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Euthanasia: Morality and the Sanctity of Human Life, 2008.
A critique of Peter Singer's views on euthanasia.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines Peter Singer's defense of euthanasia for the severely disabled and, by extension, the very young or very old. The paper argues that Singer's rationale does not stand up to scrutiny insofar as, as a moral philosophy, it constitutes a real danger to any concept of the social contract. The paper posits that if society permits people to be grouped according to some sort of hierarchy that privileges some above others, then it becomes easy for individuals to forget the essential humanity of other members of the community. In the end, the paper maintains that Singer's philosophy is rife with problems.
From the Paper
"My personal view is that Singer's argument is manifestly weak. For one thing, to allow human beings to be euthanized (killed off might be a better expression) is to create a new kind of moral philosophy that, for all intents and purposes, undermines the humanity of all us. To put it another way, if it is possible for the severely-disabled to be killed without fear of moral condemnation (to say nothing of legal condemnation), what is to stop the large-scale killings of individuals on the basis of skin color, perceived mental acuity (they do not have to be severely disabled but can merely be burdened by below average intelligence) and/or on the basis that the abilities they possess are of little use to the larger community?"
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"The Secret Agent": Human Nature vs. Morality, 2002.
This paper is a comparison of human nature vs. morality, as found in Joseph Conrad's "The Secret Agent".
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role that human nature plays in the actions taken by people in their lives. The paper uses the different characters in Joseph Conrad's book "The Secret Agent," to show varying levels of morality and goodness. The author also argues that individuals actions, affect the lives, and morality of those around them.
From the paper:
"Verloc is a slightly more complex character. Immediately one can see that he possesses flawed morals because of the shop he ran. For all purposes, it was a primitive sex shop. It may not have been as gaudy as the sex shops of today are, but its clientele was similar; either young men with too much time and money, or older men who had fallen on hard times. When the reader learns that Verloc runs the shop as a means to cover up his real profession as a terrorist, one no longer accepts his poor moral values, but must question whether he has any at all. Verloc?s only redeeming value is that he married Winnie and helps her support her feeble brother."
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Confucius, Human Nature, and Morality, 2005.
A discussion regarding Confucius, the history of his life and his teachings.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a brief history of Confucius' life. It also describes his teachings regarding both human nature and morality. Much is known about the historical man, Confucius. Unfortunately, the historical information in existence is sometimes blended with stereotypical or slanted information, depending on how the writer wanted Confucius, his writings, or his culture to be perceived.
From the Paper
"Unlike some figures that feature in other major religions, a great deal is known about Confucius. In addition to his religious teachings and philosophy, much literature exists of a historical nature Confucius' life. As a result, people in the twenty-first century are privileged to have a relatively accurate record of both the man and his teaching. Mark Csikszenmihali is critical of the Western culture's role in this kind of stereotyping."
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From Natural Law to Human Rights, 2006.
This essay explores how human rights grew from natural rights.
4,511 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer declares that early proponents of natural law argued that people have common sense and are born with an intuitive knowledge of right and wrong. This paper discusses that human rights are those rights that are based on human nature. The writer examines how human rights grew from natural rights. It argues that conceptions of right and wrong are not based on an unchanging, eternal order, but are negotiable; that is, open to revision as the years go by and times change. It is seen, for example, how women and children have used natural rights arguments to gain rights that formerly were denied them.
The writer concludes that human rights have evolved from natural law and natural rights and that human rights are intimately connected to morality and ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Law and the Concept of Rights
Changing the Law in Response to a New Moral Awareness
Human Rights for Women
Juvenile Death Penalty
Rights versus Utilitarianism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More than anyone else the philosopher John Locke influenced the shape and form of democracy in the United States. He argued that human beings have certain fundamental rights, which governments cannot take away. He argued that no individual has a natural right to rule over others, and that a person's natural state is a state of freedom. Freedom, he explained, was not the same as license or permission to do whatever one wants; rather, freedom is based on the "law of reason which places precise limits on our behavior". Not everyone is able to enjoy their natural rights because other people and the government sometimes violate them; therefore, Locke suggested that men assemble and choose leaders who can be trusted to protect their natural rights. The primary function of government ought to be to protect the natural rights of its citizens, to protect citizens from other states, and to establish and maintain internal order. He suggested that oppressive governments (governments that had broken trust with the people) could, and should, be overthrown; in other words, sometimes, revolution is justified--especially if the government violates the natural rights of its citizens. In questions where natural rights are not the issue, then the will of the majority should prevail. His ideas profoundly inspired the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence; moreover, the Constitution was written mainly to protect the people's rights from government interference, to insure internal order, and to establish defense."
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Is it Possible to Separate Law and Morality?, 2002.
This essay illustrates that the separation of law and morality is both possible and impossible, depending on how one defines the phrase ?separation of law and morality?.
2,390 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 38 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The essay explores the legal positivist separation thesis. It approaches the question of whether it is possible to separate law and morality from two aspects- first, the content of the law and secondly, the judicial decision maing process. The writer makes reference to the policy of removing part-Aboriginal children from their families and communities, and placing them in special purpose institutions to support his argument.
From the Paper
"It has been described as ;arguably the most tragic and shameful chapter in Australia";s history.; From the late nineteenth century to the late 1960's, Australian governments carried out the policy of removing part-Aboriginal children from their families and communities, placing them in special purpose institutions. Often, these removals were carried out by force. The purpose of this removal policy was to assimilate the part-Aboriginals with the white community as the full-blooded Aboriginals were believed to be a doomed race in the sense that they would die out. A large number of the children suffered physical and emotional mistreatment following the removal from their families. The children who were removed under this policy came to be known as ";the stolen generation" This sets the backdrop against which I will discuss whether it is possible to separate law and morality with respect to the Australian court"s law making power.4 The separation of law and morality is the foundation of legal positivism. Positivists often criticize natural law theorists for blurring the line between law and morals. This essay aims, by examining three stolen generation cases, to illustrate that the separation of law and morality is both possible and impossible, depending on how one defines the phrase ";separation of law and morality."
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"The Morality of Law", 2006.
A critical analysis of the book, "The Morality of Law" by Lon Fuller.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The primary concern of Fuller in "The Morality of Law" is to defend a 'procedural' natural law that can serve a variety of opposed aims with neutrality. At the same time, however, it is not neutral with regards to all possible substantive aims. Underlying Fuller's approach is the view that law is "the enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the governance of rules." The concept of law in this instance is an 'activity' and the result of a legal system is a sustained purposive effort. And so, certain moral conditions must be fulfilled in order for the making of law to be successful. Although perfection in legality is a useful target, according to Fuller, it presumably is never perfectly realized. This paper argues that although Lon Fuller places the connection between law and morality in the context of his general theory, he fails to explain it. Without proper explanation, Fuller does not show that naturalism is true.
From the Paper
"The last sign of the need for clarification is found in Fuller's discussion of the limits of legal morality. He criticizes critics of administrative agencies of the government who wish to impose a legal morality upon these agencies that is not appropriate to their task of economic allocation. This task is contrasted with adjudication wherein the restraints set by the internal morality of law are appropriate. The problem with Fuller's argument is that it seems to carry a debatable implication, namely that law-making is itself a form of adjudication."
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Law and Morality, 2006.
An essay discussing the intersection of law and morality using a Canadian Supreme Court case on obscenity.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The question of the intersection of law and morality is one that has been the subject of debate among philosophers and jurists for centuries. In this essay the debate between Patrick Devlin and H. L. A .Hart with respect to the relationship between law and morality is explored with reference to R. v. Butler, a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the question of obscenity. The paper argues that in the Butler decision the Supreme Court adopted the utilitarian justification - as described by Hart - in its approval of the limitation of the freedom of expression of Donald Butler.
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Morality Laws, 2005.
A discussion of morality laws, contending that they lead to intolerance and discrimination.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of morality laws on society, arguing that these laws are employed for the purposes of oppression and substantially contribute to intolerance and discrimination. The paper contends that not all members of a society follow the same religion, culture, or moral standards, whereby the interference of the law in such acts as sex between consenting adults is interference in individual freedom that would lead to injustice, intolerance, and discrimination, as occurs in Egypt towards homosexuals.
From the Paper
"The word morality generally refers to a system of behaviour which does not permit actions and behaviours that are harmful to others. Some thinkers like Lord Patrick Devlin, however, object to such general definitions of morality and attempt to apply much more specific definitions. This group wants morality to be defined according to the principles of specific cultures and religions and for that definition to be supported by law. As Lord Devlin writes, "morals and religion are inextricably linked" and the law is the only method possible of protecting those moral and religious principles. This argument supports the creation of morality laws. Under such a system, Lord Devlin argues, the laws will represent the moral principles of the society. Therefore, the laws of a Christian society will criminalize, for example, homosexuality and sex outside marriage, even if it takes place between consenting adults because Christianity has defined these actions as immoral. Lord Devlin's view and argument is very controversial because it goes against both the liberty that a society should enjoy and individual freedom. As the Professor of Jurisprudence, H.L.A. Hart wrote in his response to Devlin, this means "that the function of human law should not be merely to provide men with an opportunity for leading a good life, but actually to see that they lead it" (189). Although Devlin offered a good argument for the establishment of laws that reflect the morals of a society, or morality laws, and argued that doing so is important for the protection of the society's moral code, Hart was correct in objecting to this. Not all members of a society follow the same religion, culture or moral standards whereby the interference of the law in such acts as sex between consenting adults, is interference in individual freedom that would lead to injustice, intolerance and discrimination, like occurs in Egypt towards homosexuals."
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Free Will, Morality, and Human Law, 2004.
A look at the idea of morality and human law in Plato's "Crito", Henry David Thoreau?s "Civil Disobedience", and "Letter From a Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the idea of morality and human law is effectively dealt with in three classic works from different periods and very different circumstances. It looks at how, in "Crito", Plato describes the death of Socrates, who was convicted and imprisoned for corruption and impiety. It also examines how Henry David Thoreau?s "Civil Disobedience" was composed in the America of the 19th century, when Thoreau was imprisoned for not paying a tax he believes is unjustified. In "Letter From a Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King follows Thoreau?s example of civil disobedience, having been arrested for a technical violation of an anti-parading ordinance.
From the Paper
"The Crito is Plato?s dramatization of the final hours in the life of Socrates. Socrates (Plato?s instructor) was convicted by an Athenian jury of 500 in 399 BC for charges of corrupting the youth and impiety. While in prison, Socrates is visited by an old friend, Crito, who tells him that they have arranged to break Socrates out of prison. Socrates has been sentenced to death. If he does not go along with Crito, he will be forced to drink the hemlock that will kill him. The Crito is a dialogue between Socrates and Crito, where Socrates explains the dilemma that is facing him. Although he may not believe that he was justly convicted, Socrates believes in the laws that were used to justify this conviction. He is forced with the moral decision of breaking from prison (and thereby disobeying the law) or accepting his fate, and dying."
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H.L.A. Hart: The Separation of Law and Morality., 2002.
A look at Hart's view on the separation of law and morality.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This ten-page undergraduate paper examines whether Hart's view of a legal system provides an adequate account of the authority of law or fidelity to law. The author provides an exposition of this criticism, then examines Hart's response to such criticism.
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Morality and the Law: Working Together in Society, 2005.
A discussion on how law and society affect one another and what impact society has on the laws which govern the country.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the purpose of the law, morality as an influence on law, and the purpose of the law under the value/consensus model, rational/contract model, and power/coercion model. It then explains the current state of the debate regarding illegal drugs and the law.
From the Paper
"We can look at the law from a historical perspective and see that many of the laws we have in our society are reflective of the limits which are needed to prevent anarchy. After learning about the history of the law and social events and movements throughout our society, we are able to understand the law in a more whole and complete way. "In the latter part of the 1960s, into the 1970s, the emergence of a 'counterculture' and both a feminist movement and a gay rights movement contributed to an environment where abandonment or repeal of traditional legal proscription of some forms of sexual deviance could occur. "
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Kant's Law of Morality, 2003.
A description and analysis of Kant?s Categorical Imperative.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Immanuel Kant is a very controversial philosopher and how he argues from a Deontological standpoint that actions are determined as good in themselves, not by their consequences. It describes Kant?s moral law and his Categorical Imperative and then offers a critique of Kant, based on the fact that he contradicts himself, he does not allow for satisfaction from good will, and his moral theory is fundamentally flawed.
From the Paper
"Kant then gives us the first formulation of the categorical imperative. ?Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law? (P. 312). In other words, before you act, you should consider upon what principle you are acting. Then be sure that it is reasonable to will that that particular principle be a universal law applicable to everyone at every time. Kant gives four examples to illustrate this point (I will discuss two of them). One of the examples is of a man who has been going through a series of misfortunes and is considering suicide. His maxim is that due to self-love, it is acceptable to take your own life to prevent the evil that its longer duration would bring. But this cannot be adopted as a universal law of nature."
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Morality within Law and Legal Philosophies, 2002.
Discusses the naturalist versus the positive theorist philosophies.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper shall compare the philosophies found in the naturalist perspective against those of the positivist theorist philosophies. This paper shall achieve this through focusing primarily on the beliefs of the philosophers St. Thomas Aquinas, Ronald Dworkin and H.L.A. Hart.
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Abortion: Acting Against Moral Law, 2003.
A pro-life discussion of abortion and its moral implications.
2,219 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the Catholic view of the moral issues involved in abortion. The arguments are supported by various Christian sources, varying from the Bible, catechism, quotes from Pope John Paul II and the teachings of Jesus. The paper focuses on the reasons for the Catholic church's pro-life stance, concentrating on articles from the Catechism, biblical passages, the ten commandments and moral law.
From the Paper
"Since the first century, the Roman Catholic Church has affirmed the moral evil of every produced abortion. This teaching has not changed and remains unchangeable, despite the outlook of the law and society. Present society possesses a great dilemma on the issue of abortion. Many agree while others strongly oppose, making the issue very problematic. Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to Catholic moral law and raises many ethical issues. Some of the issues surrounding abortion are the disrespect for human life and the promotion and acceptance of selfishness. Many moral questions are also raised regarding abortion being constituted as murder of an innocent child."
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Moral and Ethical Dilemmas of Human Cloning, 2001.
A discussion whether human cloning is justified considering the moral and ethical issues it raises.
2,720 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of cloning. It analyzes the moral and ethical implications of cloning and whether it is correct to conduct cloning at all. The paper describes the origins of cloning, the methods currently used and the problems with the process.
From the Paper
" Cloning can basically be described as the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate identical material. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called "twinning" after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos (Wilmut, 998). The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. The second type of cloning that is more controversial in terms of its moral and ethical implications is when the identical material that has been generated consists of the DNA of only one parent. With the innovation of the second type of cloning that came primarily with the birth of Dolly, a number of moral, social, ethical and legal issues were raised with regard to it. Religious and social organizations were outraged at the prospect of creating animals (not to forget humans) that did not involve the natural process of conception. The right to create a life, they claimed was after all ultimately in the hands of the Creator and to play around with that was tantamount to interrupting the path of Nature (Wilmut, 1998). However before one moves on to discuss the moral and ethical dilemmas of cloning, it is important to briefly study the history of this controversial process."
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