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Multiculturalism in Canada and Same-Sex Relationships, 2002.
Canada's position on Gay & Lesbian Rights as an example of multiculturalism policy.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
Canada's policies on Gay and Lesbian rights are direct examples of canada's cultural policies, which fit in under the greater heading of multiculturalism. The paper discusses the history of multiculturalism policy, the history of gay and lesbian rights in Canada, and concludes by stating what Canada's policies say about the role of the state in Canada.
From the Paper
"Multicultural policy issues concerning French-English relations and Aboriginal policy have continued to make the political agenda since the introduction of multicultural policy in Canada. There have been issues of Quebec separatism and Aboriginal groups continue to launch land claims and fight for self-government. However, for the purposes of this paper, a more recent and current multiculturalism policy will be discussed. Sexual orientation policy, and more specifically, same-sex marriage policy, is a topic on the current Government?s political agenda (Brooks, 1998). The issue is a matter of whether or not same-sex couples should be allowed to enter into legally recognized marriages, and more broadly, what the government?s role in marriage should be. The topic has been brought to the political agenda through a number of methods, including pressure from interested lobby groups, international policies of western European countries, and most importantly, rulings of the Canadian judiciary. Recent court rulings have essentially forced the Federal government to examine the issue of same-sex marriage. In 1998, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M.v.H. that the Ontario Family Law Act?s definition of spouse was in violation of s.15 of the Charter by not including same-sex partners. The Court changed the definition of spouse in the Ontario FLA to include same-sex partners and urged governments across the nation to update all legislation concerning the definition of ?spouse? in order to avoid litigation and similar rulings (Sanders, 1994). As a result of the Supreme Court?s ruling, the Government introduced Bill C-23, the Modernization of Benefits and Obligations Bill that changed the definition of spouse to include same-sex common law partners. In July of 2002, the Ontario Superior court ruled in ?the Banns? case that the restriction of marriage to heterosexual couples was in violation of the Charter and declared 2 same-sex marriages performed at Toronto?s MCC to be legal. The Ontario government passed on appealing the decision stating that marriage fell under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government and therefore, only the federal government could decide who can marry. The Federal Government requested a delay in submitting an appeal on the case in order to examine the issue further. In November of 2002, the Justice Minister submitted a discussion paper on the issue of Marriage and the legal recognition of same-sex unions, in which he outlined four possible solutions that the government could take on the issue."
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Multiculturalism in Canada, 2007.
An analysis of the value of the government's multicultural policy in Canada.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the complexity of negotiating cultural differences in Canada in the context of multiculturalism. It outlines the origins of the government's multiculturalism policy and discusses the criticism of the policy in practice. The paper argues that while the policy has undeniably been of value in supporting a multi-ethnic society in Canada, it has also often served to accentuate cultural differences rather than provide a mechanism for bridging these difference.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Beginnings of Multiculturalism
Negotiating Difference: Multiculturalism's Discontents
From the Paper
"In this analysis, it is clear that multiculturalism has been flawed both conceptually and in its practical implementation. This being said, however, the question of its ultimate effectiveness must be decided in its favour. As even its critics have noted, official multiculturalism policies actually costs the Canadian government only about $30 million a year; a cost that is far outweighed by its benefits for the Canadian body politic (Bissoondath 1994). The reality in Canada today is that while racism and prejudice remain concerns, Canada has never developed the ghettoes nor the apparently intractable racism that seems to be a constant of United States society. Instead, while Canadians do not always communicate well across cultural/racial boundaries, the toxicity and hatreds that may be encountered in other societies do not seem to be relevant here (Fleras 1992). As a result, it must be concluded that while multiculturalism is not perfect, it has yielded considerable benefits in easing tensions and promoting some degree of understanding in our complex, multi-ethnic society."
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Views on Multiculturalism in Canada, 2007.
Discusses two different articles on diversity: "The Myth of Canadian Diversity" by Sarah Norton and Brian Green and "Marginalization" from Neil Bissoondath's book 'Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism'.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the idea of diversity within Canada is a hot topic issue, which has been highly criticized and advocated. The writer notes that the articles "The Myth of Canadian Diversity" and "Marginalization" both show two different viewpoints on multiculturalism in Canada and express them using two different styles of argument. The writer explains that "The Myth of Canadian Diversity" argues that the diversity people believe exists in Canada, caused by the large immigrant population arriving in Canada every year, is actually untrue because immigrants assimilate very quickly, creating a homogeneous Canadian society. The paper then discusses Neil Bissoondath work, which argues that Canada's multiculturalism policy actually leads to the alienation of different cultures. The writer maintains that both of these viewpoints also display different styles in presenting and validating an argument.
From the Paper
"The article The Myth of Canadian Diversity discusses the myths that Canadians hold about their country. Canadians believe that Canada is a young country, that Canada has a small population and therefore is small economically, and that the diversity in Canada makes the country difficult to govern. The argument made by the author is that although Canada does have many diverse people coming into the country they quickly assimilate. The arguments made are heavily supported by facts and expert opinion, in this way the argument appeals to the reader's common sense. The two Canadian myths regarding the age of the country and the small population creating a small economy are disputed by the fact that most countries came into existence after Canada, have smaller populations, and are actually economically weaker then Canada, which ranks seventh in the world."
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Multiculturalism and Citizenship in Canada, 2002.
How the issue of multiculturalism is tied in to the issue of citizenship in Canada.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of multiculturalism and citizenship, based on the Canadian situation, and is based on the following article: Jones, B.M. (2000). Multiculturalism and Citizenship: The Status of 'Visible Minorities' in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies. 32(1).
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Multiculturalism in Canada, 2008.
This paper argues against multiculturalism as the Canadian official policy.
2,655 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how multiculturalism can cause more divisiveness than unity. The paper examines myths of multiculturalism and explains how it exaggerates differences between groups, as opposed to promoting a sense of shared humanity. The paper looks at multiculturalism as a low political development to promise ongoing distinction and isolation, as opposed to fostering efforts to adapt, learn and become Canadian.
Outline:
Introduction
Multiculturalism as Presented
Where Do the 'Non-Ethnic' Fit In?
Myths of Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism and the Ease of Life for 'Whites'
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Supporters of official multiculturalism suggest that it is a mandatory requirement for all advanced democracies in the 21st century. (Kymlicka:1995) If one views the model of globalization and high mobility, multiethnic and multiracial communities forming across the world, one believes that multiculturalism's regard for difference will allow this interaction to be harmonious. However, detractors refer to a 'mosaic madness' that cannot possibly achieve the ideal wanted and also point to questionable points attached to Multiculturalism of which some supporters may be less aware. (See Bibby:1990) Canadians can fail to see the strong role played by multiculturalism's official communities in electoral processes, in effect, 'buying' blocs of ethnic community votes. This has been discussed popularly as a 'divide and conquer' approach that minimizes integration into mainstream politics as the newcomer is encouraged to rely upon the organized community as its source of political advice. Policy that is meant to glorify difference and diversity may actually create distinction, if not prejudice, in that there is less incentive for members of different communities to mix, find common ground, to view one another as fellow Canadians, regardless of their different origins."
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Canada's Debate on Same-Sex Marriage, 2002.
A policy cycle analysis and historical review of same sex marriage in Canada.
4,551 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the public policy cycle to examine the government's current initiative to discuss possible solutions to same-sex marriage and provides a brief historical context. The paper provides an insight into this controversial topic from the legal point of view and outlines the role played by the courts and their rulings on these issues.
Table of Contents
History of Homosexual and Same-Sex Relationship Rights in Canada
Policy Formation & Decision Making
Discussion Paper
Response to Discussion Paper
Horizontal Consistency of Current and Proposed Policy
Conclusion
Policy Implementation and Evaluation
References
From the Paper
"The Federal Government of Canada is currently debating a discussion paper submitted by the Minister of Justice, Martin Cauchon, concerning the issue of same-sex marriage. The topic of same-sex marriage is one of great controversy in Canada and its journey to being placed on the current Government's public policy agenda has been a tumultuous one. For gay and lesbian couples, the journey has been long, seemingly travelling at a snail's pace. Yet in the grand scheme of things, the fact that the government is now seriously considering the issue of same-sex marriage is remarkable considering that thirty-three years ago homosexuality was still considered a criminal offence in Canada. Even when Prime Minister Trudeau decriminalized homosexuality in 1969, it was done so under the 'right to privacy' and thus deemed an issue best kept hidden from the public sphere and relegated to silence (Wood, 2002). The thirty-three years between decriminilization of homosexuality and today's consideration of same-sex marriage, has been marked by a very incremental and tedious process of gaining homosexual rights. While Canada is still far from a society that is accepting and condoning of same-sex relationships, progress has been made at a relatively steady rate. In 1999 the Federal Government changed the definition of spouse to include same-sex partners but tacked on an explicit clause stating that the definition of marriage would remain one man and one woman (Wood, 2002). Now, only three years later, the government is actively considering changing its policy on same-sex marriage."
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Canada and Multiculturalism, 2005.
This paper compares various views on Canada and multiculturalism.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines and contrasts various views on Canada and multiculturalism. The writer discusses the view that Canada is a mosaic compared to the view that deep conflicts exist between the French and English, and the Inuit Indians.
From the Paper
"Politicians and sociologists alike often use the metaphors of a melting pot, a garden or a mixed salad to describe nations that are essentially multicultural and diverse. These metaphors were given a new twist by Canadian Prime Minister, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, at the start of the twentieth century. Laurier described visiting a magnificent cathedral in England that was made of marble oak and granite. It is the image of the nation that I would like to see Canada to become. For here I want ... "
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Canada's Multicultural Policy, 2002.
An overview of the positive impact of Canada's multicultural policy.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper will provide a positive analysis of Canada's multicultural policy. Some questions addressed are, why and how has Canada's multicultural policy? What are the effects of such a policy? The immigration policy will be examined to analyze the multicultural policy.
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Sex Workers in Canada, 2008.
An examination of how the sex trade in Canada was viewed in the first half of the 20th century.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay takes a look at the issue of prostitution in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper points out that, in more recent years, theorists have increasingly begun to frame prostitution as a social issue, and as an occupation forced on marginalized, poverty-stricken people. However, in earlier times, it was more common to frame prostitution as a moral issue, or as a law enforcement issue. The paper ultimately attempts to show how the failure to suppress prostitution was directly linked to the failure to understand it, which in turn was based on a sexist inability to conceptualize women as subjects making choices, due to extenuating socioeconomic circumstances.
From the Paper
"Nilsen notes that in the period 1906 to 1917, most local residents of Vancouver perceived prostitutes as nothing but blight on the city, and a negative influence on property values. Unlike national reformers, they failed to see prostitutes as women for whom they should feel pity. They failed to perceive them as victims of pimps, or as victims of socioeconomic circumstances. Their response to prostitution was to draw up petitions to have it removed by stringent law enforcement. On the other hand, the National Council of Women, which in other respects was a philanthropic organization, saw the solution to prostitution as being moral education and tougher laws (Nilsen, 1980). It is suggested that, as the members of that esteemed council were all middle class women, they had never been in the situation of having to feed themselves or their children on nothing but "moral education." What is interesting to note is that although both residents and the National Council of Women were coming at the matter from different perspectives, both had a touching faith that laws could remove the problem."
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Social Change and Same-Sex Marriage in Canada, 2006.
An examination of same sex marriages and Canadian society.
1,988 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legalization of same-sex marriages in Canada and the shift in society that brought about this change. The paper discusses the negative attitude of Canadian society in the past toward same-sex marriages. The paper also notes that more same sex couples were becoming parents, while increasing numbers of lesbians and gays were coming out of the closet and, as a result, many more non-gay Canadians realized that people they knew - family members, friends, other parents at their children's schools - were gay and lesbian, and due to this became gradually more tolerant. The paper explains that the biggest social change in Canada this century has been the legalization of same sex marriage which happened in June of 2005, when the federal government, led by the Liberal Party under Paul Martin, legalized same-sex marriage for all of Canada.
From the Paper
"For a very long time in Canadian society, the very idea of same-sex marriage would have been preposterous. After all, up until 1967, sex between consenting adults of the same sex was actually illegal. This, it is argued, was absolutely unacceptable in a country that has enshrined equal rights for all adults in its Bill of Rights. However, it seems that this bill was not far-reaching enough, given that the state still saw fit to prescribe appropriate sexual behaviours between consenting adults."
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Sex Inequality in Canada, 2002.
Discussion of the origins, changing conditions, and ongoing problems of sexual inequality in Canada.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Paper refers to origins of sexual inequality in Canada, indicators of changing status , factors accounting for changes, and factors still preventing equality in reference to changes experienced.
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Multiculturalism and Its Discontents, 2006.
A look at the advantages and disadvantages of multiculturalism in Canada.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the positive and negative aspects of multiculturalism in Canada. The paper explains that, for the most part, multiculturalism has been good for Canada. It has brought Canada some of its most talented and industrious people, and it has exposed ordinary Canadians to new cultures, to new modes of thinking, and to new ways of living life. The paper also explains that, on the other hand, it may be said that the great strength of multiculturalism can also be its greatest weakness insofar as the mass influx (and largely uncritical acceptance) of large groups of people across the nation's borders can potentially lead to the indulgence - tacit or otherwise - of attitudes that, on their face, are not attitudes most Canadians and even most government officials would find palatable.
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Same Sex Marriage Legislation in Canada, 2005.
This paper examines the development of legislation regarding same sex marriage in Canada.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This is a research paper on the topic of the legalization of same sex marriage. In this article, the writer concentrates specifically on how same sex marriage legislation has developed in Canada. The writer notes that the process began back in the 1960s and 70s, with the establishment of anti-discrimination laws for gays and lesbians. Further, the writer discusses that the actual process of changing the definition of marriage was the result of draft bill and several landmark court cases.
From the Paper
"Few social issues in North America today are as controversial and divisive as the possibility of fully legalizing same sex marriage. In both Canada and the United States, the tentative steps that have been taken toward full legalization have accelerated in the past few years, to the point that the new definition of marriage is on the brink of becoming legal in Canada. In this matter the United States lags considerably behind Canada, in that marriage licenses are being granted to same sex couples by some communities following their own independent decision to do so."
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Liberal Democracy and Multiculturalism, 2003.
The relationship between Liberal Democracy and multiculturalism in Canada.
1,942 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This essay argues that among the inherent tensions between liberal democracy and multiculturalism, the most problematic is the conflict between equality of political rights, which is fundamental to liberal democracy, and the notion of collective rights, which is fundamental to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, this tension can be overcome and it is argued that multiculturalism in fact supports some elements of liberal democracy such as political participation. In order to clarify this argument, the writer begins with defining multiculturalism, liberal democracy and basic principles of liberal democracy.
From the Paper
"A policy of multiculturalism within a bilingual framework commends itself to the Government as the most suitable means of assuring the cultural freedom of Canadians??A vigorous policy of multiculturalism will help form??the base of a society which is based on fair play for all.?? (Pierre Trudeau, 1971 qtd in Multiculturalism and the Government of Canada 1) It has been thirty years since Prime Minister Trudeau announced this multiculturalism policy. During these twenty years, not only Canada, but also other nations that have adopted the policy of multiculturalism have experienced both challenges to and support of multiculturalism from diverse groups. Social issues emerging from multiculturalism have become more and more complex. In nations like Canada, Switzerland, Belgium and Spain, liberal democracy coexists with multiculturalism and questions arise concerning these two principles: how does multiculturalism fit into liberal democratic society? Does the principle of multiculturalism support liberal democracy or undermine it? More specifically, what aspects of multiculturalism affect liberal democracy and how? This essay will argue that among the inherent tensions between liberal democracy and multiculturalism, the most problematic is the conflict between equality of political rights, which is fundamental to liberal democracy, and the notion of collective rights, which is fundamental to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, this tension can be overcome and it will be argued that multiculturalism in fact supports some elements of liberal democracy such as political participation. In order to clarify this argument, I will begin with defining multiculturalism, liberal democracy and basic principles of liberal democracy."
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