upon millions of people around the world. The paper argues that the ultimate result of globalization will be an entrenched global economy that further empowers and enriches the interconnected economic and political establishment in every country and further impoverishes the powerless and the poor.
From the Paper
"The ongoing pattern of economic globalization first emerged in the early 1970s, although its origins lie in the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 and the immediate post-World War II era. For more than two decades, roughly between 1945 and 1970, the combined effects of a global marketplace and the welfare state produced a golden economic era for people in almost every socioeconomic bracket in North America and Western Europe. (IMF)
"For awhile, income inequality declined and most people saw their standards of living improve as a consequence of economic growth, moderately progressive income taxes, and the expansion of income transfer programs. People living in the United States and Western Europe benefited the most from prevailing economic and trade policies, but even in the developing world, poverty and unemployment declined in the early years of globalization."
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Jacobs, Rowson and the Sexual Exploitation of Women, 2002.
Discusses the sexual exploitation of women in Harriet Jacobs' "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" and Susanna Rowson's "Charlotte Temple".
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Harriet Jacobs' narrative in "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" and Susanna Rowson's "Charlotte Temple" both reveal, in very different ways, how patriarchy sets the foundation for the sexual exploitation of women. In essence, both works reveal how the social construction of sexual values is perpetrated by men to the disadvantage of women.
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Riba and Marx's Exploitation, 2008.
The paper examines the Islamic concept of riba and Marx's famous premise about the working class' exploitation by capitalist elites.
2,349 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the similarity between the idea of riba in Islamic law and Marx's belief that the working class is exploited by capitalist elites. The paper examines how Islamic banks inspired by Islamic law and theology differ substantively and procedurally from western banks. The paper looks at the merits of Islamic law and Marxism vis-a-vis their shared concern for less-fortunate individuals. The paper concludes that both schools of thought are exceptional at articulating the needs of poor and struggling persons, but that the Islamic school of thought appears to be the more prudent and practical.
From the Paper
"To begin with, experts who study the Koran are generally agreed that the abolition of riba (interest) is an essential injunction of Islam. Specifically, Islamic orthodoxy holds that riba is the exploitation of the poor by the wealthy; it is, in short, an undue charge and an instance of income re-distribution, with those who need the money least siphoning it away from those who need it most. Proceeding onward, the Islamic revulsion towards interest or riba appears to lead to another innovation of Islamic economic practice: the adoption of profit-sharing in lieu of interest-bearing transactions."
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NAFTA: Economic Exploitation, 2008.
An argument that the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) enables economic exploitation through its free trade policies.
1,232 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the controversy over whether NAFTA has had a negative economic impact on Canada, the United States and Mexico. The paper examines the position of those who support this agreement but argues in favor of critics that have blamed NAFTA for job losses, domestic industrial production declines, agriculture market instability and numerous related economic problems such as the outflow of professionals from Canada and Mexico to the United States. The paper strongly believes that NAFTA has had a negative impact on most North Americans and has benefited only the wealthy and the business elite.
From the Paper
"The past thirteen years have demonstrated that the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement has generated endless debate over whether NAFTA has had a negative impact on Canada, the United States, and Mexico in terms of jobs, the environment, industry, agriculture, and investments. Many critics justifiably blame NAFTA for this wide range of interrelated problems across North America, for it has inflicted economic, political, social, and cultural harm throughout the entire continent since its passage in 1994."
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Sandra Lee Bartky's "Emotional Exploitation", 2006.
A review and critique of Sandra Lee Bartky's article about male-female relationships, "Emotional Exploitations".
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Sandra Lee Bartky's opinions on the male-female relationship, as put forth in her article "Emotional Exploitations", puts the idea of gender equality back several generations. The paper accuses Bartky of skewing the whole male-female relationship and of taking women back to the time when marriage vows still included the words "love, honor and obey".
From the Paper
"Feminism in recent years has destroyed the myth of the female as the weaker sex. Bartky turns the clock back. When she begins her article with the question "What does a man want?" One is drawn into her theory that man is exploitative and some women are either willing to accept it or driven to emotional despair when they cannot match the male's demands. Man, as Bartky opens with a quote from Sulamish Firestone, is parasitical. So, we are to assume that the male animal" feasts on the weaknesses, the needs and desires of the woman."
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Exploitation of Employees, 2002.
Argues against the idea that HR managers are out to exploit workers.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the statement that 'The ultimate goal of human resources management is to exploit employees in order to achieve economic gain.' It will argue that this is an inaccurate and needlessly adversarial perspective.
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