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"Motivation in Religious Education", 2007.
A critique of Kevin O'Grady's, "Motivation in Religious Education: A Collaborative Investigation with Year Eight Students".
3,380 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how O'Grady's work presents a model of dynamic curriculum development that uses action research to integrate the insights of interpretative, constructivist and 'existentialist' approaches to pedagogy in religious education. The paper also discusses how, although this is an approach that RE teachers will find attractive and exciting, it is one whose value is likely to remain theoretical rather than practical.
From the Paper
"Research may be defined as the attempt to derive new knowledge that can be generalised, by addressing well-defined questions using methods that are valid and reliable. To uphold the validity of the research process is to reduce the possibility of systematic deviation from the truth - otherwise known as bias. To uphold the reliability of the research process is to reduce the risk of random deviation from the truth. A key purpose of a research design is therefore to ensure validity and reliability by reducing or eliminating the twin dangers of systematic and random error (cf. De Vaus, 2002). In terms of this conservative definition of research, O'Grady's choices regarding the framing of his question, literature review, sampling, data collection, analysis and final presentation indicate the presence of both systematic and random error throughout. Nonetheless, O'Grady would defend his approach, with some success, by reference to action research as a paradigm which contests many of the assumptions of traditional research models. "
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Methods of Motivation in Music Education, 2006.
A discussion on the different motivating concepts required in music education.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how music education requires different motivating concepts than other areas of the curriculum. The paper explains that this difference is evident because the student of music presents specific factors that are particular only to music learning. For example, by high school age the music student has generally experienced some type of vocal or instrumental training prior to entering a high school program. Those students that are new to music education must be evaluated, as well as motivated in different ways. Students in a music education program may also desire to work toward a career in music, while other students may only possess a slight interest in music. The paper also explains that, while each music education program is different, one primary element that remains the same is the student and that awakening the student's desire to achieve goals is essential to music education today.
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Extrinsic Motivation in Education, 2005.
Discusses the advantages/disadvantages of using extrinsic motivation (external rewards) in the classroom.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
There are many reasons why teachers use extrinsic motivation, sometimes also called external rewards or tangible rewards, in the classroom and there are differing points of view as to whether this style of reward is appropriate for students. This paper explains that one of the main concerns is whether this teaches children that they should receive something for good behavior. Children may behave better in the hopes of receiving some reward, but they may also behave poorly if the reward is not something that they feel they want or need. The paper shows that, because of this, teachers and others that work in the education field must decide if extrinsic motivation is right for their students based on the age-group that is being taught and other factors. There are both advantages and disadvantages to extrinsic motivation in the classroom and the key is to determine whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages when deciding whether to use this type of motivation with a particular group of students.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Description of the Topic
Advantages and Disadvantages For Classroom Use
The Debate Surrounding Extrinsic Motivation
Implications For the Field of Teaching
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Proper behavior in the classroom must be rewarded, just as negative behavior or inappropriate behavior is often punished. Tangible rewards such as candy, notes home with happy comments, parties, free time, and other issues work very well. However, intangible rewards such as speaking to a student about how well he or she has performed on something particular or simply giving the student a pat on the back and letting him or her know that he or she has done a good job often goes just as far as getting something tangible, depending on the student, and on the way that the message is delivered."
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Religious Terrorism, 2002.
Addresses the question which asks whether religious terrorism is motivated by religion or politics.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The subject is religious terrorism. Is religious terrorism rooted in religion or politics? There are four major religions that this paper discusses: Christianity, Judasim, Islam, and Hinduism.
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Understanding and Implementing Motivation Successfully, 2006.
This paper provides ideas and analysis of how to be better managers to employees in order to motivate them to do a better job.
5,003 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author recommends ways of how to motivate employees and managers to do a better job. He clearly states that motivation is something that comes from within but that through training, managers can learn to be effective motivators by adjusting their managerial style to the needs of their employees. The author analyzes various areas of management, and looks at how to teach managers to use specific approaches that will motivate individuals, instead of making the mistake of targeting an entire workforce in the same manner. The paper offers different methods of motivation that can be used. The author concludes that many of the motivation problems in companies are not caused by the deficiencies of individual employees, but by expecting people to excel in tasks requiring qualities they just don't have.
Table of Contents
The Bell Shaped Performance Curve
How Has the Bell-Shape Curve Formed?
Benefits Gained By Understanding Employee Motives
Winner's Motives- Accomplishment Motive and Power Motive
Survivors' Motives
Security Motives
The Dependency Motive
The Conformity Model
Comfort Motive
Fairness Motive
The Friendship Motive
Motivating Employees toward Change
Motivating an Employee with a Performance Problem
Motivation & Goal Setting
The Importance of Having a Dream
Setting the Goals
Setting Objectives
Policies Leading to Effective Motivational Systems
Summary
From the Paper
"People with a strong dose of the friendship motive spend a lot of time doing favours for people and trying to be popular. Their underlying motive is to make their private world as safe as possible by eliminating the possibility of adversaries. People with this motive don't mind being manipulated, and dislike disappointing people. For this reason, they do not excel in leadership roles-to keep employees happy they will make all kinds of exceptions to rules and give extra favours. This will result in a loss of discipline and productivity in the workforce. Motivating this group requires little effort since they are so eager to please. In managing this group, managers must be careful not to show undue favouritism towards them since they are so pleasing. It must be ensured that other subordinates do not conclude that they are an easy mark for a flatterer. The best way to keep this group motivated (and unagitated) is to speak to them in terms of continuing employment, i.e. if they continue doing a good job for you, you'll continue doing your best for them."
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The Purpose of Education, 2002.
Examining two different model and theories for motivating and educating children.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the purpose of education should be to develop not only the intellectual aspect of the children, but also their moral and emotional qualities. It explains that schools should not just churn out human beings with verbal and computational skills to acquire jobs in the real world, but should build on the children?s innate desire to learn and explore. Thus, teachers should create learning activities that fully engage the interest of the students in order to capitalize on their natural desire to learn. This paper shows how, in reality, educators are split into two camps in their beliefs about educating children-- tradition versus constructivism. In the traditional system the teacher is the only active agent in the classroom transmitting knowledge to students who are expected to absorb information passively. On the other hand, in the constructivist model, collaborative and interactive methods are used to encourage students to challenge and consider different perspectives. In this paper, these two models are discussed and analyzed for their effectiveness in educating and motivating children to learn.
From the Paper
"Young children have an inherent ability and desire to explore and learn about the world. Therefore, in some ways, they learn many things on their own, especially through play. In fantasy play, the children act out different roles and create their dream world (Balke, 1997, p. 356). Without being instructed and directed to perform a specific task with a particular object, the children can discover new dimensions to an activity by themselves. For example, playfully banging on a keyboard can lead to the discovery of music (Balke, 1997, p. 357). By trial and error, they acquire important knowledge in their exploratory activities. In addition, when children play together, they learn to play with one another, thus picking up social skills and learning to resolve conflicts (Balke, 1997, p. 358). Teachers can contribute to the process by providing them with a safe and creative atmosphere that is designed to stimulate their imagination (Balke, 1997, p. 355)."
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Choice-based Education Reform, 2005.
This paper discusses choice-based education reform designed to ensure that under-privileged individuals receive a good education.
5,660 words (approx. 22.6 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the most promising systemic educational reform plan involves school choice, a school system that allows parents to select which school their children attend, thus giving parents the freedom to move their children out of ineffective schools while at the same time motivating the ineffective schools to improve. The author stresses that the government should only open the school choice program to families who 1) demonstrate economic need and 2) whose children would be assigned to an inadequate public school. The paper states that an effective educational system based on choice must include religious schools among the choice options.
Table of Contents
The Significance of Education
School Reform Efforts
School Finance Reform
Reform Plans Involving Forms of School Choice
Inter-district Transfer Plans and Controlled Choice
School Choice Systems in Milwaukee and Cleveland
Barriers to Choice-based Education Reform
Legal Obstacles to School Choice
A Pyrrhic Desegregation Policy
Political Barriers to School Reform
Conclusion: Constructing a Feasible School Choice System
Overcoming Legal Barriers
Religious "Choice" Schools
Designing a School Choice System
Targeted Participation
Maximum Number of Available Options
Funding School Choice
The Choice Process
Evaluating a School Choice System
From the Paper
"Ironically, reform efforts to ensure equal educational opportunity have faced opposition from interests pursuing a strict desegregation enforcement policy. Some of these proponents of a strict desegregation policy have confused the means with the ends in providing for equal education through the desegregation doctrine established in Brown. The reasoning by the Court in "Brown" implied that the purpose of integration was to ensure that racial minorities received an equal educational opportunity: "We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities?" This implies that equal "tangible" factors are necessary elements of an equal educational opportunity."
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Motivation in the Workplace, 2005.
A discussion regarding motivation in the workplace and various motivation techniques.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the critical role that motivation plays in the workplace and the fragility of the various means of motivation. This paper goes on to discuss some basic recommendations to promote increased motivation in the workplace, and the advantages and disadvantages there of.
From the Paper
"Motivation in the workplace is one of the greatest challenges for managers. High levels of motivations are directly connected to high levels of productivity. Increasing productivity is always a major goal of managers in any organization. A lack of motivation in the workplace is a major issue for managers and is associated with employees who see no value in the work that they do or see no reason to achieve the goals set out for them ("Incentives" 1). Therefore, understanding the role that motivation, both internal and external, can play in the workplace is crucial to creating a working environment in which all can succeed and thrive. Unfortunately, increasing motivation can be a tricky endeavor, one that has its pros and cons."
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Motivation, 2002.
A discussion of motivation and the theories of motivation.
580 words (approx. 2.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper is a brief discussion of motivational theory. Various theories of motivation are outlined, including the most widely recognized modern motivational theory of opportunity-cost. The importance of motivation is also discussed.
From the Paper
"Motivation is the study of what makes us do things. Every day we are faced with many decisions. What choice we make is the study of motivation. There are several theories of motivation, the theory of opportunity-cost is the most widely recognized. This paper will discuss the major forces that drive us and influence our decisions.
The advent of the industrialized age forced many companies to study what motivates their workers in an attempt to boost production. It was believed that money was the key motivational factor in driving employee performance. It was later found that other factors besides money effect their attitudes and work ethics (Lindner, 1998). This led to further studies in an attempt to understand the factors that motivate employees. These included Maslow?s need-hierarchy theory, Herzberg?s two-factor theory, Vroom?s expectancy theory, Adam?s equity theory, and Skinner?s reinforcement theory (Lindner, 1998). All of these theories centered on one factor. Modern motivational theory believes that all of these theories are summarized in one idea, opportunity-cost (Lindner, 1998). This idea is centered on the idea that every action has a cost. This cost may be time, money, or emotional. In making our decisions we weigh the potential gain from the action against the cost (Lindner, 1998)."
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Education Accommodation, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to analyze education accommodation for at-risk populations, including educational opportunities, and the importance of establishing positive relationships outside of the home to continuing education.
3,185 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 1400 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes examining the premise that students are at risk for a negative outcome, and their success is reliant upon the ability of educators to promote motivation, achievement, and self-confidence in an educational setting. The author states that the research design utilized for this study is primarily observational, involving historical practices, sampling of high school students, and using variables that include the climate under which students learning best. The paper points out that a critical factor for success in this study involves the ability of the researcher to gather information related to the students' perceptions of what factors are necessary for achievement.
Table of Content
Statement of the Problem
Aims of the Investigation
Research Questions
Literature Review
Research Design/Methodology
Justification
Validity/Reliability/Limitations
Reliability and Validity
Approach to Data Analysis
From the Paper
"Too often the blame is placed on the child, rather than on the school. Educators should be asking the question, ?Is the school at risk of failing the child.? Far too often minority student?s end up being underrepresented in academic programs designed to prepare students for postsecondary education. For example, African American adolescent?s academic performance is typically significantly less that that of white children, with a majority of African-American students performing as much as fourth grade levels below average in the fields of math and science."
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Importance of Motivation, 2007.
This paper explores the importance of motivation with regards to learning and acquiring knowledge.
1,966 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses motivation as an important factor that decides the outcome of learning. The writer provides a brief overview of the subject of motivation in the context of its effect on the learning outcome. In the process, the writer studies some real life examples to illustrate how motivation greatly shapes success. The writer concludes that motivation is the single most important factor that decides the learning outcome of children. Further, the writer notes that even among adults, motivation is the vital characteristic that drives them to develop new relationships, continue to learn and accumulate knowledge, adapt new strategies and increase their leadership potential.
Outline:
Thesis
Introduction
Motivation
Motivation (Extrinsic and Intrinsic)
Theories of Motivation (Three Theories)
Reasons for Lack of Motivation
Improving Student Motivation
Real Life Examples
Helen Keller
Benjamin Franklin
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to the Attribution theory, the motivation level of students is largely determined by three factors namely, internal- external, Stable-unstable and controllable-uncontrollable. If students ascribe their failure to external or uncontrollable factors then motivation levels are considerably low. This is important because parents and teachers have considerable impact on students in terms of their expectations and the self-belief of the students. The Goal theory on the other hand revolves around what students perceive as the main reason for their achievement. Ability goal orientation and task goal orientation are the two different perceptions in the goal theory of motivation. In the first case students' view competence and display of skills as the motivating factors while in the latter self-improvement and knowledge accumulation are the main motivating factors. Studies have revealed that students with 'Task goal orientation' have better learning outcomes in terms of the quality, as they exhibit greater willingness to learn from their peers without any prejudice."
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Motivation, 2006.
An analysis of several motivational theories and the importance of motivation in the corporate world.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
Motivation is the driving force behind all actions and must therefore be understood comprehensively to exploit its benefits. This paper examines how the phenomena of motivation has been explained by a large number of theorists as per their perceptions. In particular, it looks at how in the business world, workforce motivation means making the employees to exert a high degree of effort and to keep doing that consistently. It also demonstrates how motivation in any workplace can not be generated by one factor alone. It is a combined effect of workplace culture, organizational strategy and management style.
Outline:
Important Theories of Motivation
Importance of Motivation in Business
Reasons for Low Levels of Motivations in a Business Environment
How to Raise Levels of Motivation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Motivation is basically the reason for doing anything. It is the driving force behind all actions of human beings, animals, and even lower organisms ("Motivation-2," par. 1). Various theories have evolved over the period of time that adequately explain the process of motivation. There is in fact a jungle of theories of motivation. What ever the approach being adopted to give meanings to the word motivation, it in any case is the art of helping people to focus their minds and energies on doing their work as effectively as possible (Gellerman 3). A critical appraisal of the motivational theories that focuses on the labels people use to identify thoughts, emotions, dispositions, and behaviors, traces its roots to the information processing approach to learning. The cognitive dissonance theory developed by Leon Festinger states that when there is a discrepancy between two beliefs, two actions, or between a belief and an action, we will act to resolve conflict and discrepancies. "
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Motivation in Organizations, 2001.
This paper describes the importance of motivation in organizations and how to motivate employees.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how an organization?s success depends on the ability of managers to provide an environment which motivates personnel and maintains an environment of productive, happy and satisfied employees. This paper explores different theories of motivation and determine what is involved in creating an ideal state of performance and motivation in the work force. This paper details tips and methods of motivating all employees of any organization.
From the Paper
"An organization?s success depends on the ability of managers to provide an environment which motivates personnel and maintains an environment of productive, happy and satisfied employees. This paper will explore different theories of motivation and determine what is involved in creating an ideal state of performance and motivation in the work force.
Effective appraisal systems are tools, when used properly, which evaluate employees? performance. Appraisal systems contain an evaluation system and a feedback system. The purpose of the evaluation system is to identify when an employee?s performance does not meet acceptable organizational standards."
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Religious Pluralism in American Society, 2006.
This paper studies religious differences based on the article "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" by Diana L. Eck.
1,602 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the increase in old world religions and the hate crimes that result from this is a social issue that America is facing at present. The paper quotes Eck's suggestion that religious pluralism is the answer, meaning that people in society must not only exercise tolerance for people of various cultures and beliefs, but must also involve oneself actively with them. The paper looks at the difficulties of this theory, quoting Kenneth Samples, and offers an alternative solution of Nabil Marshood. The paper concludes that Eck's theory of religious pluralism is ideal but not practical to achieve while the solutions of rejecting religious pluralism (K. Samples) and the alternative to choose religious pluralism with integration (N. Marshood) are more practical answers in effectively confronting the religious conflict that is growing in American society.
From the Paper
"The article "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" by Diana L. Eck is a thorough analysis of the increasing religious differences in the American society. Diana L. Eck is a professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies, and is the director of the Pluralism Project at the Harvard University. Eck has already written numerous books and studies, which focus primarily on the topic of religious pluralism in the American society. In her article, Eck tells us of the increasing number of people with diverse religions in the contemporary American society, and that these religious differences can be directly attributed to the approval and legalization of the Immigration Act of 1965. Through the Immigration Act of 1965, people from various nations, particularly in the Asian and Middle Eastern regions, have migrated into the US. With the influx of immigration in the United States, various cultures, traditions, and beliefs were brought along with the immigrants, and caused the diversification of cultures, traditions, and religions in the new American society. "
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