| Papers [1-15] of 19 :: [Page 1 of 2] | | Go to page : 1 2 —> | Search results on "MRI LAW": |
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The Evolution of MRI, 2007.
An essay on the evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its impact on healthcare.
2,355 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discuses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The paper examines how MRI provides morphological and functional information, and today is the primary technique used in the routine diagnosis of many disease processes. The paper further examines how MRI is non-invasive, uses non-ionizing radiation, and has a high soft-tissue resolution and discrimination in any imaging plane. The paper further discusses the technology of the Upright MRI, and its uses.
From the Paper
"As the technology of weight-bearing MRI has developed, so too have new applications, from gynecologic to cardiovascular evaluations, as well as new challenges in interpreting the complex images that are now available (Wendling 2005). In 2000, the Fonar Corporation introduced the Upright MRI, which can scan a patient in virtually any position that reproduces pain or other symptoms, thus allowing the detection of pathologies visible only in a variety of weight-bearing positions, including standing, sitting, fexion, and extension (Wendling 2005)."
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 2006.
A review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper examines pathologies and diagnosis discovered through the use of MRI. According to the paper, research has found that MRI's can be used to diagnose various ailments and illnesses in the body, including the early stages of lung and breast cancer. Such diagnoses could potentially save millions of lives.
Outline:
Introduction
Pathologies and Diagnosis discovered through the use of MRI
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to pancreatic cancer and brain abnormalities MRI's can now be used to detect track inhaled or dissolved gases in the body. According to Kadlecek (2002) methods to examine the localized changes or abnormalities in lung structure and function were difficult to come by. The two most common types of diagnostic tools are spirometry which is the measurement of exhaled air volume and the speed at which it is expelled and the other diagnostic tool is chest x-rays, both conventional x-rays and those performed with CT scans (Kadlecek 2002). However when Helium-3 polarizers, are used in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it can also be used as a diagnostic tool and permit the microscopic examination of lung structure and localized studies of lung function, which were not previously possible (Kadlecek 2002). "
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 2004.
Examines the history of MRI and its present-day applications.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In July, 1977, an event took place that would forever alter the landscape of modern medicine. Outside the scientific research community, this event hardly attracted any notice at all. The event in question was the first MRI exam ever performed on a human being. The procedure required almost five hours to produce one image, and the images were, by today's standards, very primitive; however, its successors number in the thousands today. The advent of the MRI clearly represented the beginnings of a new standard in noninvasive radio-imaging that continues to be refined. This paper provides the background and history of magnetic resonance imaging, including its discovery and evolution and newly identified applications for the technique. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"MRI provides an unparalleled view inside the human body. The level of detail we can see is extraordinary compared with any other imaging modality. MRI is the method of choice for the diagnosis of many types of injuries and conditions because of the incredible ability to tailor the exam to the particular medical question being asked. By changing exam parameters, the MRI system can cause tissues in the body to take on different appearances. This is very helpful to the radiologist (who reads the MRI) in determining if something seen is normal or not. We know that when we do "A," normal tissue will look like "B" -- if it doesn't, there might be an abnormality. MRI systems can also image flowing blood in virtually any part of the body. This allows us to perform studies that show the arterial system in the body, but not the tissue around it. In many cases, the MRI system can do this without a contrast injection, which is required in vascular radiology."
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MRI as the Less Invasive Autopsy, 2004.
This paper compares conventional autopsy and virtual autopsy.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the medical practice known as autopsy. This paper looks at the conventional type of autopsy and compares it to the virtual autopsy (virtopsy), that is performed using CT scans and MRI. The writer discusses that while MRI is currently only in the investigative stages, it has the potential of replacing many autopsies in the next 10-15 years. The writer claims that this could be the case particularly in the field of forensics. The writer looks at the benefits of using MRI, offering the example that MRI could be especially useful in cultures and religions which forbid or do not readily accept conventional autopsies.
From the Paper
"An autopsy is the postmortem examination of the body to determine the cause of death and is performed by a pathologist. The autopsy is performed by a government coroner or medical examiner in a case where death is believed to be the result of foul play. Coroners and medical examiners are known as forensic pathologists and the branch of medicine dealing with unnatural causes of death is known as forensic medicine. Autopsies are done to advance medical knowledge and to provide evidence in legal matters regarding unnatural deaths."
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MRI and the Law, 2007.
A discussion of the use of MRI's in legal cases and their impact on court decisions.
5,850 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and its relationship to lie detecting. This new approach, known as "brain fingerprinting," is described in terms of its admissibility to a court case and its impact on the verdict. The paper also examines some new technology in lie detecting, including current products on the market. The paper also includes a literature review and analysis of recent studies in neuroscience as they relate to the area of lie detection. The author examines the controversy surrounding neurodiagnostic techniques and their use in court. The author concludes that that neuroscience holds great possibilities and promise for both prosecution and defense attorneys, yet more research is needed in this field.
Outline
Introduction
Neuroscience and the 'No-Lie' fMRI
Figure 1
Comparison of Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Genetics and Functional Neuroimaging
Figure 2
Encoding conditions performed during fMRI scanning
Legal and Ethical Implications
Figure 3
Types of Testing Identified as Admissible in Court
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Neuroscience is stated to be the "science concerned with the development, structure, function, chemistry, and pharmacology and pathology of the human nervous system...and is directed at exploring the architecture and functions of the brain as well as the effects of stimuli on part of the brain and cerebral performance." (Committee on Science and Law, 2005) There are three main areas of research in neuroscience, which are: (1) Imaging of the brain and other neurodiagnostic techniques; (2) Exertion of influence on the brain; and (3) Design and construction of the brain." (Committee on Science and Law, 2005) Technological innovations have changed the methods of investigations conduction on the part of authorities throughout the entire history of the criminal justice system. A new technology holds the potential to "revolutionize the investigatory landscape" and that technology is "Brain Fingerprinting" (BF). (Taylor, 2007) Brain Fingerprinting is an examination "...designed to determine if particular information is familiar to a test subject in a specific context (such as that of a crime)." (Taylor, 2007) The way that brain fingerprinting works is a testing to see if the individual is "familiar with a particular place, time or action, and does so using brain monitoring technology that is nearly impossible to deceive." (Taylor, 2007) The technology of brain fingerprinting is actually the monitoring of brain wave impulses. There are four phases of a criminal case in which brain fingerprinting may be used which are those of: (1) Investigation; (2) Interviewing; (3) Scientific testing; and (4) Adjudication." (Taylor, 2007) "
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The Music Recording Industry, 2006.
A review of the global music recording industry (MRI).
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the global music recording industry (MRI). According to the paper, the industry is massive and deeply entrenched, making it one of the most culturally powerful but fractured industries in existence. The MRI, while being concentrated around just a few large entertainment conglomerates, is fractured in the sense that it is currently undergoing a sea change that has yet to fully play out. Globally the MRI is worth in excess of $40 billion annually and the United States' (US) percentage of this revenue stream is approximately 13-14% (Research pars.1-3). The paper further discusses how the various constituents of this industry include singers, musicians, producers, sound engineers, promoters, retail operators, advertisers, and a host of others.
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Online Music Distribution, 2008.
An analysis of the competition in the global music recording industry (MRI).
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the online distribution of music and how it is part of the larger, global music industry. It analyzes the aims and success of the global music recording industry (MRI) and discusses the six segments into which the MRI is primarily structured. The paper then discusses the new competitors in the MRI industry and how they relate to consumer expectations.
Table of Contents:
Industry Overview
The Apple Influence on Expectations
Technology Convergence
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Myspace.com and others are revolutionizing the MRI by creating a substitute industry that if not properly compensated for by traditional MRI participants could eventually supplant them. Consumer expectations have crystallized around the concept of total access across formats to their music and musical tastes and the future of the MRI, due to the online distribution of music and the evolving expectations of the consumer, rests with its ability to agree on a universally accepted electronic format for its music files."
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Time of the Day, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of the time of day as it relates to research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that developers of research designs need to take all relevant processes into account if their results are to have validity. The writer notes that many researchers conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests fail to take the time of day into consideration. The writer points out that this can lead to error given that cortisol levels are different throughout the course of a day. This is important because cortisol can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. The writer explains that this can then have an impact on the neural activation/deactivation process, meaning the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) in the MRI study and produce results that will not be properly interpreted unless the time of day is included as a variable.
From the Paper
"Higher levels of cortisol are associated with stress, and cortisol levels vary throughout the day just as levels of stress will vary throughout the day. Because cortisol can cross the blood-brfain barrier and bind to the hippocampus, levles of cortisol can have an effect on the neural activation and deactivation of the BOLD levels and so alter the results of the MRI. Time of day thus becomes an element in the process so that the clinician knows what time of day the examination was made and how high the levels of cortisol might be at different tiemns of the day."
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Organizational Culture and Change, 2005.
A discussion of culture and change within MRI Freestanding Imagining Center.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses organizational culture and change. It discusses Handy's concept of of culture - "task culture" in that the individuals that are employed within the organization must be qualified and that the people placed in positions, must be capable of functioning within the organization. These concept of culture are discussed, specifically in relation to MRI Freestanding Imagining Center.
From the Paper
"Organizational Culture and Change Culture and Climate: The MRI Freestanding Imaging Center is an entity of Middletown Medical Imaging, and it has been the organizational goal to provide a competitive service in the area that will promote customer satisfaction and return clientele of both patients and physicians. While this culture developed through the type of work that is achieved, its existence correlates with a variety of theories related to organizational management. First, within Handy's concept of culture, the MRI Freestanding Imagining Center is linked with the "task culture" in that the individuals that are employed within the organization must be qualified, (or "the right people") in order to perform the tasks that are required on a daily basis (**, 269). Additionally, these individuals are placed in a position that immediately requires them to be capable of functioning within the organization."
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Imaging of Brain Activation, 2003.
Discusses functional and future tools for the imaging of brain activation, exploring EEG, MEG, MRI, PET, and others.
6,100 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 56 sources, APA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
How the brain functions has been of great interest to man for centuries, and in the past few decades, technology has created tools to investigate this process. This paper provides an overview of the five major imaging modalities for brain function: EEG, MEG, MRI, PET, and SPECT. The paper discusses the technology, the applications, and the future applications, as well as explores the current issues in the area. The paper includes colored photographs and figures.
From the Paper
"Functional imaging tools in current use include electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Functional brain imaging is used to diagnose and track the treatment of various brain disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and other psychological disorders. Functional tools are also used in complex pre-surgical planning and surgical mapping. Issues in the literature relate to the removal of artifacts and increasing resolution. Future directions of the technologies include the combination of modalities, development of surgical planning methods, clinical applications in stroke research, and future uses in epilepsy."
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The C.T. Scan, 2005.
A discussion on the development of the C.T. (Computed Tomography) scan, which was developed between 1957 and 1972.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the C.T. Scanner is a sophisticated type of x-ray machine, which rather than sending out one wide single x-ray sends out a number of beams from various angles simultaneously. It compares the C.T. Scanner with the M.R.I. Scanner, which uses magnets and radio waves instead of radiation and discusses how the M.R.I. Scanner gives greater detail for soft tissues; whereas the C.T. Scanner gives a clearer picture of the bones.
From the Paper
"Research also shows that Robert Ledley was the first person to devise a scanner that was able to scan the whole body. This was to revolutionize diagnostic medicine. The first model, that was actually used for diagnosis and built by Doctor Ledley was called an A.C.T.A .Scanner and was used clinically at Georgetown University Hospital in the USA from 1974 - 1978. This machine is now a part of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac, 2003, the mathematical base of CAT screening was devised in 1963-64 by Allan Cormack of the United States and the first C.T. scan machine was built in 1972 by Godfrey Hounsfield of the U.K.."
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Computer-Aided Rehabilitation in ADHD, 2004.
Review of existing literature on computer-aided rehabilitation in ADHD.
22,169 words (approx. 88.7 pages), 44 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This research paper tests the idea that the personal computer and the programs that can be designed for it can be a strong, positive tool to help ADHD clients. The paper includes a discussion on the brain's ability to work around damage caused by injury or other insult, a discussion on different types of brain damage, and a discussion on the various ways for healing, or at least softening, the effects of brain damage. The paper also discusses motor, sensory, and autonomic function; the psychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury; schizophrenia; and cerebrovascular disorder. It includes an extended discussion on the role MRI and PET examination in discovering what really goes in the formation and development of the brain in developmental disorders, including ADHD.
Current Empirical Understanding of Central Nervous System Neuroplasty
Neurophysiology of Intercerbral Neuronal Regeneration and Repair: Intra-
cellular and Extra-cellular Mechanisms.
Neuro-pharmacological Interventions in Neuroprotection and
Rehabilitation in Traumatic Brain Injury, Congenital Central Nervous
System Conditions including ADHD and Psychostimulant Medications.
Diagnostic Techniques in Neurorehabilitation including: PET, MRI, and
Neuropsychological testing (including: Stroop Color Word Test, and
Continuous Performance Tests) applicable to ADHD
Frontal Lobe Neuroplasticity in the Neurocompensation of Cognitive
Deficits in ADHD: A Focus on Executive Functions including: 1.
Response Inhibition (self-regulation); Problem-solving and Self-
monitoring; Working Memory; Planning and Organization.
The Rehabilitation of Attention using Computer Assisted Cognitive
Rehabilitation Programs including: Selective, Sustained, and Divided
Attention.
The Rehabilitation of Executive Function Using Computer Assisted
Cognitive Rehabilitation Programs including Response Inhibition (self-
regulation); Problem-solving and Self-monitoring; Working Memory;
Planning and Organization.
Review of Computer Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation as a Treatment
Modality: A. Empirical Support, B. Limitations, and C. Future
Directions.
From the Paper
"Can the information gathered about how the human brain works to begin with and then repairs itself after injury be applied to helping people born with some developmental dysfunction such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder popularly known as ADHD? Children and adults with this disorder display inabilities to pay attention to the task at hand, appropriately monitor their responses to stimulus and in a range of functions called executive functions such as planning and organization. Building and ordering these functions is what such people need and the hope for the future is that our new technologies can both give us better understanding of causes and provide new, more effective ways to treat ADHD. Besides the new imaging technologies, we also have our societies? love affair with personal computers."
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Stress and Memory, 2007.
This paper researches how stress produces physiological effects that directly impact memory.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates the relationship between stress load and stress response and its affect on working memory during the typical circadian cycle. The paper's methodological approach relies on the hypothesis that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be accurately utilized to identify neural activation patterns related to Cortisol that is released due to stress. The paper concludes that greater research is necessary in order to attain a better understanding of how Cortisol, through its derivatives and precursors, impacts the brain's ability to enable memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Stress Hormone: Cortisol
Cortisol Receptor Distribution
The Frontal Lobe and Working Memory
Circadian Effects, Glucocorticoids and Imagery
From the Paper
"Stress is something that all humans experience. It is, in fact, part of the human experience. Yet, the affect of stress on the individual as well as its effects to the person experiencing it has been variously conceived by many researchers since its recognition as valid topic of research. While it is clear that most individuals conceive stress in different ways as an emotional response to various circumstances, the medical and psychological community have identified stress, or rather the body's reaction to it, as a having a potentially negative impact on individual health, mental performance, as well as memory (Zautra 36-8). In the area of mental performance and memory, stress and stressful situations greatly impact individual ability to perform to one's ability."
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Positron Emission Tomography, 2002.
A look at how the technique of PET (positron emission tomography) has advanced both our ability to diagnose brain injury and our knowledge of localisation of function within the brain.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the technique of positron emission tomography, a technique used for imaging brain activity by measuring the flow of blood containing radioactive atoms that emit positrons. It describes the uses of PET scanning as a research tool and in the diagnosis of brain injuries. It also compares PET to other similar methods such as MRI scanning, x-raying and CT scanning.
From the Paper
"In particular, PET has been used with great success in the study of which parts of the human brain are involved in language. With the assistance of positron emission tomography, studies have shown striking evidence that there are several independent regions of the brain involved in language. Among these areas that are crucial for language and speech are Wernicke?s and Broca?s regions. Due to the use of these non-invasive techniques (PET, MRI etc.) we now know that these regions are significantly spread out and are not located near the conventional language regions. We can see in scans from patients that different regions of the brain are used for specific tasks. Eg. a patient hearing words, reading words and seeing words uses very different parts of the brain for each task. (Delcomyn; 1998)."
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Abnormal Pituitary Glands of Bipolar and Unipolar Patients, 2002.
This paper reviews an exploratory research study that examined the abnormalities of the pituitary glands of bipolar and unipolar patients in expectation of finding a cure.
540 words (approx. 2.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 19.95
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Abstract
The author explains that the research question asked if the pituitary glands of bipolar or unipolar patients differ in size from one another or from a control group of healthy participants. MRI images were utilized. The results indicated that patients diagnosed bipolar had significantly smaller pituitary glands than that of the unipolar group and the control group.
From the Paper
"The study was conducted this past year at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, with the patients being between 18 and 65 years old; each participant had been off of medication for at least two weeks. All perspectives that could be recorded through the MRI were observed and measured."
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