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The Mormons: Early Urban Architects, 2006.
Describes the development of early Mormon cities in Utah and how these cities influenced the development of the urban America of today.
4,528 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the design and establishment of Salt Lake City, Utah and places the Mormons' city plans into the broader context of mid-19th century city planning. The paper explains how, in many ways, Mormon cities can be seen as the first true "American cities," as the sprawl and suburbs that have come to characterize urban America actually have their origins in early Mormon cities.
Table of Contents
Early Mormon History
Joseph Smith and the Plat of the City of Zion
City of Zion and 19th Century American Cities
Brigham Young and the Establishment of Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City Comes into Its Own
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Salt Lake City today is one of the major urban centers of the Rocky Mountains. Home to universities, professional sports franchises, ski resorts, and soon, the Winter Olympic Games, Salt Lake has a distinctly cosmopolitan feel in the midst of the towering Wasatch Mountains. However, Salt Lake City is a relative newcomer to the American urban scene; indeed, Middlebury College was nearly half a century old before the settlers of the Great Salt Lake Valley had planted their first crops. Moreover, the scope of the city's functions and the nature of its inhabitants have changed radically. Founded by Mormons seeking an escape from the persecution they faced in the East, and as the Zion, or gathering place, for their growing religion, Salt Lake City grew into a distinctive grid pattern still used today. Based on certain tenets of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints, Joseph Smith, the first Mormon leader, designed a Mormon city to fulfill the religious, social, and economic needs of his followers."
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Urbanization and Rural Urban Migration in China, 2006.
A discussion on the emerging-entrepreneurial class and rural urban migrations in China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses urbanization and rural urban migration in developing countries. In particular, the paper discusses the role that the entrepreneurial class, made up most of rural peasant migrants, has had on China. Basically these individuals are responsible for all of the political and economic changes in China.
From the Paper
"Urbanization and rural-urban migrations are two very closely related phenomena. According to K. Jegasothy in "Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries," urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy 1031). Urbanization is the direct result of rural-urban migrations. This is because urbanization is caused by people from rural areas moving into cities and towns. The rate of urbanization and rural-urban migrations has been increasing in recent decades."
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Architects and Modern Expression, 1998.
This paper looks at the modern expression of three architects: Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the 1950s of three separate architects by looking at their different views of modernism. The architects are Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas. Modernist, Post-Modernist, and Pre-Modernist concepts are examined, and the works and ideas of the architects are described in depth.
From the Paper
"In the 1950's many architects were struggling for expression of Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas are three architects who each had different views in regards to Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi had a post-modern approach and believed in complexity and contradiction to create a new architecture. Peter Eisenman had a modern approach and used axonometric drawings and models to better represent architecture. Rem Koolhaas had a modern, pre-modern, and post-modern approach and looked at the problem of large. These three architects expressed their relationship to Modern Architecture differently."
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Female Architects, 2005.
This paper discusses female architects in Ohio and focuses on Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 13 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the life and times of Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector. The paper describes her significant life achievements, the sexism she faced and the reason why society must remain vigilant against such attitudes today. Additionally, the paper contains thirteen sources, mostly internet-based, providing important information on this woman.
From the Paper
"The matter of female architects in Ohio is an interesting one because, historically, women in Ohio - as elsewhere in America - faced great difficulty. Ms. Hayden - she later married James Rector and assumed the nomenclature Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector - was also an outspoken suffragist ("Women in Ohio History - Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector" 2005, paragraph 12). Fortunately, her papers can still be accessed in various University collections throughout America ("Guide to the Manuscript Collections - Hayden, Florence Kenyon" 2005, paragraph 36). Ms. Hayden's work did not begin and end with her design of the elegant Oxley Hall Women's Residence at the University of Ohio. She also designed the home of Ohio millionaire Ellis O. Jones ("Old Towne East - An Historic Neighborhood" 2005, paragraph 1)."
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Mormons, 2000.
An examination of the treatment of the Mormon people during the 19th century.
3,260 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 93.95
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Abstract
An examination of the mistreatment of the Mormon people, the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. The author describes the persecution of the Mormon people who were denied rights to the freedom of religion, speech and possessions.
From the Paper
"Oxen grunt as they pull their heavy load. A pregnant young woman about 26 years old strains under the jostling ride of the covered wagon. Her two oldest children guide the oxen along while her husband drives the team. This goes on for many months, traveling maybe fifty miles each day. This was the story of much of the Mormon population who traveled Westward towards the middle of the American Desert from 1846 to 1848. They did this to flee constant persecution. The members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints, were persecuted by mobs and by the government, who disregarded the Mormons' rights to the freedom of religion, speech, and possessions, given to all men in the Constitution of the United States of America. The persecution was first aimed at Joseph Smith, when he told the people of his town of his conversation with God and Jesus. Over the years, mistreatment increased even unto the federal government. Fortunately, today in America, Mormons are allowed to practice their religion; but in the 19th century, they were illegally discouraged."
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Mormons in Idaho, 1996.
Historical overview of church's development, migration westward, persecution, leadership, polygamy, focusing on Idaho experience.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) was severely persecuted in its early days in the eastern and midwestern United States. The heart of the Mormon Church's response to persecution was to form communities in which its members could freely practice their religion and create the kind of social, cultural, economic and political climate they desired. The Mormons were looking for a place where they could build a kingdom of God on earth. It was in the drive to find and create that place that "the Mormons became a genuine people, a covenant folk like ancient Israel with a shared history and at last a homeland" (Mulder, quoted in Meinig, 1965, p. 197). The Mormon mission was carried out in the Western United States with far greater success than most other recent religions have achieved. Here they established what cultural geographers call a distinct..."
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The Urbanization Process, 2002.
Looks at global variations in levels of urbanization and the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social conditions.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
For people who live in a country such as Canada, most are aware of the prominence of urban centers. In fact, the majority of people live and work in urban areas in most, if not all, industrialized countries. But this only serves to focus attention on topics such as global variations in levels of urbanization as well as the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social conditions. These topics will be covered in the analysis of this paper.
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Urban Sociology, 2008.
This paper discusses the term and the concept of urban and looks at how the urban setting directly impacts the social relations that are conducted within it.
1,207 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at the meaning of the term urban and discusses the extent that the urban setting shapes the social life which occurs within it. The writer notes that these issues are closely interrelated. This paper argues, the term "urban" must be understood as a sociological concept whose characteristics fundamentally define the social relations that occur within the urban space. The writer concludes that models of human social behaviour, such as civility, are developed in urban settings as a means of coping with the stresses of population densities as well as a cultural production that is deeply intertwined with economic and emotional relationships of humans as groups and as individuals.
From the Paper
"The relationship between the urban setting and the social life that occurs within it is thus complex but clear. The population densities and uses of space that physically characterize urban settings lead to a range of impacts upon social relations that, in many cases as in the cultural realm, seem indirect and would likely not be predicted. To use a metaphor, within a physical setting human population densities increase until a "critical mass" is attained, at which point "urbanity" comes into existence with an explosion of social and cultural forms that are distinct to urban life.
"Consider, for example, the arguments of some urban sociologists that the urban setting has led to a radical revisioning of fundamental human social interactions."
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Urban Development, 2005.
This paper discusses that the development of the city has been a combination of both laissez-faire and planned forces.
2,330 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the relationship between laissez-faire city building and professional city planning is a complex one to examine because city planning is influenced by a combination of sporadic growth and the meticulous planning of professional developers, political leaders and outside forces. The author points out that the most obvious causes of laissez-faire urban growth are sudden bursts of economic culture and political posturing; however, even these cities, experiencing random growth, have been carefully planned or they would not have been able to accommodate the population bursts associated with the history of cities. The paper relates that San Diego is an example of an urban area, which was developed over time without the sporadic growth of industrial centers to conflict with its overall planning; although it is eight times its size since the 1900s, because the development of the city has been slow, urban planners and architects have been able to design it to be the optimum example of modern city growth.
From the Paper
"The growth of ancient cities into modern ones entails many chance and random coincidences. The fact that London and Paris has stood as such cultural and economic powerhouses is due in a large part to their status as capitols of major countries, whereas other cities such as Sussex have fallen into relative minority status even though they were once also giants of industrial growth. The concept of city growth is in line with a familiar concept of economic change, therefore when cities suddenly experience an influx of immigration due to industrial growth, city planners are more concerned with accommodating the new residents with space rather than thinking of the future convenience of roads and congestion. Thus in many of these ancient cities that have been modernized in the current era, living conditions are poor and traffic congestion has become an enormous problem".
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From the Rural to Urban Areas: China and India, 2004.
This paper discusses the problems of urbanization, industrialization, and housing security in China and India as their populations immigrate from rural to urban areas.
2,565 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the spectacular growth and development of the urban habitation over the past 16 years is just the beginning of a gigantic phase of extension. The author points out that China's ecological problems from the speedy urbanization and industrialization process in the recent decades generate social effects, causing a great deal of harm to human health, instigating economic and welfare suffering, and harming the environment in both urban and rural areas of China. The paper relates that, because of increasing industrialization and urbanization, the majority of the Indian cities have exceedingly compact habitation that results in overcrowding, clogging, obstruction, traffic jams, air pollution, noise pollution, as well as major deficiencies of vital requirements and necessities of life
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on China
Ecological Problems in Urban China
The Problem of Water and Cleanliness in Urban China
The Problem of Clearance of Waste-Water in Urban China
The Problem of Air Pollution in Urban China
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on India
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The velocity of urbanization and industrialization was extremely slow prior to the late 1970s when contrasted with other developing states. The proportion of urban inhabitants was 11.2 in 1950, and still barely 17.9 by 1978. This low degree of urbanization had been the consequence from purposeful procedures of restraining rural-urban immigration and urban increase. Economic restructurings have since accelerated the industrialization and urbanization procedures. Large numerals of towns, as well as, cities have surfaced, at the same time as old cities are quickly increasing their managerial spheres."
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Architect Michael Graves, 2008.
Looks at postmodernist architect Michael Graves, one of the leading twentieth century architects and designers.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the Michael Graves' drawings and buildings are notable for their manipulation of archetypal form into highly abstract, figurative compositions. The paper then points out that Graves gave up the neutral glass curtain wall of late modernism and instead uses a colorful cloak of cladding by which he reintroduces the hierarchical composition of classical buildings more characteristic of postmodernism. The paper also reports that Michael Grave's Public Service Building in Portland, Oregon has at least four distinct historical styles embedded in its design: egyptian, italian, art deco and modern.
From the Paper
"Levin agrees as well that postmodernism has derived from the ability of artists to produce works in a mass quantity, so to speak, because of new processes and products involving mass production: "By the time men were traveling to the moon, art was being assembled in factories from blueprints." While the postmodernist may see the modernist era as more scientifically oriented, it is clear that postmodernism is also influenced by scientific developments and possibilities. Levin says that modernism was highly optimistic, while postmodernism is more cynical."
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Urban Planning in Canada, 2008.
This document discusses the need for greater urban planning across Canada.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that if Canada wishes to maintain its advantage in sustainability and environmental leadership, it must continue to implement urban planning as a core strategy of sustainable development. The paper focuses on the greater Toronto area and discusses how urban planners have defined its geographic boundaries by the character of the surrounding geography itself. The paper shows, however, how its overall boundary making strategy may not be as clear as it could be. The paper concludes that without the technology to remap the region for various purposes, assigning requisite resources for specific purposes would be very difficult indeed for the city's urban planners. The paper includes two color maps of Toronto.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Urban Boundaries in Planning
Determining Borders as Urban Planning
Urban Planning Characteristics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"European settlers, across the breadth of Canada, have long utilized boundary setting and the definition of geographical boundaries for both cartographic and political purposes. This began with the earliest colonization of the Canadian provinces and continues, to one degree or another, today. Harris points out that the expansion of the suburbs following World War II created growing strain on Canada's cities and its natural environment that was quickly recognized as a threat vis-a-vis sustainability (2004). Yet, with the ever expanding population following the war, due both to natural population growth as well as to Canada's ever-more friendly immigration policies, urban planning became not only a benefit to sustainable development but a necessity."
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An Architect, 2008.
This paper looks into the field of architecture and discusses the profession of an architect.
1,863 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English language defines architecture as the profession, the art and science, of designing buildings, open areas, communities and other artificial constructions and environments. An architect is a person who engages in this profession. The writer points out that there are those who believe that being an architect is an easy job. This paper argues that architecture is not an easy profession even though many people feel it is. In support of this thesis this paper provides an examination of what is needed to become an architect, what being an architect entails, and what kind of skills are required. As an example, Norman Foster, a famous architect, is used.
From the Paper
"Architecture is very distinct in the sense that it is an art as well as a science. An architect has to think about the aesthetics, how a building will look on it own as well as within the context of its environment and its function. Architecture is a science too. A building has to be able to stand and comply with the laws of physics and mechanics. New materials, new methods of construction as well as new needs are constantly changing and an architect must be familiar with them. Furthermore, we can say that architecture in a way serves two principal needs. It has a utilitarian function as well as an expressive one. Its utilitarian function is obvious. Architecture provides for one of the three basic human needs, without which we would not be able to survive: food, clothes and shelter. The expressive function can be seen through the many old buildings still standing today."
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Urban Education, 2004.
An overview of the challenges facing urban education.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how urban education can be defined in many ways and how, from a strictly dictionary definition or technical standpoint, urban education is merely education offered to inner city students or students from within an urban setting. It also discusses how a more comprehensive perspective and definition of urban education would be to describe urban education as education directed at the nation's most deserving and wanting population, inner city youth.
Outline
Urban Education: An Overview
Issues Facing K-12 Leadership in Urban School Settings
From the Paper
"Urban education is perhaps the single most challenging sector of education within the United States today do to a variety of different factors unique to urban settings and inner cities. Urban education for decades has faced criticism from the public who often believes it has expert opinion about the manner in which students should be taught, regardless of their background (Goldenberg, et. al, 2003). Much of the public criticizes urban educators for failing to serve students in many ways. Test scores and overall student performance are community based issues in urban education that have oft been addressed by administrators and the public seeking to maximize a student's potential for success in the future. Many people criticize urban education for failing students, without first addressing the issues facing urban educators."
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Urbanization, Poverty, Growth and Inequality, 2006.
Presents an overall picture of development and urbanization with various factors affecting them.
3,386 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of urbanization on various factors affecting development, poverty and income inequality, based on empirical data obtained from various sources. The following factors are analyzed across various countries, based on the latest data available: Economic growth measured in terms of GDP per Capita in US$ (PPP), absolute poverty at $1 per day standard, poverty gap, Gini Index, openness of trade, percentage of population living in urban areas, annual percentage migration of population to urban areas, the Corruption Perception Index ,etc. These factors are analyzed to arrive at correlations they have with urbanization in order to determine to some extent whether urbanization is inevitable for development of a country and what are the consequences associated with the phenomenon.
Paper Outline:
Urbanization and other factors affecting Economic Growth
Factors affecting Urbanization
Determinants of Poverty Deepening (Poverty Gap)
Factors Affecting Absolute Poverty
Factors Affecting Gini Index
Determinants of Human Development Index
Concluding Remarks
References and Bibliography
From the Paper
"However, contrary to above, it can be seen that absolute poverty alone is not the cause for urbanization. In other words, where even in urban areas people do not find enough jobs, they would like to stay in rural areas. The negative correlation between absolute poverty (measured in terms of earning per capita less than $1 per day), and the percentage of urban population means that as poverty increases, urbanization decreases. However, this may not be the trend the world over. If we have a glance at the countries considered in this analysis, it can be seen that they are least developed countries."
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