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Morality and Truth, 2004.
A comparative analysis of the views of Plato and the Bible on morality and truth.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the concepts of morality and truth have been defined since the beginning of time, how idealists such as Plato defined morality in a deliberate manner, and how the Bible defines morality and truth in much the same manner. It looks at how the Bible has established principles and laws that govern how a society should operate, how it supports the idea that a moral and true society operates for the benefit and good of all men, and that all men are subject to the same rules and regulations. These ideas and principles are explored further within this paper.
From the Paper
"Ethics according to Plato involved deliberately thinking about one?s decisions, the ?art of reasoning about morality, a reflective exercise on a moral rule? (Steffensen, 1966). Morality and ethics actually are tied hand in hand according to Plato. The actual decision an individual makes regarding anything reflects upon what truths this person believes to be real. A decision is merely in essence the course of action one selects. Plato would also observe however, that some decisions lie in a person?s deduction or reasoning of why one option should be taken over another. He might argue that we make a decision and only then finding a way to justify it. Plato also comments in ?The Republic? that reality exists only as far as some people can see (Beatty, 1976)."
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Language, Truth and Morality, 2007.
This paper explores Rorty's and Nietzsche's philosophies about the nature of truth.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that philosophy has been interpreted and analyzed in various ways by scholars and thinkers. Each of which established the basis of a new theory or developed the guidelines of old ones. The paper discusses the works of Richard Rorty, one of the most appreciated contemporary philosophers, and shows how in his 1989 "Contingency, Irony and Solidarity" he follows in the footsteps of Nietzsche's "Beyond Good and Evil." The paper explains Rorty's theory that philosophy should consist of a more personal experience which must be released from the strains of modern and classical dogmatism. The paper discusses how his beliefs stand against the idea of an absolute truth, that which is expressed through a common and strict language.
From the Paper
"In regard to the own self, Rorty bases his modern society on the "liberal ironist", one that unwilling to accept the surrender to the will of the others, such as Nietzsche's "herd", decides to exercise its will and "reconcile themselves to a private-public split within their final vocabularies, to the fact that resolution of doubts about one's final vocabulary has nothing to do with attempts to save other people from pain and humiliation" (Rorty 120). Here, unlike Nietzsche, Rorty points to his expectations in the liberal society."
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Absolute Truth and the Relativity of Truth, 2005.
Are there absolute truths or is truth relative? A review of the philosophical concept of truth and an extended discussion of the movie, "Rashomon", to see if the question is even understandable.
5,145 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the intelligibility of the philosophical understanding of truth as appearance and reality. After reviewing the nature of the philosophical picture of what constitutes truth, there is an extended discussion of an often-cited example of truth?s relativity in the movie, "Rashomon". There is then a discussion of some other examples, which attempt to clarify the philosophical picture, only to conclude that the philosophical posing of truth and appearance is actually not yet understandable.
From the Paper
"In Theaetetus Socrates quotes Protagoras with what is possibly the first clear statement of the relativist: that ?man is the measure of all things? and that anything ?is to me such as it appears to me, and is to you such as it appears to you?? (856, 152a) On the other hand, there is Plato?s well-known allegory of the cave in the Seventh Book of the Republic, (747- 750, 514a-518b) in which he advances the notion that there is an ultimate truth that lies beyond our interpretations or appearances of that truth. But how understandable are both the notions of relativism and of an absolute truth?"
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?On Truth and Lies in a Trans-Moral Sense?, 2006.
Analyzes a passage in this work by Friedrich Nietzsche which relates to pride.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Friedrich Nietzsche, the prolific German philosopher often linked to German Volkism and unjustly associated with the rise of Nazism, in 1873 penned "On Truth and Lies in a Trans-Moral Sense." Despite its seemingly esoteric, metaphysical title, the message is presented with deadly clarity. In the passage which this paper discusses, Nietzsche attacks the human failing of pride, also lambasted in Judeo-Christian tradition. However, far from using a theological morality to justify his position, the philosopher's nihilistic approach merely states that pride is meaningless and should be regarded as such. This paper analyzes a passage from Nietzsche's "On Truth and Lies in a Trans-Moral Sense," offering the writer's reflections on the passage.
From the Paper
"Thus, in one fell swoop, the philosopher destroys the intellectual palaces and sacred shrines of philosophical, empirical, and epistemological tomes written over the centuries, claiming that all these opinions are pointless, of value only to their creators and the creators' listeners but saying virtually nothing. Nietzsche deals a further blow to bevies of Oxford dons, Classical scholars, and Greenwich Village poets by comparing their pride, derived from 'knowledge,' to that of a gnat."
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The Truth About Truth, 2006.
A philosophical look at the meaning of truth.
1,401 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at all the aspects of truth as we understand it. He identifies truth as something which could be universal and eternal and if it is, he examines whether it should be considered eternal or absolute. The author elaborates on these points and enters a deep discussion of how absolute truth can be assessed and defined. The author concludes the paper with his belief that truth is relative and therefore it cannot be absolute as absolute truth is eternal.
From the Paper
"One common mistake made by men is to allow ourselves to be led by our senses alone. I believe our senses do not always lead to truth. Senses can be deceiving, especially when relating dreams. In a dream one may feel things or see things, and when that person wakes up has to ponder for a second whether those things were real. Of course, those things experienced in a dream were not real, but for an instant that dreamer believed those things to be true. He was fooled by his senses. Although many will agree that in this case the senses do deceive us, still some will rely solely on their senses to guide them through life."
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Concepts of Relativity and Truth: Finding Your Own Truth, 2000.
A discussion of Nietzsche's belief on deconstructing truth and the concept of relativism in terms of other thinkers.
793 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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From the Paper
"The concept of relativism makes many ideas and concepts impossible to argue. The idea that every person and group acts and is entitled to live by their own perception of the truth allows such a difference in opinions that consilience among them seems to be impossible. Friedrich Nietszche wrote that we had to ?deconstruct? truth because we can?t allow ourselves to rely on truths that we think are absolute. To rely on an absolute truth is to put your trust into something that may prove false. John Stuart Mill wrote that an individual should be able to seek happiness and liberty, as long as that search does not encroach upon the happiness and liberty of another. In a sense, he speculated that each man has to search for his own truth. In finding his own truth, Nietszche would urge us to question those truths constantly, to make sure in ourselves that what we are believing in is true. "
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Nietzsche on Reason and Morality, 2007.
An examination of Friedrich Nietzsche's views on reason and morality.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Friedrich Nietzsche's attempts to show the empty interior of the "idols", that is, the "truths" man has taken to heart so blindly. The paper focuses on Nietzsche's views regarding two such 'truths', reason and morality, and points out that it is not so much the falsity of these idols that Nietzsche wants brought to light but their life-denying qualities that have had such a tight grasp on our lives. The paper then asserts that Nietzsche's message for future generations was to not let reason and morality reign over mankind. The paper concludes that Nietzsche advocated that we question the 'truths' we hold so dear, those that seem to him to do little more than prevent us from living.
From the Paper
"Reason is the first enemy in Nietzsche's battle against the denial of life. At first he sets out to show how reason has progressed (starting with Plato) into a current form that is such denial of life that it caused nihilism to spread across Europe. When Plato first began investigating the world he came to the conclusion that what we experience here on earth could not be the reality or nature of world as it really was in itself. The importance Plato placed upon such earthly objects and occurrences (instead of a sort of self existence) was a representative quality, in which they were mere glimpses, place-holders for reality, the 'forms' of such a world that existed beyond the heavens. Thus the world became homage to truth rather than truth itself; this event, for Nietzsche, was the 'sun beginning to set'."
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Ethics and Morality, 2004.
An analysis of ethics and morality according to John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant.
1,713 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a philosophical discussion of ethics and morality as per the teachings and beliefs of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. The paper contends that, between these two, a distinction is evident between the types of actions categorized as moral or immoral as revolving around universalism and relativism. Generally speaking, relativism is based upon the idea that truth is relative to the individual, the community, or the culture. Obviously then, universalism asserts that truth is independent of these factors, and sometimes, is defined by a higher authority, such as God. The paper examines these philosophers' interpretations of normative theory.
From the Paper
"John Stuart Mill was born in1806 in London, England and was exposed, at an early age, to nearly all the classics works of history, economics, mathematics, and logic. He schooling came primarily from home, as his father was a leading member of the Philosophical Radicals; accordingly, his later publications always exhibited a liberal slant. Aside from his father, his other major influence was Jeremy Bentham who was a strict hedonist utilitarian in his ethical beliefs. Mill drew much upon Bentham's beliefs but soon took his own unique approach to the topic of ethics; utilitarianism would remain the centerpiece of his philosophy, but his historic resilience can be attributed to the distinctive nature of his arguments."
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Morality and "Huckleberry Finn", 2005.
This paper discusses the morality of the minor characters of "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by Mark Twain.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, by showing how the more socially acceptable minor characters in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" are often less moral than Huck, son of a drunken father and Jim, a slave, Twain shows how conventional societal morals are completely awry from what is considered to be truthful and intrinsically good. The author points out that, for all of their faults and lack of conventional education, Jim and Huck at least strive to be loving and loyal to one another; thus, by contrasting them with people like the Widow Douglas and Buck Grangerford, Twain creates two great heroes of unexpectedly ethical behavior for 19th century American literature. The paper concludes that Huck's love of freedom, in contrast to the Widow and Miss Watson, instructs society and stands in direct contrast to his father's love of gentility, the semblance of morality of the warring Grangerfords and, most importantly, against the freedom-denying racism of American society.
From the Paper
"The minor characters of the novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" are more often than not are motivated by greed, a lack of civility, a lack of true morals and values and a lack of respect for fundamental human dignity-as well as common, ordinary racism. Instead, Huck and Jim are propelled forward by a drive and desire for freedom, loyalty, and mutual respect. The first and most benign example of a minor character with a lack of true moral understanding is the well intentioned but misguided Widow Douglas. Although she is well meaning in her attempts to civilize Huck, the Widow Douglas does not understand the true needs of a young boy."
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Morality through Plato, Aristotle, and Hobbes, 2005.
A paper comparing and contrasting Plato, Aristotle, and Hobbes, particularly their views about happiness and morality.
1,642 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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An exploration of the similarities and differences among three philosophers. One who embraced a theory of absolute truth and the belief in one clear right and wrong; one who clearly rejected it and believed in assigned right/wrong for each person; one who would say that there is no right or wrong at all, only a social contract. It explains how all three explore the idea of metaphysics.
From the Paper
"Some of the greatest philosophers have sought to bring an understanding to basic metaphysics and morality. Plato is known for his great thoughts and philosophical ideas about politics and social values. He used a very effective and clever way of writing his views, a technique of exoteric and esoteric writing. Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" from The Republic, a children's story about a cave, had an esoteric meaning that was letting the intelligent know what the government was doing. The point that Plato gets across is that the government wants to keep everyone in the dark. It was important to him that people see the reality of the society they live in; to be happy, we must realize the metaphysical, beyond what appears to be real. Plato, being the first to explore these concepts, sets the ground works to compare all thinkers who follow him. Aristotle and Hobbes take these same ideas and shed a vastly different light on them."
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Morality and Resume Writing, 2005.
This paper examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and John S. Mill to evaluates the ethics of resume writing.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that often writers of resumes exaggerate and even lie about their accomplishments, skills and education to put the candidate in the most favorable light: Is this immoral, vicious or unjust to stretch the truth? The author points out that, when Kant considers the morality of lying, he applies the categorical imperative; lying is wrong because it adversely affects mankind universally and man individually. The paper relates that Mill argues that the wide-ranging social harm that lying causes far outweighs the good experienced by its beneficiaries and that, although at times lies may be useful, lying takes away the trustworthiness of the individual.
From the Paper
"Kant's moral system is based on rationality. It attempts to show how any rational being would agree to universal moral laws. For Kant, human beings as moral agents are rational and autonomous (free to make choices). He thinks that as rational beings we are able to judge whether any action is moral by asking if the action is consistent with the categorical imperative. According to Kant, moral imperatives exist which are inherent in human nature. The existence of these imperatives provides evidence that the goodness of an act is not related to its outcome."
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Pilate as the Antithesis of Truth in Bacon?s ?Of Truth?, 2002.
This paper discusses the essay "Of Truth" by Francis Bacon, looking primarily at the character of Pilate.
536 words (approx. 2.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 19.95
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Abstract
The writer argues that from the opening line of the essay Pilate reveals himself as the antithesis, or opposite, of truth. The paper discusses the moral stance of Bacon in 1625 when he wrote essays requiring readers to look more deeply into history.
From the Paper
"Considering the opening line itself, it should be no surprise that Pilate is jesting when he asks, ?what is Truth?? Having asked this question of Jesus, disregarded truth, and chosen instead ?the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith? (6), Pilate must be facetious because his embracing a lie has resulted in the pleasure of a ?corrupt love of the lie itself? (6). More than that, however, Pilate?s fickleness in approaching the subject of truth and then leaving reflects the delight of Skeptics in intellectual fickleness. Of course Pilate does not stay for an answer; to listen to Bacon?s (or anyone?s) thoughts on truth would point out Pilate?s failing as a man of God as well as a citizen, for ?clear and round dealing is the honour of man?s nature? (7)."
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An Argument from Relativity, 2002.
A discussion on how an argument from relativity takes as its premise that moral codes vary from an individual's or community's interpretation of a moral truth.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper makes an argument from relativism. A foundation argument of skepticism, relativism holds with no absolute moral truth but is dependent on an individual's or community's interpretation of a moral truth. A skeptic is one who believes that ethics is subjective. In other words, that certain moral principles are neither true nor false in and of themselves but simply have ascribed to them those properties according to taste and convenience. The argument from relativity takes as its premise that moral codes vary from society to society, time period to time period and also takes into account the differing moral beliefs between different classes and groups within a society.
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Nietzsche's "On Truth and Lying", 2006.
A review of "On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense" written by Nietzsche and a discussion of the effects of the concepts on society.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes, in depth, Friedrich Nietzsche's arguments in his essay "On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense". The paper focuses on the concepts that Nietzsche describes in his essay, of the creation of the metaphor, the importance of the lie and then discusses the effects that this process has on society.
From the Paper
"Truths shape our world. They are the ideas that impose a unified meaning on the chaos and indeterminacy of our lives. People devote themselves to these truths: wars are fought, Earth is subjugated, and culture is created. These rallying cries of civilization: justice, honor, virtue, stewardship, salvation, are the ghosts of our history who have tricked us into believing they are real and deserving of our attention. Nietzsche rages against this hoax in On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense."
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What Is Truth?, 2002.
Questions the meaning of truth, using Felipe Fernandez-Armesto's book "Truth: a History and a Guide for the Perplexed".
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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This paper reports on the book "Truth; a History and a Guide for the Perplexed" by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (1999). Taking into account a primary question of "What is truth?" this essay relies upon Fernandez-Armesto's text as the source for considering the questions of truth. These refer to the implications of universal Truth and relative truths; that is, singular Truth that can be applied for every human being and a multitude of truths that can be considered in relation to every human being's difference in culture, language, history and social structures.
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