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Motivations of Racial Gerrymandering, 2001.
A discussion the racial gerrymandering problem in the U.S. and the Voting Rights Act amended as a result.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of racial gerrymandering in the U.S. The author provides examples of cases in which Democrats lost seats because of racial gerrymandering. Then, the author discusses the Voting Rights Act as amended by the Supreme Court.
From the paper:
"The Voting Rights Act allowed the U.S. attorney general (who was Nicholas Katzenbach at the time) to review voting practices and determine which states, counties, and political subdivisions were discriminating against nonwhite voters. Using rules set out in the act, the attorney general could identify those places that had a "test or device" (McWhirter, 1994) that limited voter registration as well as those places in which less than 50 percent of the voting-age residents were registered to vote in the 1964 presidential election. The act also allowed the attorney general to appoint voting examiners to go into these states, counties, or political subdivisions (which were mainly in the South) and register voters who met all requirements for registration other than the illegal test. The act also required that any changes in voting requirements in the areas that were affected by the act had to be approved by the attorney general. Chief Justice Warren found this to be within the power of Congress as well.
In 1970 the Voting Rights Act was amended. The Supreme Court reviewed the constitutionality of the act in the 1970 decision of Oregon v. Mitchell. As different sections of the act were being considered, the Court divided into different voting blocks. A unanimous Court ruled that Congress had the power to end literacy tests across the country. With a vote of eight to one, the Court accepted the idea that Congress could establish uniform standards for voter registration and absentee balloting. By a vote of five to four, the Court upheld the power of Congress to lower the voting age to 18 in all federal elections. By a vote of five to four, however, the Court ruled that Congress did not have the power under the Fifteenth Amendment to lower the voting age to 18 for state and local elections."
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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System, 2007.
An examination of racial prejudices and racial bias in the criminal justice system in Canada and the reasons for this practice.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether Black people are mistreated by the criminal justice system in Canada and if they face discrimination from both the police and the courts. It discusses the failure of the criminal justice system to provide appropriate services to people of minority groups. The paper specifically looks at the over-representation of black people in the criminal justice system. It then attempts to analyze some of the reasons how and why Black citizens are targeted by the criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background on Black Over-representation in the Criminal Justice System
Possible Reasons Behind The Black Over-representation Trend
Arguments Against Criminal Justice System Racial Bias
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is difficult to know how to respond to racial prejudices in the criminal justice system, as the overrepresentation of black citizens is imbedded in socioeconomic factors which cannot be explained by discriminatory practices implicit in the criminal justice system. The most obvious solution to the problem is to have separate justice systems for people of Aboriginal descent, where most of the problems of racial discrimination in Canada lie. However, would not the existence of different courts of law for different ethnicities further encourage racial stratification in society? The solution is not an easy one, and much more research must be done on the topic before an answer is forthcoming. A number of factors must be explored before a solution is implemented, such as what the current statistics revolving around discrimination studies mean, the relationship between social and economic factors and the criminal justice system, and the impact of developing stratification between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal citizens (La Prairie, 2004, p. 277). "
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
An analysis of the question of racial profiling towards Arab- and Muslim-Americans since the September 11th attacks.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper questions the racial profiling by the American government towards Arabs and Muslims. It argues whether this should be allowed during these times of uncertainty due to September 11th since they are at war with terrorism where the members of the Al Qaeda, a militant Arab group, are the only subjects.
I. Background and definition of racial profiling
A. Overview of September 11th
B. Korematsu vs. U.S. Supreme Court case
C. Current suspects caught due to racial profiling
D. Thesis statement
II. Disagreements about racial profiling
A. Innocent suspects
B. Racial discrimination
C. Other ways to catch the terrorists
III. Racial profiling is helpful in the war against terrorism
A. Terrorists try to blend in with society
B. Every suspect has been Arab and Muslim
C. Faith in the U.S. Military
D. Military protection
IV. Racial profiling and citizens
A. Racial profiling should be left up to the government
B. The government is trained to deal with racial profiling- ordinary citizens are not
C. Living our lives in fear lets terrorism win
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is when someone is treated differently because they belong to a specific race. After the tragic events of September 11th of 2001 U.S., government and airport officials have targeted Arabs and Muslims as suspects of future terrorist action. Racial profiling has been going on for generations. During World War II the Japanese living in the U.S. were placed in military observation zones in California due to their Japanese ancestry after Pearl Harbor was bombed in December of 1941. The legal matter was argued in the Supreme Court in the case, Korematsu v. US. The young Korematsu?s argument was based on the unfair ?imprisonment in a concentration camp solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition towards the United States.? The United States case later goes on to claim: Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we were at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures. ?. Congress, reposing its confidence in this time owar in our military leaders?as inevitably must-- determined that they should have the power to do just this."
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Racial Profiling in Toronto, 2006.
A look at the issue of racial profiling in Toronto and whether it is a serious problem that deserves attention or one of minimal importance.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
Racial profiling is a term used to define instances in which one ethnic group is subjected to police surveillance or detention more than any other group in society. The practice occurs when the race of the individual is more significant in causing police action than the suspicion of criminal acts. In instances in which racial profiling has been evident, the cause is generally because assumptions about particular racial groups exist within the police organization. This paper looks at the issue of racial profiling in the city of Toronto and how some organizations contend that racial profiling is a serious issue, which must be addressed while other professionals and community members suggest that racial profiling does not exist, and that the claims that have been made against the Toronto police are without merit.
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Racial Profiling in Airports, 2004.
An examination of the issues concerning the use of racial profiling at airports in light of the recent terrorist attacks.
1,265 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of racial profiling in airports. Specifically, it discusses how terrorist attacks in America call for increasing racial profiling in airports, similar to Israel's El Al Airlines racial profiling tactics. It looks at how racial profiling is a highly controversial topic and how some countries have found racial profiling helps keep people safer, while many political groups feel it is a clear violation of rights and should never be used. It evaluates how, although racial profiling may be controversial, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, it may be one of the only reliable ways available to keep the country safe from further attacks.
From the Paper
"The ACLU feels that people "of color" are searched and detained more often in airports, and one African-American, Aquil Abdullah, agrees, as he is routinely stopped almost every time he travels by air. "He knows what the problem is. It's not hard to figure out ? once he introduces himself. His name is Aquil Abdullah. Aquil Abdullah thinks his name is on a list somewhere of suspect people" (Schlesinger). Abdullah is an American athlete, who is the first to win the prestigious Henley Regatta in Britain, and ironically, he is not even Muslim, he is a Catholic. His story is not unusual, and groups such as the ACLU cite his experience as one of the reasons racial profiling is a violation of rights. Abdullah is stopped simply because of his name."
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Inter-Racial Marriages, 2002.
An insight into the history of society's acceptance of inter-racial marriages in the U.S..
1,310 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of inter-racial marriages from the first recorded inter-racial marriage in what was to become the United States of Captain John Smith of Jamestown, Virginia to the Indian princess Pocahontas in 1607, to its almost acceptance today. It examines how inter-marrying began as marrying out of the religion to eventually marriage within different ethnic minorities. It evaluates the different laws over time regarding inter-racial marriages such as a 1922 anti-miscegenation law stated that, if blacks and whites intermarried, punishment was one to five years in prison. Although a raceless society is probably fairly distant, America has been trending towards greater racial integration since the end of the Second World War. 100 years ago, German and Irish immigrants were considered a separate people by people born in America. Whereas people express preferences in appearance in a mate, perhaps a society with fuzzy racial barriers isn?t very far away.
From the Paper
"From the 60?s until today, inter-racial marriage has gained wider and wider acceptance. According to the US Census Bureau, in 2000 over 1,461,000 people were married to someone not of their own race, and 6.8 million people claimed to be multi-racial. In 1960, only 149 thousand people claim to be married to someone of a different race, and by 1970, 310 thousand such people lived in the United States. Statistically, whites find it easier to marry Asians than blacks. This is probably because Asians share many of the same demographic characteristics with white people. Similarly, Hispanics and blacks find it easier to marry."
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The Problem of Racial Profiling, 2008.
This paper explores how racial profiling is a growing problem in American society today, focusing on the violation of the rights of individuals on the streets and in vehicles.
2,028 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the alarming statistics showing the growth of racial profiling in recent years. The author presents some definitions of racial profiling and uses several cases as examples of how case law and legal interpretations are intensifying the problem by permitting more license to police officers who stop motorists and pedestrians. In an effort to reduce complaints by profiled individuals, some cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit, are passing anti-racial profiling ordinances. However, on the national level, the End Racial Profiling Act of 2004 (ERPA) failed to pass. The author concludes that it is unlikely that the problem of racial profiling will be solved soon, given the current concerns with terrorism.
From the Paper
"The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution includes two major entries to protect citizens against racial profiling: equality and due process. The amendment declares, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." To focus on a specific group of individuals because of race violates equal protection: The law cannot protect a group of people that is being singled out for investigation. In addition, the Fifth Amendment 's Due Process Clause prohibits the government from making classifications based on race, sex, age, illegitimacy, wealth or any other characteristic and guarantees that all people are treated the same."
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling, the act of police officers or other law enforcement officials using race as a factor in deciding whom to stop and search on the street, in the United States.
3,720 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the issues that surround racial profiling and discusses the various problems that are encountered. Some of the issues addressed are whether or not racial profiling exists, the problem that most law enforcement departments refuse to undergo a study and that they deny that racial profiling exists and the state of literature regarding this topic at this point is more anecdotal than scientific. In addition the writer contends that the topic is controversial because the United States believes that it has rid itself of prejudice and racism and to open the topic of racial profiling by law enforcement personnel is admitting that its possible the nation is backsliding.Finally, this paper examines how the events of September 11th stepped up the pace of racial profiling by law enforcement and grew to include new groups of people.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a topic that is seen across the nation in the media. Racial profiling has often been referred to as the phantom occurrence because thus far departments across the nation patently deny its existence. The topic is a growing one in light of the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. Racial profiling has been a top news story since that attack but it was an issue for many years before that.
One of the hardest things to debate in this heated topic is whether or not it exists. There is not a law enforcement agency in the nation that has stepped up to the plate and acknowledged that it does indeed profile using racial criteria. It is something that New York City's finest have been accused of over and over again while the chiefs and mayors adamantly deny the rumors. It is something that News shows spend entire segments trying to prove with the cases that are claimed to have happened because of it(Dotings, 2000)"
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Understanding Corporate Racial Discrimination, 2002.
An insight into racial discrimination in the workplace and its consequences.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the meaning of corporate racial discrimination, its consequences, the response of the firms that are allegedly practicing it and the methods of fostering corporate diversity. Racial discrimination is referred to any set of actions that discriminate on the basis of race, color, cast or creed. It shows how in the corporate world, racial discrimination can take the form of categorizing employees, customers and suppliers on the basis of their race, cast, color, or creed by treating them in a relatively negative way as compared to other races. It explains racial discrimination through the example of two different companies, Denny?s, a food service chain in the United States ,and Texaco Inc. regarding their treatment of minority workers and the consequences of the allegations of their action.
From the Paper
"In 1993, six US Secret Service agents who happened to be African-Americans went to Denny?s for breakfast. After waiting for a considerable period of time and complaining to the manager, when they still did not get served, they filed a class-action race-discrimination lawsuit against Denny?s. Not only did the management at Denny?s had to respond to this lawsuit but they were further forced to deal with the myriad complaints and lawsuits that followed this event. As a consequence of racial discrimination that was being practiced at Denny?s, the firm had to pay $54 million to 294,000 discriminated customers and their lawyers (Abes et.al, 2000). Furthermore, Denny?s was obliged into signing a decree with the US Justice Department where the firm agreed to publicize non-discriminatory policies and retrain existing employees about the same. Moreover the firm?s outlets came under the constant supervision of the Justice Department, for the following seven years, where they would be judged continually for any evidence of racial discrimination."
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The Constitution vs. Racial Profiling: The Knock-out Round, 2001.
Explores constitutional issues in racial profiling and discrimination in the wake of 9/11. Examples of profiling are derived from general minority experiences and specifically Arab/Muslim discrimination after 9/11.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling. The writer addresses four scenarios and argues for or against their legal and moral foundation based on the 14th amendment of the United States Constitution. In addition to the writer?s belief regarding each scenario, we are given key elements of the opposition?s argument and the writer?s rebuttal to that opposition.
From the paper:
"Following the attacks on America September 11, 2001, there were cries for revenge throughout the nation. Anyone who looked Muslim was endangered as Americans took their anger to the streets. Following the attack there were several instances in which pilots refused to fly planes until Muslim looking passengers were removed and angry residents threatened those who looked like one of ?them?. The initial rage died down and in its place we were given many new security measures that we have been told are for the good of national security. The measures boil down to legalized racial profiling in some cases. Racial profiling is not a new event. It has been around for many years. Racial profiling goes against everything the constitution of this nation stands for; yet in light of the attacks in New York, Americans are less vocal about it then they have been in the past. Now, instead of denouncing all profiling as unconstitutional and wrong, we find ourselves looking at individual profile scenarios and holding them against the constitution to see if we can slide them through. We have entered a new world since the attacks. It is a world in which we are trying to walk a much thinner line between protecting the safety of those who live here and protecting the constitution."
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Racial Profiling, 2002.
An insight into racial profiling, the use of race as the primary indicator of criminal behavior to stop or arrest individuals from minority groups.
1,236 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of racial profiling, using race to profile criminals and how African-Americans and other minority groups have been unfairly targeted by law enforcement officials. It looks at how racial profiling taps into one of the irreconcilable conflicts of American society, liberty versus security, although with racial profiling, it has been shown that crime has been significantly reduced in major cities, such as New York City. It shows how ultimately, racial profiling has created a gulf between law enforcement and the minority communities it purports to protect and how all too frequently, innocent people are persecuted. In other situations, people from the minority community refuse to testify on behalf of law enforcement in trials against criminals because of the minority people?s distrust of law enforcement.
From the Paper
"Against incriminating statistics that police unfairly target minorities is the reality that most of the criminals come from minority neighborhoods and communities. One of the statistics cited by the liberals is the 1998 statistic stating that 83 percent of the 27,000 "stop and frisk" incidents by a special police unit concerned minorities. However, according to New York mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani, this statistic does not translate into the fact that policemen are deliberately harassing individuals from minority neighborhoods. Instead, these statistics reflect the reality that many suspects, whose ethnicities are described by their victims, come from minority communities (Getlin). According to national figures, blacks comprise 13 percent of the American population, but over 40 percent of the arrests for rape and car theft (Puddington 5)."
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Trans-Racial Adoption, 2008.
This paper researches the effects of trans-racial adoption on African-American children.
3,044 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the literature that shows how trans-racial adopted children develop more racially related adjustment problems, but that also shows how trans-racial adoption does not prevent or damage the children's self-esteem, relationships or school performance. The paper concludes that trans-racial adoption has been beneficial to some and not beneficial to others. The paper calls for a prompt and appropriate solution to the increasing demand for placement of African American children in need of adoption.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method
Results and Discussion
From the Paper
"Trans-racial adoption has been defined as the practice of adopting children from a different race group (Newman 2002). The demand for more loving and skilled homes to provide homes for continuously increasing numbers of orphans, especially African-American children, has troubled policy makers to look for the best solution. The current problems prevent the biological families from caring for these children.
"Many African-American children in trans-racial adoption have been found to suffer from racial identify problems (Neal 2996, Briggs 2005). Other surveys found that these adoptees were generally well-adjusted, developed positive self-esteem and avoided discussing racial issues (Johnson 2003, Newman and Smith 2002)."
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Racial Segregation in Law, 2004.
A discussion of the history of racial segregation laws in the United States.
1,954 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two famous legal cases that involved racial segregation in the United States:the 1896 case of "Plessy vs. Ferguson", for the ending of racial segregation in public train cars; and "Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" (1954), for racial inclusion in public schools. It shows how these cases set the precedents for ending of racial segregation de jure, but it took society longer to implement this de facto.
From the Paper
"Racial segregation remains one of the most fundamentally perplexing questions within the body of American history. Many people erroneously believe that the racial and social structures that existed prior to the close of the civil war in 1865 resulted in both fundamental and rapid changes for those who had been subjugated by slavery, immigration and even war. The truth is far more complicated and changes were much more gradual. The reality of segregation was both social, legal and economic and to some degree still exists today, in a de jure manner. ?Although de jure segregation in the United States is most commonly associated with the South, segregation could be found at one time or another in every section of the country.? (Finkelman, 2003) ("South, The " Columbia Encyclopedia, 2000) Though the fundamental struggle of the civil rights movements has largely forced the eradication of de facto, or legal segregation de jure, or mostly social traditional segregation is still evident."
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Racial Profiling, 2004.
An analysis of how the media portrays racial profiling.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a media analysis on racial profiling. The paper examines four different perspectives of racial profiling. The life of the racially profiled individual is discussed, followed by the view of the public official. The paper explores the perspective of the law enforcement official and concludes with an overview of the role of the media. The paper presents statistics to illustrate the occurrence of racial profiling throughout society.
From the Paper
"According to amnesty international, "Racial profiling occurs when race is used by law enforcement or private security officials, to any degree, as a basis for criminal suspicion in non-suspect specific investigations." According to the report, "when law enforcement uses race, religion, country of origin, and ethnic or religious appearance as a proxy for criminal suspicion it undermines national security. Furthermore the report states that nearly 32 million people in the United States have been victims and their lives impacted by racial profiling. Statistics published online at the PBS Website in a report entitled "Racial Profiling" provided the following statistics in relation to Traffic Stops and subsequent searches on the part of law enforcement officers as to those in the racial groups of black, white and Hispanic drivers."
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Classifications and Categories: Racial, Sexual, and Twained, 2006.
A look at Michael Omi and Howard Winant's book "Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s" and Siobhan Somerville's book "Queering the Color Line".
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and summarizes Omi and Winant's book on racial differentiation and Somerville's book on sexual categorization. The paper explains that Michael Omi and Howard Winant's work defines racialization while Siobhan Somerville's work take this racial differentiation one step further into gender.
From the Paper
"In order to differentiate the meaningful from the meaningless, human beings establish categories to limit the overwhelming amount of information with which we are constantly bombarded. While categories are necessary and useful, they also result in stereotyping and profiling. In Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s, Michael Omi and Howard Winant describe the process of racialization that provides categories of difference that have an enormous impact on our daily lives and on our society as a whole. Siobhan Somerville takes this racial differentiation to another level in Queering the Color Line and looks at the slotting of homosexuals in the pigeonhole of racialization or scientific racism."
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