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Mother to Child Transmission of AIDS, 2008.
This paper discusses the problem of mother to child transmission of AIDS in Africa and looks at a possible solution.
3,126 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The writer notes that from a humanitarian point of view, as well as from an economic point of view, it would seem appropriate that authorities should endeavour to protect the most innocent of all innocent victims - new born babies. The writer then discusses that the existence of effective drugs offers the possibility of saving literally millions of newborns from the horrible fate of being born with AIDS. Thus, it would seem that curbing mother to child transmission of AIDS (MTCT) with the use of antiretrovirals should be the top priority of governments in sub-Saharan Africa. This would be the most humane and cost-effective way of coping with the AIDS crisis in the medium to long term. Yet this is not the case. This essay seeks to examine the extent to which MTCT is being combated in sub-Saharan Africa, the reasons for this lack of commitment and to come up with suggestions to improve the situation.
Outline:
Background/Rationale:
Objectives
Methodology
Outcomes
From the Paper
"The last-mentioned factor brings us to another problem that complicates the issue of MTCT in Africa. There is some controversy over the issue of nursing, as some studies have indicated that HIV is not transmitted in this way, while others have suggested that in poverty-stricken communities, the benefits of breast milk outweigh the risks posed by possible MTCT of AIDS. The problem is that - unlike in North America - in sub-Saharan Africa countless numbers of babies die of malnutrition, or from infectious diseases. Breast milk provides some measure of protection from both of these, as it is an ideal source of nutrition, and also passes the mother's antibodies to infants. Thus, it is extremely difficult to know whether to advise HIV positive mothers not to nurse - more harm may be done than good."
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Mother to Child Transmission of AIDS in Africa, 2008.
A research proposal to look into the transmission of AIDS from mothers to their babies.
796 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper is a research proposal on the topic of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of AIDS in Africa. It includes information regarding effective ways to prevent MTCT, and highlights the sad truth that these methods are under-utilized, and that women in Africa are often powerless to protect themselves from and their unborn children from the virus.
Outline:
Background/Rationale
Objectives
Methodology
Expected Outcomes
From the Paper
"In addition, AIDS in Africa is mainly heterosexually transmitted, and is more associated with poverty than with any particular sexual preference. Experts speculate that this may be partly due to the fact that poverty in Africa is all too often accompanied by untreated sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs). These STDs can lead to lesions in the genital region, and the lesions allow for easier transmission of the HIV virus. Because AIDS in Africa is about poverty, it should be addressed with social programs. And as social programs should be based on sound research, the more research that is done on this topic, the better (Barnett and Whiteside, 2002)."
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AIDS in Africa: Mother to child transmission, 2006.
A discussion regarding the issue of mother to child transmission of AIDS in Africa, focusing specifically on South Africa.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how AIDS is the most virulent disease even known to affect humanity, and Africa has been particularly hard hit. This paper examines this pandemic in terms of its incidence and its epidemiological profile. The paper focuses on Africa and more specifically on sub-Saharan Africa. In addition this paper pays special attention to the interesting case of South Africa and the crucial subject of mother to child transmission.
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The Transmission of AIDS in Africa, 2002.
Examines the spread of AIDS in Africa and explores the social, cultural and behavioral reasons why AIDS is spreading so rapidly in that region.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes AIDS in Tropical Africa. Issues covered include recent statistics relating to different countries within Africa, spatial distribution and patterns of spread, and an evaluation of the social, cultural, and behavioral reasons why AIDS is spreading so rapidly. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies for prevention, projects to reduce the spread of AIDS, and the use of drugs in AIDS treatments in Africa.
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HIV/AIDS Orphans, 2002.
A look at the vertical transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus from mother to child in Africa.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief introduction to the HIV/AIDS increase in the African region and, together with comparative statistics, it provides an overview of the socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS on women and children who are orphaned. Following the overview, the impact of the vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS virus from mother to child is discussed, as well as an analysis of how an orphaned child suffers after his/her parent(s) have succumbed to the deadly disease. It concludes with a look at the initiatives taken up by the government, NGOs, or communities to help these orphans.
Outline
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Outline
Overview
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Orphaned Children
Government, NGOs', Communities' Initiatives for Orphaned Children
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While, UNAIDS has estimated that approximately six million HIV/AIDS infections occur each year, most of them in South Africa. Among which ten percent of these occur in children, due to mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. This is the tangible indication of the epidemic's impact on South African and other sub-Saharan African countries with the increase number of "AIDS orphans" who have lost and still losing both parents to the disease (UN Integrated Regional Information Networks). Thus, due to the vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS from the mother to child, one third of Africa's children would be orphan and which already has orphaned around 1.2 million children in South Africa (Terreblanche. 2001). This growing number of AIDS orphans and the phenomenon of bringing up orphaned children have raised the need for urgent responses, involvement and research. In 1999, Rose Smart therefore, conducted a prompt evaluation of children suffering from HIV/AIDS in South Africa, under the aegis of Save the Children."
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Aid for Single Mothers, 2002.
The paper looks at the effects of lower-income single-parent mothers on their children?s educational achievements.
1,877 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper studies the ways in which specific children are able to succeed in school, with the focus on AFDC, or Aid to Families with Dependent Children. The paper first looks to define AFDC families, then gives statistics to illustrate the difficulties these children face in the academic environment. The writer also includes commentary by theorists who study this phenomenon.
From the Paper
"Other scholars with the "cultural" perspective extend the impact of the negative socialization to the surrounding environment, including the neighborhood and the schools (Duncan, Hill, & Hoffman, 1988, p. 470). In reality, children from low-income single mother families live in poor neighborhoods and go to low-quality schools (Bennett, 1995, p. 25; Duncan, Hill, & Hoffman, 1988, p. 470). Since most of the school funding comes from local property taxes, poor districts have little funding to provide a decent education for their constituents (Horn, 1987, p. 66). In these neighborhoods, the role models for these children are often unemployed adults, criminals and juvenile delinquents. There are no resources for child development, such as playgrounds, child care, medical facilities and parks (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997, p. 71). Furthermore, to survive in these tough neighborhoods, the children are taught at a young age to be aggressive and intimidate other people?a behavior that is not helpful for performing well in school (Bower, 1994, p. 24)."
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"Mother to Mother", 2004.
An examination of the book, "Mother to Mother", by Sindiwe Magona.
1,057 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a critical analysis of the book, "Mother to Mother", by Sindiwe Magona. The book, "Mother to Mother", is a touching and elegant story of race relations and misunderstanding in South Africa. The paper explains how the author bases her book on a true incident, but looks at it from the eyes of a mother who loves her son but recognizes his inadequacies. It states that the book is a devastating look at apartheid, violence, and anger in a society long split between black and white.
From the Paper
"This emotional book looks at both sides of a young white woman's murder in a black township in South Africa. The book begins with the haunting line "My son killed your daughter" (Magona 1), and that line grabs the reader from the beginning, and makes them want to learn more about the two families and their responsibilities to themselves, and the their community. The book covers only two days chronologically, but the author skillfully uses flashbacks to look back on her life and the life of her son, to illustrate the hatred and violence at work in South African society that created such a "monster" as her son and the other killers. The mother is not unaware that her child has turned into something she cannot control, but she is also aware that the lifestyle of poor blacks in a dominant white society has been the spark that created the fire under the murderers. Coming from a life without hope, how can they see anything else for themselves?"
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Vertical Transmission of HIV in South Africa, 2002.
An examination of the disastrous spread of HIV in South Africa, especially via vertical (mother to baby) transmission.
6,372 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
Vertical transmission of AIDS has assumed enormous proportions, and this problem is aggravating the already disastrous AIDS epidemic in South Africa. This paper considers the problem of vertical transmission in little detail and ascertains the treatment methodologies and how their proper implementation could avert this major crisis from worsening the already damaged social and economic structure of Africa.
From the Paper
"AIDS is one of the most dreaded epidemic diseases of the last century with an almost unabated outburst throughout the last two decades. More than 40 million people throughout the world are afflicted by AIDS. The dreadedness of the disease is reflected in the disastrous and debilitating effects it has had on people all over the world. The social and economic implications of AIDS has been something unprecedented in the history of world. Though the HIV virus is not easily transmitted the increasing number of infected people around the world only indicates a major global catastrophe. The concerning fact is that while we are still engaged in active medical research for a cure of this deadly disease, the HIV virus continues unhindered, to infect millions of people worldwide. The third world nations and Africa in particular have been the most affected. The impact of the AIDS epidemic in Africa is made worse by the poor economic situation and the consequently unaffordable medical facilities. Vertical transmission of the disease from mother to the child is continuing in an uncontrolled manner contributing to as much as 40 % of new AIDS cases. [AidsAction]"
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Strategies for Dealing with HIV/AIDS, 2002.
This paper is an in-depth overview of the aspects of the HIV / AIDS epidemic, including the profound issues and statistics on the virus in the developing and industrialized world.
3,080 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of AIDS epidemic in terms of its derivation and the possible causes of AIDS. It describes AIDS in developing countries and those countries' national government strategy for battling it, the paper continues by investigating AIDS in industrialized countries and comparing these policies to those in developing countries. To better understanding the differences locally and internationally, certain sample countries have been used to illustrate the situation. The paper also explores the global AIDS prevention strategy and evaluates how HIV vaccine developing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overrview of AIDS
Introduction of AIDS
Global Picture of AIDS
Distribution of AIDS
AIDS in Developing Countries
Sex between Men in the Developing World
Government Strategy on Sex between Men
Education in Asia
Strategy Effectiveness
HIV Vaccine in Developing Countries
Thailand
South America
Africa
The Spread of Injecting and Drug Use in Developing Countries
The Golden Triangle
Drugs in Russia
AIDS in Industrialized Countries
American Syringe Exchange
Strategy Effectiveness
Syringe Exchange in the UK
NHS and Local Health Authorities
Global AIDS Strategy
World Health Organization
Global AIDS Societies
Vaccine Development
Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
From the Paper
"AIDS is now found worldwide. While, what is AIDS? Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) stated, ?AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the result of damage to the immune system: the resultant deficiency in its functions allows certain specific opportunistic infections or tumours to flourish.? It is an opportunistic virus, which could take the opportunity to damage human being?s immune system and cause death.
"In 1986, there is a hypothesis released in St. Mary?s Hospital (1986), that is the disease may have originated in Central Africa and then expand to Caribbean, USA and Europe. While there are more and more scientists argued the origin of AIDS, Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) argued that ?AIDS was first identified as a distinct syndrome in 1981 as the consequence of a cluster of cases amongst gay men in large US cities with highly visible and established gay communities.? Peter Aggleton (1994) found that how serious that AIDS expand worldwide, the epidemic has increased over 100-fold since AIDS was identified in 1981, according to the research for the Harvard-based Global AIDS Policy. By 1992 at lease 12.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV (7.1 million men, 4.7 million women, 1.1 million children)."
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AIDS, 2005.
This paper discusses the nature of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), a social problem that affects all walks of life.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even if the HIV infection is currently dormant, the immune system produces antibodies to combat the virus which are ineffective, but their presence indicates an HIV infection. The author points out that the consensus among the medical community about the transmission of AIDS states that there is no evidence that the disease can be transmitted through such activities as casual contact, hugging, kissing or through the air or saliva: AIDS can be transmitted only through direct sexual contact, blood transfusions, hypodermic needles and from mothers to their unborn babies. The paper stresses that the central controversy in the surveillance of AIDS is not the reporting requirement, but how these records might be used.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
"The Plague"
Public Health
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Instead of maintaining the present practice of voluntary testing and confidentiality, many states are considering contact tracing. Contact tracing is a form of medical surveillance in which public health officials are statutorily required to inform the sexual partners of a positive test for a disease by a patient. This process of disease control is authorized in many states for the treatment of venereal disease. A doctor reports a positive test result of a patient to the state health department; the name is entered on a register; and the state health officer then has the duty to inquire about the patient's sexual activities and to inform all sexual partners of the disease; the sexual partners then submit to their own tests."
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Fear and Nursing AIDS Patients, 1994.
This paper examines the process of dealing with the fear in nursing practice associated with AIDS patients: Theories, causes, case types (model, related, contrary, illegitimate), empirical referents and AIDS (definition, effects, transmission).
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the process of dealing with fear in nursing practice. The concept of fear is considered in the initial discussion. Following this discussion, a relationship statement incorporating fear into a research hypothesis is formulated, and fear is defined within the context of a specific area of nursing practice.
The Concept of Fear
Fear and anxiety are frequently integral to the health care environment . This state of affairs provides two justifications for the analysis of fear. First, fear and anxiety differ from one another, although the two phenomena are often confused with one another ... "
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HIV/AIDS Mitigation, 2008.
This paper examines good governance in the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, specifically as evidenced in the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga City, a highly-urbanized city in the Philippines.
6,910 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS has to be made integral to any development endeavor aimed at improving the lives and well-being of citizens of the world. The author points out that the United Nations acknowledges that good governance has to be integrated into the creation and management of institutions, processes and programs aimed at beating the targets set forth in the "Millennium Declaration of 2000". The paper reviews and analyzes the present and future scenario of HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation in the Philippines and identifies some elements of intervention needed to operationalize a strategy for good governance. The author underscores that the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga city is built around improved capacities for public administration and civil service, decentralization in delivery of services, transparency and accountability, expanded role of civil-society, and the centrality of participation grounded on the rule of law and human rights.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Related Literature
Pro-Poor Policy Framework
Public Administration and Civil Services
Decentralization and Delivery of Services
Accountability and Transparency Situations and Context of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Socio-Economic Impact of HIV Aids
Participatory Approach
Cultural and Moral Dimensions
Grounding Development
Mobilizing the Cultural Resources
Key Lessons in Good Governance from the United Nations
Case in Point: Zamboanga City HIV/AIDS Program
Public-Civil Society Partnership
Organization and Management
Community-Oriented/ Community Based
Innovative Optimized Use of Infrastructure Support
Livelihood Assistance
Financial Resources
Lessons from HIV/Program Implementation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the United Nations, a critical requisite for achieving the MDG's is a conducive and coherent policy framework. This involves first, the contextualization of the goals by each country, and down to identifying sectoral concerns and on to effective local responses. Responses and interventions to HIVAIDS entails a national policy framework that provides for effective decentralization of action and one that effectively coordinate implementation and resource mobilization as well as achieve a critical mass of support from the public in a much cost effective way. The policy framework to be pro-poor means, that it recognizes the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS and seeks to integrate social and economic interventions to mitigate the spread of the infection and disease."
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AIDS/HIV Patients and Health Care, 2002.
A thorough examination of health care for HIV and AIDS patients and a review of the literature relevant to access to care, quality of care and funding.
9,785 words (approx. 39.1 pages), 46 sources, MLA, $ 199.95
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Abstract
A research study is proposed that investigates the experiences of HIV/AIDS patients with health insurance. The specific problem that is investigated concerns variations between HIV/AIDS patients and non HIV/AIDS patients in relation to denial of coverage, premium levels and experimental drug approval. Literature is reviewed is support of the proposed research study. The major bodies of literature reviewed are those related to access to care for HIV/AIDS patients, the quality of care received by HIV/AIDS patients and health care funding, especially as such funding applies to HIV/AIDS care and research and with a further emphasis on future funding prospects.
Introduction
Access to Care for HIV/AIDS Patients
Bioethical Issues
Social Psychological Influences
Effects of Managed Care on Health Care Access for HIV/AIDS Patients
Quality of Care Received by HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV/AIDS Funding
The Welfare State
Summary of the Literature Review
References
From the Paper
"A critical factor affecting access to necessary health care for HIV/AIDS patients is health care insurance coverage. Approximately 60-percent of the American population is covered by private health care insurance programs (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). Most of these programs?the very great majority?are either fully or partly funded by employers, while the remainder of such programs is funded fully by the covered individuals and families. For the remaining 40 percent of the population, the delivery of health care services is dealt with in a variety of ways, as follows: (1) for approximately 25 percent of the population, health care services are funded by the federal government, primarily through the Medicaid and Medicare programs; (2) approximately five-percent of the population, both individuals and families, who for whatever reason do not choose to contract for health care insurance, are in the financial position to pay for health care services at the time of delivery; and (3) approximately 10 percent of the population defer health care services to the point where they can non longer be deferred, at which time they typically enter the health care system as emergency patients (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). As emergency patients, their care is more expensive than it would have been if treated earlier, and the care is either (1) paid by government or charity or (2) results in charges to the patients and their families that they seldom have any hope of ever paying. In the latter case, caregivers, typically public hospitals, must absorb the losses.
When all is said and done, approximately 12 percent of the country?s population is without any formal health care insurance coverage (Minahan, 1999; Rosen, Fanshel, & Lutz, 1999), although some estimates of this proportion are higher. Further, in most cases, such individuals are not in a financial position to fund such services as required. With the size of the American population established at approximately 273 million by the 1999 census estimate (Population Reference Bureau, 2000), the 12 percent without formal health care insurance translates into approximately 33 million people."
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AIDS in Africa, 2001.
This paper discusses the policy problems of fighting AIDS in Africa, highlighting the countries of Uganda and Senegal.
5,565 words (approx. 22.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that efforts to roll back the AIDS epidemic in Africa simply have not kept pace with the epidemic itself; therefore, the "International Partnership against AIDS in Africa," made up of African governments, the United Nations, donors, and the private and community sectors, was organized to establish and maintain processes by which governments, civil society, and national and international organizations working against AIDS in Africa can work together more effectively to curtail the spread of HIV. The author details the successful Brazilian policy program, which manufactures generic AIDS medicines and distributes them for free to HIV infected patients, and reviews the possibility of adapting this program in Africa. The paper concludes that, to be successful in preventing HIV transmission, countries need to work simultaneously on many fronts, such as schools, health facilities, and the workplace, through media campaigns, and through outreach to sex workers.
Table of Contents
The Problem
The Structure of the UN's Present AIDS Program
The UN's Present AIDS Strategy in Africa
The Cure
Policy Background
Path Dependency (What Is Being Done Now)
Possible Problems for Implementation
Lesson Drawing
Lesson Variables
Uganda and AIDS
The Problem
Government Response
Implementation
Monitoring
Senegal
Government Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The policy of drug manufacture and distribution is actually a quick fix in the Brazilian community. For two decades, NGO's (Non-Governmental Organizations) in Brazil have lobbied the government to take part in reforming the healthcare system in Brazil. NGO's are activist groups, which are largely community based and receive funding and organization from a wide variety of sources. Some NGO's are formed from international sources and many remain autonomous and independent. According to a survey done by Nelson Solano in Sao Paulo conducted of some 87 of these NGO's, about 51 were held to be autonomous, 19 to be religious based and 11 linked to sexual emancipation groups. Information about funding in the survey was lacking, however, due to the NGO's lack of eagerness to revealing their sources. NGO's have led the social movement against AIDS in Brazil and are mainly responsible for much of the progress toward treatment and a cure for AIDS in Brazil."
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AIDs Stigma, 2007.
An analysis of the stigma associated with AIDS sufferers, as described in "A Neighborhood Divided: Community Resistance to an AIDs Care Facility" written by J. Balin.
896 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the stigma that is associated with AIDS and HIV. It discusses the prejudice and discrimination, anxiety and bias against those suffering from AIDS and HIV. The paper looks at the book "A Neighborhood Divided: Community Resistance to an AIDS Care Facility" written by J. Balin, which relates what happened in a U.S. city in 1988 when the residents first heard that a 42- bed nursing home for people with the AIDs was opening in their neighborhood.
From the Paper
"Balin decided to study and write about this incidence, especially because of the individuals involved--middleclass lifestyle in a declining urban economy who were dealing with such difficult topics as racism, class inequality, sexuality, the moral responsibilities of the middle class to the poor, and the effectiveness of liberal versus conservative social policies in addressing current urban social problems. She traced the community's political and social development from its founding as a Quaker, and primarily German, colonial village to its current status as an integrated and progressive middle-class urban neighborhood and then followed the events from announcement to opening."
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